Category Archives: War On Drugs

President Donald Trumps executive order and the stalled bills in Congress to curb police misconduct are, at best, attempts to retune an instrument that was orchestrated for abuse.

As a former archivist in charge of the National Archives records for the Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation and Bureau of Prisons, it is clear to me that the history of police violence in the U.S. informs and influences why the U.S. is again facing protests over violence, racism and unjust death.

Wickersham Commission

Violence and corruption have long been the mainstay of American police. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover, stirred by stories of bootleggers who forged criminal alliances with police departments during the Prohibition Era (1920-1933), announced that his administration would make the widest inquiry into the shortcomings of the administration of justice and into the causes and remedies for them.

Hoover appointed the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, chaired by former Attorney General George Wickersham, to investigate the failure of prohibition laws. In its 1931 report, the commission said that police made frequent use of torture as a method of law enforcement and that confessions of guilt frequently are unlawfully extorted by the police from prisoners by means of cruel treatment, colloquially known as the third degree. The Wickersham Commission defined the third degree as the employment of methods which inflict suffering, physical or mental, upon a person, in order to obtain from that person information about a crime.

Rather than reform the police, however, Attorney General Homer Cummings (1933-1939), who was appointed by Hoovers successor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, announced in September 1933 that there was a real war that confronts us all a war that must be successfully fought if life and property are to be secure in our countryThe warfare which an armed underworld is waging upon organized society has reached disturbing proportions. The prevalence of predatory crime, including kidnapping and racketeering, demands the utmost diligence upon the part of our law enforcing agencies, supported by an informed and aroused public opinion. Cummings declared a war on crime that aimed to professionalize and militarize the police.

Professionalization was supposed to train police in scientific methods to curtail torture in police work, but militarization armed the FBI and coordinated it with local police departments across the country. The war on crime was a signature program of Roosevelts New Deal, designed to win headlines for the president when Americans were hungry for strong leadership amid the Great Depression.

Kerner Commission

Thirty years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson mounted his own war on crime. He appointed the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission, to investigate the source of riots across the country in 1967.

Chaired by Governor Otto Kerner Jr. of Illinois, the commission reported that to some Negroes, police have come to symbolize white power, white racism, and white repression. And the fact is that many police do reflect and express these white attitudes. The atmosphere of hostility and cynicism is reinforced by a widespread belief among Negroes in the existence of police brutality and in a double standard of justice and protection one for Negroes and one for whites.

The Kerner Commission documented a reality that remains unchanged: police are trained to keep order in Black neighborhoods with the use of unchecked violence. Among other things, it highlighted the need for change in police operations in the ghetto, to insure proper conduct by individual officers and to eliminate abrasive practices.

The problem of police brutality was not untrained or rogue cops, but the design of Americas system of policing. The commission noted that many of the serious disturbances took place in cities whose police are among the best led, best organized, best trained and most professional in the country. President Johnson ignored its recommendations.

War on drugs

The next administration made the problem of police brutality worse. In June 1971, President Richard Nixon launched the war on drugs. Borrowing language from the war on crime, Nixon announced that Americas public enemy number one in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive, he said.

Nixons domestic policy chief, John Ehrlichman, later recounted that the drug war was designed to link the Black community with narcotics and thereby arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news.

The war on drugs not only targeted the Black community but justified the mass incarceration of Black men. Every president since Ronald Reagan has expanded the war on drugs, from programs that equipped police with military gear to patterns of enforcement that disproportionately policed people of color. Such outfitting dressed officers as soldiers and cast Black people as combatants.

Undone reform, post-Ferguson

Protests against police violence erupted once again in August 2014 when police in Ferguson, Missouri, killed an unarmed Black teenager and left his body displayed on the street for hours. Angry crowds gathered, protested and rioted. Police responded by showcasing their military equipment including tear gas, rubber bullets, stun grenades, M-16 rifles, M-14 rifles, M-1911 handguns, tactical vests, undercover apparel, riot shields, armored personnel carriers, mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles and high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles.

