The giant US tech firms known as the Silicon Six have been accused of inflating their stated tax payments by almost $100bn (70bn) over the past decade.
As Chancellor Rishi Sunak called on world leaders to back a new tech tax ahead of next weeks G7 summit in the UK, a report by the campaign group Fair Tax Foundation singled out Amazon, Facebook, Googles owner, Alphabet, Netflix, Apple and Microsoft.
It said they paid $96bn less in tax between 2011 and 2020 than the notional taxation figures they cite in their annual financial reports. .
The six firms named handed over $149bn less to global tax authorities than would be expected if they had the paid headline rates where they operated, Fair Tax Foundation said.
Multinationals exploit gaps and mismatches in the international tax system through a technique known asprofit-shifting. This involves artificially allocating sales derived in one country to a lower-tax country. One of the ways this is achieved is by companies setting up a subsidiary in a tax haven and registering their intellectual property there. That entity then charges the companys subsidiaries in other, higher-tax jurisdictions large royalty fees. By charging that cost to the market where the majority of revenues are made, profits can be reduced or eliminated, meaning no tax is paid. The royalty fees extracted in this way are booked as profit in the low-tax location. Profits are often shifted to countries such as the British Virgin Islands or Bermuda, which charge no corporation tax.
Tax abuse by multinationals and avoidance by rich individuals costs countries around the world$427bn a year in lost revenues, according to research by the Tax Justice Network campaign group. The UK is estimated to lose 25bn of tax income due to profit-shifting.
Proposals for a minimum global tax rate and allocating taxing rights based on where companies make their money rather than whichever low-tax zone a firm chooses to book its profits would help to end the race to the bottom where one nation slashes tax to attract business only to be outdone by another country. Such a plan would give governments greater certainty on revenue raising.
There are two key strands of the plan for a minimum global corporation tax, broadly following the work of the OECDs pillar one and pillar two blueprints for global tax reforms set out in October.
Under pillar one, taxing rights would be granted to a portion of a multinationals profits based on where its customers reside, irrespective of the companys physical presence in that location. That might include a threshold that would mean this captures the worlds 100 biggest multinationals but not smaller companies.
Under pillar two, governments would still be able to set whatever local corporate tax rate they wanted. But as part of a global minimum rule, if companies paid lower rates in a particular country their home governments could claim top-ups to the agreed tax floor, eliminating the advantage of shifting profits to a tax haven.
Richard Partington
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Overall, they paid $219bn in income tax over the past decade, 3.6% of their total revenue of more than $6tn. Income tax is paid on profits, but the researchers said the Silicon Six companies deliberately shift income to low-tax jurisdictions to pay less tax.
Based on companies regulatory filings, the report found that Amazon, the internet retailing and cloud services provider run by the worlds richest man, Jeff Bezos, collected $1.6tn of revenue, reported $60.5bn of profit and paid $5.9bn in income taxes this decade. Amazon would have been expected to pay $10.7bn in taxes on those profits based on international tax rates, the report said. The tax paid as a percentage of profit was just 9.8% over the period 2011-20, the lowest of the so-called Silicon Six.
An Amazon spokesperson disputed the calculations as extremely misleading. Amazon is primarily a retailer where profit margins are low, so comparisons to technology companies with operating profit margins of closer to 50% is not rational, the company said. Governments write the tax laws and Amazon is doing the very thing they encourage companies to do paying all taxes due while also investing many billions in creating jobs and infrastructure. Coupled with low margins, this investment will naturally result in a lower cash tax rate.
Paul Monaghan, chief executive of the Fair Tax Foundation, said the groups analysis provided solid evidence that substantive tax avoidance is still embedded within many large multinationals and nothing less than a root-and-branch reform of international tax rules will remedy the situation.
Monaghan said US government proposals to reform the global tax system by imposing a minimum 15% corporation tax rate could help end big companies profit-shifting to tax havens.
The plan could be given the green light ahead of the G7 summit in Cornwall next month, according to Treasury sources.
Chancellor Rishi Sunak has said he wants President Joe Bidens administration to sign up to a tech tax deal at the same time. The right companies arent paying the right tax in the right places, he told the Mail on Sunday. Thats not fair and thats something that I want to fix.
Monaghan said Bidens tax plans had lit a fire beneath the international debate on tax.
The Biden-Harris proposals would see many of the incentives underpinning profit-shifting to tax havens removed, and would see the very largest multinationals taxed not just on where subsidiary profits are booked, but where real economic value is derived.
Monaghan said global agreements on tax would have a seismic impact on the likes of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google and Microsoft, with billions of additional taxes paid across the world.
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Facebook, run by Mark Zuckerberg, who has a personal fortune of $123bn, has paid just $16.8bn in income taxes this decade, despite making profits of $133bn and revenues of $328bn, according to the report. The tax paid as a percentage of profit was just 12.7%, the second-lowest of the so-called Silicon Six after Amazon.
A Facebook spokesman said: All companies pay tax on their profits, not revenues. Last year we paid $4.23bn in corporate income taxes globally, and our average effective tax rate over the last 10 years was 20.71%, which is roughly in line with the OECD average.
Alphabet, Apple, Netflix and Microsoft either declined to comment or did not respond to requests for feedback.
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Silicon Six tech giants accused of inflating tax payments by almost $100bn - The Guardian
