We Shouldn’t Invoke Colonialist Language To Justify Missions To the Cosmos – The Wire Science

The June 2018 launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station to rendezvous with the ISS. Photo: Bill Jelen/Unsplash.

Last month, NASAs Perseverance rover landed on the surface of Mars to much fanfare, just days after probes from the UAE and China entered orbit around the Red Planet. The surge in Martian traffic symbolises major advancements in space exploration. It also presents an opportune moment to step back and consider not only what humans do in space, but how we do it including the words we use to describe human activities in space.

The conversation around the language of space exploration has already begun. NASA, for instance, has been rooting out the gendered language that has plagued Americas space program for decades. Instead of using manned to describe human space missions, it has shifted to using gender-neutral terms like piloted or crewed. But our scrutiny of language shouldnt stop there. Other words and phrases, particularly those that invoke capitalism or colonialism, should receive the same treatment.

To some extent, language influences the way we think and understand the world around us. A dramatic example comes from the Pirah tribe of the Brazilian Amazon, whose language contains very few terms for describing numbers or time. A capitalist culture in which time equals money likely wouldnt make sense to them. Similarly, language likely affects humans thoughts and beliefs about outer space. The words scientists and writers use to describe space exploration may influence who feels included in these endeavours both as direct participants and as benefactors and alter the way people interact with the cosmos.

Take, for example, John F. Kennedys 1962 Moon Speech, in which he three times used the words conquer and conquest. While Kennedys rhetoric was intended to bolster U.S. morale in the space race against the USSR, the view of outer space as a venue for conquest evokes subjugation and exploitation and exemplifies an attitude that has resulted in much destruction on Earth. By definition, conquering involves an assertion of power and mastery, often through violence. Similarly, former President Donald Trump is the most recent American president to use the term Manifest Destiny to describe his motives for exploring space, tapping into a philosophy that suggests humanitys grand purpose is to expand and conquer, regardless of who or what stands in the way.

In a recent white paper, a group comprising subject-matter experts at NASA and other institutions warned of the hazards of invoking colonial language and practice in space exploration. The language we use around exploration can really lead or detract from who gets involved and why they get involved, Natalie B. Trevio, one of the papers coauthors, told me.

Also read: Astronomers May Not Like It but Astronomy and Colonialism Have a Shared History

Trevio, who researched decolonial theory and space exploration for her PhD at Western University in Canada, is a member of an equity, diversity and inclusion working group that makes equity-related recommendations in the planetary science research community. She notes that certain words and phrases can be particularly alienating for Indigenous people. How is an Indigenous child on a reserve in North America supposed to connect with space exploration if the language is the same language that led to the genocide of his people?

In a 2020 perspective for Nature Astronomy, Aparna Venkatesan of the University of San Francisco, also a coauthor of the recent white paper, wrote with colleagues that in the dialects of the Indigenous Lakota and Dakota, the concept of thought being rooted in language, space, and place is epitomised by the often used phrase mitakuye oyasin, explained by Lakota elders as a philosophy that reminds everyone that we all come from one source and so need to respect each other to maintain wolakota or peace. Its difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile the ideas of wolakota and conquest, especially given the increasing weaponisation of space.

Trevio argues that the word frontier, the guiding metaphor for American space exploration, is also problematic. The crossing of new frontiers because frontiers always must be pushed or crossed is inevitably tied to nationalism, and nationalism is tied to conquest, and conquest is tied to death, she says. When humans push frontiers, they often do so with the belief that it is their right as individuals or as representatives of a country or state. Throughout history, this sense of entitlement has been taken as license to wipe out Indigenous people and fauna, pollute rivers, and otherwise demonstrate ownership and mastery.

Foundational concepts such as conquest, frontier, and Manifest Destiny, can affect not only how people think about space but also how they act toward it. In their Nature Astronomy paper, Venkatesan and her colleagues argue that in addition to promoting colonialist ideals, such concepts promote space capitalism and a lack of regulation. Potent symbols of this trend are the more than 3,000 operational satellites currently orbiting Earth, many of them privately owned.

For people who use the stars to navigate, or who incorporate celestial bodies into cultural, spiritual, and religious practices, this intrusion into the skies threatens to compromise a way of life. And it is a sobering reminder that space and the sky dont really belong to everyone after all. The lack of protections and regulations for the night sky as well as monetary incentives for commercial satellites, which make up almost 80 percent of U.S. satellites make it vulnerable to the highest bidder.

Treating space as the Wild West frontier that requires conquering continues to incentivise claiming by those who are well-resourced, writes Venkatesan and her colleagues. In fact, the staking of claims in space has already begun, with space tourism predicted to develop into a lucrative industry, and with the U.S. government opening the doors to commercial endeavours such as the mining of asteroids and the colonisation of Mars.

While scientists often devote themselves to questions of feasibility, scalability, and affordability, they rarely give as much thought and effort to questions of inclusivity and morality. In the space community, when ethics or values or planetary protection come up, theyre immediately coded as feminine and theyre immediately coded as not as important, Trevio told me. For many scientists, she says, thinking about ethics isnt nearly as important as building the rovers that are going to go to the moon.

Also read: Why Astronomers Are Up in Arms Against SpaceXs Starlink Satellites

The act first, ask questions later approach typifies the mindset that has led some to argue that humans need to colonise space to survive. But attitudes and ethics cannot be applied retroactively. Science might get people to Mars, but without ethics, what are the chances of survival?

In Kennedys words, space exploration is our species most dangerous and greatest adventure. It makes sense to address factors that influence human behaviour in space and that will ultimately determine our odds of success there sooner rather than later. That includes asking everyone, not just NASA or Elon Musk, what we want an interplanetary future of humanity to look like. Would we want futuristic Mars settlements to operate like modern-day Earth towns, or could we do better?

Crafting a code of ethics for space exploration may seem daunting, but our words offer a potential starting point. Space is one of few places humans have gone that thus far remains peaceful. Why, then, use the language of war, imperialism, or colonialism to describe human actions there? Eliminating the language of genocide and subordination from the space discourse is one easy step anyone can take to encourage the great leaps for humankind that we dream of for the future, on Earth and beyond.

Joelle Renstrom is a science writer who focuses on robots, AI, and space exploration. She teaches at Boston University.

This article was originally published on Undark. Read the original article.

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We Shouldn't Invoke Colonialist Language To Justify Missions To the Cosmos - The Wire Science