President Barack Obama issued guidelines for the Justice Department in 2015 that prohibited the transfer of some military equipment to local police departments. He explained that Americans have seen how militarized gear can sometimes give people a feeling like theres an occupying force, as opposed to a force thats part of the community thats protecting them and serving them.

Obama also created the Task Force on 21st Century Policing in 2014. It recommended new policies to build trust between racial minorities and the police, but they were sparsely adopted. After police killed Alton Sterling and Philando Castile in 2016, Obama lamented that change has been too slow and we have to have a greater sense of urgency about this.

President Trump rescinded Obamas guidelines to demilitarize the police in 2017. Trumps order reinstated the military gear and sent a strong message that we will not allow criminal activity, violence, and lawlessness to become the new normal, said Attorney General Jeff Sessions.

Today, the efforts of the White House and Congress to reform the police is an attempt to reinvent an old institution. Ideas advanced by Republicans and Democrats rely on the police to tear down the blue wall of silence, an unofficial loyalty oath among police that is customarily respected by judges and prosecutors, and which leads to a lack of accountability for police violence and abuse. Police culture protects itself.

Like before, America is again scrutinizing the role and function of the police in the wake of public corruption and brutality. But there is no promise that reform efforts now will lead to any more changes than they have in the past.

The rest is here:

Decades of promised police reforms have failed to alter a culture of abuse and racism - Milwaukee Independent

This is the third story in a six-part series, Lessons From a Global Reckoning, in which The 74 examines how issues of race are taught or ignored in Americas classrooms. As the pandemic continues and after nationwide protests following the death of George Floyd, this series seeks to take a hard look at how educators are tackling these painful but important issues. Read the rest of the pieces as they are published here.

The world has changed since D.C.s social studies standards were created 14 years ago.

A few events stand out for State Board of Education member Jessica Sutter: the election and presidency of Barack Obama; the landmark marriage-equality Supreme Court ruling; and now, historic protests and a global pandemic ravaging communities of color that have once again forced the nation D.C. included to take an introspective look at whose histories have been uplifted or buried.

To think about how we teach history and whose stories predominate It is not for the faint of heart, said Sutter, a former middle school social studies teacher.

Sutter and a newly appointed 26-member committee, however, are up to the challenge, and they will spend the next half year combing and critiquing a 104-page standards document that informs schools curricula by outlining key events and skills that students should learn by grade.

The work is important now more than ever, Sutter said, with culturally responsive education critical in the coming months and years as schools look to re-engage students and recoup learning loss from COVID-19.

Its just so important that students see themselves in the way theyre being taught and in what theyre being taught, said Fadhal Moore, a committee member and former eighth-grade history teacher at D.C.s E.L. Haynes Public Charter School. If theres a huge disconnect between students lives and what happens in the classroom, they check out.

Though the standards were well received early on, five committee members interviewed by The 74 were quick to point out wanted changes: More space for history and culture that doesnt revolve around a white, often European, narrative; giving students better tools to be engaged citizens and voters; and introducing more diverse perspectives in the K-2 grades. D.C. Public Schools curriculum is based on the standards; as many as three-quarters of D.C. charters also use them.

Officials say the standards play a vital role as a guidepost for educators. And they reflect what D.C. considers relevant history.

It sends a signal of what are the things that we are saying we value, said Scott Abbott, DCPSs director of social studies, and what is actually important.

Tying in more diversity

The mix of educators, administrators, students and experts on the committee agree that the standards dont give equal attention to non-white cultures and people. E.L. Haynes Public Charter School teacher Jessica Rucker counted the number of times the word American appears in the current standards: 171 times.

If American were replaced with the words white people, it would more clearly illustrate the what and who we expect students to know, she told other committee members during their first Zoom meeting July 7.

Moore has taken notes, too. African history before European colonization is sparse. The standards for the Industrial Revolution dont explicitly suggest uplifting diverse voices, like that of a Latino child or a Black woman. One of the most striking to Moore is there are no non-Western-society history standards until seventh grade. And even when continents like Africa do emerge, European history is often still the backdrop. In ninth-grade World History, for example, at least 10 of 16 units center on Europe or how periods like the Renaissance influenced other cultures.

