Is running ability down to effort or DNA? And can it be proved? – The Guardian (blog)

From long-distance running to sprinting is ability down to DNA or effort or both. Composite: Getty Images

Growing up, I was always the dumpy, unsporty one. Matt, my older brother, was the skinny one who did the running, jumping and anything requiring quickness and coordination. He seemed to excel with ease while I laboured away on a sluggish course towards sub-mediocrity. This pattern lasted until our late teens when Matt, being older, beat me to booze. While he was away on a year-long, round-the-world bender, I took up running with a vengeance. It was time to turn the tables.

By the time Matt got back, Id joined the local running club and was training every day. It turned out that becoming a competent runner didnt require special talent, just lots of miles driven on by the sense I was outrunning my former, slouchy self. Matt, visibly shaken by my transformation, threw himself into training to catch up stymied by his three-kilo beer belly.

'The biggest shock is my aerobic potential, rated "low". OK, I'm no Mo Farah, but but surely my aerobic capacity is at least middling'

Well skip the gory details the dozens of races where I beat Matt with ease and fast-forward to 2012. I had been training consistently for six years by now. Matt was swiftly catching up, but I still had a clear edge in any race of more than10 miles, so I decided to step up to the marathon. After putting in the hardest three months training of my life, I came away with a shiny new PB of 2hr 28 min 46 sec.

The point is not to revel in my glory. My time was decent club standard but hardly impressive against proper British marathoners, let alone African elites. The point is, it was amazing for me, given my widely presumed lack of ability. If only I had realised sooner that I had the potential

Imagine someone had tested my genes as a podgy kid and told me: dont worry, youre an athlete inside, its only your Sherbet Dip Dab habit holding you back. What wonderful reassurance and motivation that would have been. But wait. What if they had looked at my results and said: sorry, its not through lack of effort that you are sub-mediocre its down to your DNA. What then?

I was intrigued to find companies offering to do just that test my DNA to determine my sporting potential. Could it really work? I decided to find out.

I got in touch with DNAFit, the leading provider, and asked if they would blind-test my DNA plus a few other samples. To my surprise, they said yes. A call to some friends with connections in elite sport secured a sample from a multi-Olympian and world champion runner (on condition I wouldnt reveal his identity) lets call him Mr Swift and another from pro cyclist James McLaughlin. If their results tallied with their achievements, I figured, DNA testing would be worth taking notice of.

A few weeks later the results were in. Swifts read as follows: Aerobic potential: medium, which qualified as an intermediate VO2max tendency. Yet according to his physiologist, Swifts VO2max is above 77 quite definitely not an intermediate score. Furthermore, the report deems his power/endurance profile as favouring power over endurance by a ratio of 70/30. Swift is one of the greatest endurance runners in the history of the sport. His injury risk, marked medium, is also at odds with the actual evidence. He has had many, many injuries, his physiologist confides. Id say his injury risk is untypically high.

McLaughlins results are similarly at odds with his track record: his aerobic potential is rated medium, with a slight tendency towards power over endurance. It doesnt ring true at all, McLaughlin tells me. My VO2max is very high, nearly 82, and Im a pure endurance rider I fare far better in long, sustained efforts than in sprints.

My own results also suggest a predisposition towards power rather than endurance, 56/47. This flies in the face of my running experience: I am hopeless at shorter, power-based events; the longer the race, the better I do (relative to others). The biggest shock is my aerobic potential, rated low. OK, Im no Mo Farah, but surely my aerobic capacity is at least middling, or how could I have run a sub-2hr 30min marathon?

I owe it to DNAFit to give them a chance to explain after all, they have been generous in blind-testing samples, opening themselves up to journalistic scrutiny. The companys head of sport science is the former Olympic sprinter Craig Pickering, to whom I reveal the disparities between our results and our sporting track records.

You almost certainly cant use genes to tell who will be a good athlete or not a good athlete, he responds. There is no talent identification use in this.

Fair enough, but our world-class marathon runner was rated as having medium aerobic potential.

Thats a great example of how you cant use genetics to tell you what sport youll be good at.

OK, fine, so what can genetic testing tell us?

What the tests and reports do is give you information on which to base your training, to have a better informed programme.

Citing one DNAFit-supported study on a small group of athletes, Pickering says that the results provide enough information to guide training, either towards power (short, sharp) or endurance (longer, slower) sessions. This insight, he says, relates to genetically determined trainability rate of fitness gain rather than aptitude. Yet this wasnt the impression I had been given by the reports, covered as they are with the word potential.

I stress my concern to Pickering that, had I received my apparently bleak results as a newcomer to running, my athletic ambitions might have been crushed. But he thinks I am missing the subtleties. Because you have a low aerobic potential we have options, we can fine-tune and target other areas like movement economy and efficiency.

Low aerobic potential? We know that marathoners rely on their aerobic capacity, so surely this implies that my prospects were limited. No, that isnt what it means, he replies. I accept that potential does imply that. The title should be changed. I often call it your aerobic trainability.

By by this point, I have to admit, I am erring towards unconvinced. My scepticism deepens when I read the Athlome Projects consensus statement on direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA tests:

The information provided by DTC is virtually meaningless for prediction and/or optimisation of sport performance. There is currently no evidence that existing genetic tests provide information that is useful regarding either predisposition for a particular sport, prediction of the training response likely to occur to a particular training programme, or predisposition to exercise-related injury.

Athlomes founder, Professor Yannis Pitsiladis, is even more damning: These results are pointless, throw them away. There are no grounds for any of it.

According to Pitsiladis, although there is vast, exciting scope for genetics-guided training, the science has a very long way to go: Were beginning to understand that performance is determined by hundreds, possibly even thousands of interacting genes. Even once they are known, we may not be able to make predictions with clinical significance; we will need to take into account the environmental factors as well.

Countering the criticism from Pitsiladis and his Athlome colleagues, Pickering alleges sour grapes: Theyre annoyed that weve done it before them and thats why theyre causing these problems. Their main goal was to sell genetic tests to people, in my opinion. They are frustrated that were one or two years ahead of them.

Pitsiladis doesnt deny having commercial interests in genetic testing but insists he is involved only in areas with demonstrable utility, such as using genetics to create improved anti-doping tests. He draws a sharp distinction between genetically testing elite athletes to assess their shared traits and testing amateurs who are almost as diverse a group as the general population.

Parents whove failed as athletes go buy this stuff, desperate for their kids to succeed Selling direct to consumers is the problem.

That is precisely my concern, too. Cant Pickering appreciate that for people such as myself, starting out as the unsporty sibling with every reason to doubt my genetic potential, my gloomy test results could have snuffed out my marathon dreams before I had even tried a 5k run?

I share your concern, he replies. Its something that, as a company, we try to communicate. Our reports use the word potential, and that needs to change We have to do a better job, and well continue to try.

Make no mistake, talent matters. Athletes such as McLaughlin and Swift are prodigiously genetically blessed. My older brother, too, is a natural. He overtook me and became a far superior athlete, as I always suspected he would. But being the best you can be isnt about biology, it is art as much as science. Talent isnt destiny decipherable from DNA; it waits to be realised through hard work, like a sculpture inside a boulder. So dont let anyone put you off get hammering.

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Is running ability down to effort or DNA? And can it be proved? - The Guardian (blog)