Most students interactions with persons of color outside of Europe are going to be simply victims of European expansion and growth. Not exclusively, but by and large, said committee member Michael Stevens, social studies director at Friendship Public Charter School. While that network doesnt use the standards, it hopes to adopt the updated version.

Students feel this imbalance of perspectives in the classroom. In a lunchtime Zoom chat with Sutter in March, one student lamented that there isnt a lot of positive history about Black people thats taught. A few others said history lessons often feel stagnant, rarely connecting past oppression of communities of color to present-day struggles.

Across D.C. public schools, 66 percent of students are Black, 19 percent are Latino, and 11 percent are white.

We talk about slavery, we talk about segregation, we talk about the civil rights era [and] a young learner, just going off the textbook, would think that racism ended there, said Alex OSullivan, a rising junior at BASIS DC Public Charter School who is on the committee. He wants more attention paid to systemic issues like housing segregation or the war on drugs and the resulting mass incarceration of Black men.

Committee members also feel there are gaps in civics education, which encourages students to explore their identity within society and teaches them how to be more engaged citizens.

There arent any civics standards between grades 3 and 11, Moore said. He intends to push for updated standards that include skills-building across grades: how to organize a protest and obtain necessary permits, craft petitions and pen letters to local politicians, for example.

You do not become a citizen at 18. You are always a citizen, hed tell his students. So what does that mean for you to start to interact with that now?

Fadhal Moores students create VOTE signs for a rally. (Courtesy of Fadhal Moore)

Standards for the younger grades, in general, need to be more robust, committee members like Sutter and Abbott said. The current K-2 standards focus on basic concepts such as reading a map, identifying American symbols like the Statue of Liberty and learning to respect others. The one outlier which Abbott said he wishes there were more of is a section on Maya, Inca and Aztec civilizations in first grade.

Sutter thinks kids can handle more. In second grade, for example, when kids learn about American citizenship, there should also be discussion about Dreamers, she said. More specifically, What does that mean, and how are these students and families supported if they are not citizens'?

I have a 4-year-old nephew who can name you every dinosaur and pronounce their multisyllabic name correctly, she said. We underestimate young children.

Holding district, schools accountable for change

Committee member Laura Fuchs is more focused on holding DCPS and charters accountable for not cherry-picking standards theyre most comfortable with.

The H.D. Woodson Senior High School teacher takes issue with current DCPS World History curriculum. It suggests, for example, that teachers spend 12 days on a U.S.-Russia Cold War unit, while another unit covering more ground the ramifications of World War II, the Cold War and colonization on Africa and Latin America, regions with largely Black and Latino populations is allotted 11 days.

The standards, thats just one thing, she said. The problems Im facing in my classroom exist because the standards are being prioritized in a very poor way.

Committee member and sixth-grade geography teacher Melanie Holmes felt a similar disconnect between the standards and curriculum recently. Im working on curriculum for my individual school [MacFarland Middle School] right now and [while referring to the standards] we just found so many good standards that are left out of whats provided to teachers, she said at the meeting.

Some teachers find they have autonomy to craft organic and diverse lesson plans. Emory Calhoun at Dunbar High School brings in historians to talk about Georgetowns Black history, and he has students call his aunt, who lived through the civil rights movement. Cosby Hunt, an AP U.S. history teacher at Thurgood Marshall Academy, takes his classes through Jacob Lawrences 60-panel art series portraying the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South.

Both acknowledged that having that flexibility can depend, though, on a schools management style, and how new a teacher is to a particular subject.

Abbott, DCPSs social studies director, said the district works with teachers to develop curriculum. It brought in six educators this summer to serve as race and equity fellows who are looking at the curriculum through this lens of anti-racism, anti-bias to identify short-term fixes as the standards review process continues. Abbott added that the district is looking forward to expanding course offerings for its African American History and Culture elective the most popular non-AP elective last year.

The committee will submit recommendations to the Office of the State Superintendent of Education in December and will advise that office as it formally rewrites the standards in 2021. The State Board will vote on the revisions in March 2022, to go into effect the 202223 school year.

Excerpt from:

Lessons From a Global Reckoning: D.C. Looks to Make 14-Year-Old Social Studies Standards More Inclusive as Cities Nationwide Grapple With Re-Engaging...

Tens of thousands of people may have been killed during Rodrigo Dutertes war on drugs in the Philippines, according to a damning UN report that warns of impunity and calls for an independent investigation into abuses.

The anti-narcotics crackdown in the Philippines, launched by the president after he won the 2016 election on a promise to rid the country of drugs, appears to have resulted in widespread and systematic extrajudicial killings, the report says.

It adds that rhetoric by the highest officials has potentially emboldened police to behave as though they have permission to kill.

The report, the UNs strongest condemnation yet of recent abuses in the country, says there is an overarching focus on public order and national security, often at the expense of human rights, due process, the rule of law and accountability.

Despite credible allegations of widespread and systematic extrajudicial killings in the context of the campaign against illegal drugs, there has been near impunity for such violations, the report by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights says.

Since mid-2016 in the Philippines there has been only one conviction for the killing of a drug suspect in a police operation. The report says police regularly raid homes and private property without warrants, and systematically force suspects to make self-incriminating statements or risk lethal force.

Witnesses, family members, journalists and lawyers said that they feared for their safety and described a situation where the practical obstacles to accessing justice within the country are almost insurmountable.

The government denies there is a policy to kill people who use drugs and states that all deaths occur during legitimate police operations.

Michelle Bachelet, the UN high commissioner for human rights, described the testimonies as heartbreaking. People who use or sell drugs do not lose their human rights, she said.

The report also raises alarm over the vilification of dissent, adding that attacks against perceived critics are being increasingly institutionalised and normalised in ways that will be very difficult to reverse.

The government has increasingly filed criminal charges against people criticising the government online, it says, including by using Covid-19 special powers laws. The UN Human Rights Office also documented that between 2015 and 2019 at least 248 human rights defenders, legal professionals, journalists and trade unionists were killed in relation to their work.

The report says it could not verify the number of extrajudicial killings during the anti-drugs crackdown without further investigation. It says government figures indicate at least 8,663 people have been killed, but some estimates put the toll at triple that number.

Amnesty described the report as a vital step towards accountability.

There are growing calls among rights groups for the UN Human Rights Council which is expected to hold a session on the Philippines this month to order a further independent inquiry into abuses in the Philippines, as it has done in Myanmar and Venezuela.

Like the UN, we are deeply concerned by the total impunity enjoyed by those who have perpetrated these crimes, said Nicholas Bequelin, Amnestys Asia-Pacific regional director.

More:

Philippines war on drugs may have killed tens of thousands, says UN - The Guardian

President Trumps reelection campaign is seizing on presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Joe Bidens record as a chief sponsor and champion of punitive anti-drug laws that have contributed to mass incarceration.

In a blog post on Tuesday, the campaign attacked Biden as a typical Washington career politician who spent decades building up Americas mass incarceration system and poisoning the public discourse with race-baiting, divisive and inflammatory remarks.

Bidens role in authoring bills ramping up the war on drugs during his time in the Senate is also being featured in a Trump 2020 video adsignaling that the president is angling to present himself as the drug policy reform candidate as the November election approaches.

Biden hasnt just stoked Americas racial divisions over the course of his decades in Washington, the blog post on donaldjtrump.com, which was later shared on Twitter by the technically unaffiliated super PAC America First, states. Biden was the chief architect of mass incarceration and the War on Drugs, which targeted Black Americans.

Biden voted to extend minimum penalties for people under 21 charged with selling marijuana, and introduced the civil forfeiture legislation which allows the government to seize assets of citizens accused of drug crimes, the campaign blog post continues. Biden helped write the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, which created the 100:1 crack cocaine sentencing disparity and disproportionately targeted minority communities.

Bidens self-imagined reinvention as a racial healer is laughable and requires memory-holing decades of racially inflammatory rhetoric.

In the video ad released last month, the Trump campaign said that mass incarceration has put hundreds of thousands behind bars for minor offenses. Joe Biden wrote those laws.

Joe Bidens policies destroyed millions of black lives due to his role in advancing anti-drug laws and other criminal justice policies, it states. Joe Biden may not remember. But we do.

The campaign first indicated it would be highlighting criminal justice reform when it aired an ad during the Super Bowl in February touting the presidents commutation of a person convicted of a nonviolent drug offense.

Drug reform advocates have made similar criticisms of the former vice president, arguing that his record does not bode well for the prospects of comprehensive policy changes in the U.S. criminal justice system. His ongoing opposition to adult-use marijuana legalization has also been a source of frustration, despite his recent support for more modest proposals such as decriminalizing possession, allowing medical cannabis, federal rescheduling, expunging past convictions and letting states set their own laws.

That said, while the Trump administration has taken certain modest bipartisan stepssuch as signing sentencing reform legislation, granting clemency to certain individuals with prior federal drug convictions and voicing support for states rights when it comes to cannabis legalizationthe image of a uniformly pro-reform president that the campaign is attempting to present isnt the full picture.

Joe Bidens record on drug policy is quite abysmal given his role in the 1994 Crime Bill and as one of the lead advocates for increased mandatory minimum sentences and other policies that inflamed our crisis of mass incarceration in this country, Erik Altieri, executive director of NORML, told Marijuana Moment. Unfortunately, despite not having a long legislative record like Biden for direct comparison, Donald Trumps history as it relates to racial justice and drug policy is also quite horrendous.

Trumps first attorney general, Jeff Sessions,rescinded Obama-era guidance known as the Cole memo. Under that directive, federal prosecutors were advised not to pursue action against individuals for state-legal cannabis-related activity, except under a select set of circumstances.

Also, while Trump has voiced support for medical cannabis legalization, hes on several occasions released signing statements on spending legislation stipulating that he reserves the right to ignore a long-standing riderthat prohibits the Justice Department fromusing its funds to interfere with state-legal medical marijuana programs.

Trump also asked Congress to end the medical cannabis protections as part of his fiscal year 2021 budget plansomething the Obama administration also previously did to no avail.

Despite his pledged support for medical cannabis and states rights, Trump evidentlyholds some negative views toward marijuana consumption, as evidenced in a recording from 2018 that was leaked two years later. In that recording, the president said that using cannabis makes people lose IQ points.

Another controversial administrative actionconcerns immigrants and marijuana. In April 2019, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services issued a memo stating that using marijuana or engaging in cannabis-related activities such as working for a dispensaryeven in states where its legalis an immoral offense that makes immigrants ineligible for citizenship.

In December 2019, the Justice Department issued a notice that it was seeking to make certain marijuana offenses, including misdemeanor possession,grounds to deny asylum to migrants.

In February 2020, the president applauded countries thatimpose the death penalty for drug traffickersa pointhes repeatedly been known to make, according to a report from Axios.

Meanwhile, though the presidents reelection campaign is presenting him as a criminal justice reformer, Trump himself in recent days has embraced the slogan of law and order as he has seemed to endorse violent law enforcement responses to people protesting police killings of black Americans.

Altieri of NORML said that despite these conflicting statements and administrative actions, the Trump campaign does seem to understand by putting forth this outreach is that marijuana law reform and ending our failed War on Drugs are popular positions with the majority of all Americans, regardless of political affiliation.

All candidates should be putting forth comprehensive plans on how they will address cannabis and criminal justice reform if they are in the White House in 2021, but as of yet weve seen mostly lip service and finger pointing in lieu of real solutions, he said.

The White House Is Reviewing CBD And Marijuana Research Guidance From FDA

Photo courtesy of Wikimedia.

Here is the original post:

Trump Reelection Campaign Attacks Biden As 'Architect' Of The War On Drugs - Marijuana Moment

In light of the national and international outrage over the unjust killing of George Floyd, Boston Globe cannabis reporter Dan Adams called into Boston Public Radio on Wednesday, where he discussed the historic tie between pot use and America's racist justice system.

"One of the most common reasons police use to stop [Black people] has been, historically, the odor of marjuana, or planting marijuana right? Its one of the most common pretenses for police to get involved with people, to search your pockets, to search your car, to check for warrants, he said.

Adams noted staggering racial disparities in Massachusetts marijuana arrests, even after the drug was legalized in 2016.

Weve got the lowest overall marijuana arrest rate in the country, but the racial disparity within those arrests is truly appalling," he said. "If you look at the ACLU data Blacks are still four times more likely to be arrested for marijuana possession in the state.

Read More: Minority-Owned Marijuana Business Owners In Mass. Are Being Crushed By The Wait For Licenses

Adams said Floyds death, and the outrage thats followed, serve as a reminder for white Americans of how racism permeates our nation's legal system, and why its crucial for state governments legalizing cannabis to enact and follow through on measures that support Black-owned marijuana businesses.

"Watching [the George Floyd protests] unfold as a cannabis reporter has been really striking, because I deal all the time with the history of the drug war, and theres a direct connection between whats going on with everyone on the streets and an idea that weve talked about on this show a lot, which is this whole idea of equity in cannabis licensing, Adams said.

"The basic idea from the legislature is hey, maybe we shouldnt let white guys from Wall Street make all the money off this thing, now that weve decided it should be legal and maybe never shouldve been illegal, after decades of throwing people of color in jail for it.

Adams is the cannabis reporter for the Boston Globe and author of the This Week in Weed email newsletter.

The rest is here:

Dan Adams On The Racist War On Drugs, And Why Equity Licensing Matters - wgbh.org

Because the seeds of mass incarceration were sown early.

President Richard Nixon first declared war on drugs in 1971, but Tricky Dick was just following in the footsteps of someone else, who decades earlier set the tone when it came to drug prohibition in the United States. The vilification of marijuana truly began in 1937 when the nations first drug czar, Harry Anslinger, wroteMarijuana Assassin of Youth,an article in The American Magazine, later reprinted inReaders Digest, that ascribed murderous effects to marijuana and hashish.

He wrote of a young girls suicide in Chicago, blaming marijuana use for her fatal leap from a window. He told gory stories: Two boys high on marijuana had killed a cop, while another had chopped up his whole family with an ax. Anslingers fever dream pointed to two culprits: The devil weed itself, and the Black jazz musicians he was sure were responsible for its widespread use.

His language seems farfetched in an era when marijuana is mostly legal. Consider this passage: Marijuana is the unknown quantity among narcotics. No one knows when he smokes it, whether he will become philosopher, a joyous reveler, a mad insensate or a murderer. Anslinger almost single-handedly turned what at the time was a non-issue into the reason why so many Americans are incarcerated or have lost their jobs today.

Law for [Anslinger] represented the enforcement of protection for white enclaves and the ordering, you might say control, of communities of color through judicial and carceral mechanisms.

Alexandra Chasin, author ofAssassin of Youth: A Kaleidoscopic History of Harry J. Anslingers War on Drugs

As America moved toward repealing prohibition in 1933, the agents who had enforced the alcohol ban didnt know where theyd end up. Harry worked for the Treasury, says Niko Vorobyov, author ofDopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands. When he saw the dry law wasnt going to last, he realized hed be out of a job or at very least his department would be defunded. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the predecessor of the Drug Enforcement Administration, was formed in 1930, before prohibition was even over, and President Herbert Hoover appointed Anslinger to run it.

Anslinger was an original law-and-order guy, says Alexandra Chasin, author ofAssassin of Youth: A Kaleidoscopic History of Harry J. Anslingers War on Drugs. Law for [him] represented the enforcement of protection for white enclaves and the ordering, you might say control, of communities of color through judicial and carceral mechanisms. Anslinger also nursed a lifelong suspicion of Sicilians that spurred him to identify a crime syndicate, the Mafia, even before then-FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.

The bootlegging eras poster boy was Al Capone. The narcotics problem needed specific enemies and Anslinger labeled Lucky Luciano the face of Americas illicit drug problem, says Christian Cipollini, author ofLucky Luciano: Mysterious Tales of a Gangland Legend. But after six years of chasing the infamous mafiaso, Americas top drug cop turned his attention to Mary Jane.

Anslinger was behind a propaganda campaign that portrayed marijuana as this madness-inducing drug on par with crystal meth. Vorobyov says. He lied or deliberately misrepresented evidence, and he ignored experts who called him out on it.

His aggressive approach carried a racist bent that came to define the drug war: he targeted jazz music in particular. Musicians brought the habit northward [from Mexico] with the surge of hot music demanding players of exceptional ability, especially in improvisation, Anslinger wrote in Marijuana Assassin of Youth.One of his most famous targets was the Black jazz singer Billie Holiday, who had a tough life and got addicted to alcohol and heroin. At Anslingers urging to make a high-profile bust, his agents hounded her to the very end as she lay dying in withdrawal in 1959.

Anslingers campaign against marijuana rebranded from cannabis to its Spanish name, to give it a foreign tinge helped result in the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, which allowed the government to start cracking down on dealers as tax cheats and resulting in the criminalization of the drug overall.

Anslinger stayed on the job until he retired at age 70 in 1962, having been drug czar under five presidents. The War on Drugs was under way if not declared, as incarceration rates among nonwhites were rising though not yet skyrocketing as they would later in the century.

Weve gone so far beyond those early days, says Vorobyov, even [the architects of the drug war] might be shocked.

More:

The Man Who Started the War on Drugs - OZY

Photo by

Presidential Communications Operations Office

A UN investigation backed by Iceland has condemned the Filipino governments war on drugs that has caused thousands of deaths.

Iceland spearheaded a UN resolution criticising the Filipino drug crackdown and calling for a report into possible human rights violations in June 2019.

The UNs Office of the High Commissioner for Human Right (ONCHR) released its damning report on serious human rights violations on June 4th. According to the report, government officials rhetoric can be seen as permission to kill anyone suspected of drug-related activity.

Despite credible allegations of widespread and systematic extrajudicial killings in the context of the campaign against illegal drugs, there has been near impunity for such violations, the report states. The government cited just one case in which police were convicted for an extrajudicial killing related to the campaign since 2016.

A conservative estimate based on government data suggests that 8,663 people have been killed since Rodrgio Duterte came to office in July 2016, according to the report. The OHCHR cannot verify the true number of deaths without further investigation, but notes that other estimates put the death toll three times higher.

The OHCHR also found that police routinely entered homes without search or arrest warrants and systematically forced suspects to make self-incriminating statements or risk facing lethal force.

Duterte is yet to respond to the report, but he has strenuously denied breaches of human rights laws in the past and criticised the UN resolution.

Icelands role in introducing the resolution caused a breakdown in Icelandic-Filipino diplomatic relations last summer. Duterte launched numerous rhetorical attacks on Iceland in the days following the passing of the resolution, Reuters reported.

What is the problem of Iceland? Ice only, he told corrections department officials. You have too much ice and there is no clear day or night there. So you can understand why there is no crime. There is no policeman either, and they just go about eating ice. These idiots, they dont understand the social, economic, political problems of the Philippines.

The report calls on the international community to grant the OHCHR a mandate to continue to monitor human rights breeches in the Philippines and to put pressure on the Filipino government to immediately halt its brutal war on drugs.

Note: Due to the effect the Coronavirus is having on tourism in Iceland, its become increasingly difficult for the Grapevine to survive. If you enjoy our content and want to help the Grapevines journalists do things like eat and pay rent, please consider joining ourHigh Five Club.

Read this article:

From Iceland Iceland-Backed UN Report Condemns Filipino Government's War On Drugs - Reykjavk Grapevine

George Floyds death has reignited a long-standing conversation many Americans have been trying to have for several years and decades: The Black and white experience has largely remained separate and unequal in our country.

In the words of Seahawks receiver Tyler Lockett and the demonstrations by Colin Kaepernick, Black NFL players dont feel free in the land of the free.

While eyes are opening to the realities of inequality and excessive police brutality, structural racism has affected and shaped the lives of several Seahawks players in the past and present. Here are a few examples offering a glimpse into the complex difficulties Black Americans face all over the nation.

Former Seahawks guard D.J. Fluker grew up in New Orleanss Ninth Ward, a historically poor Black neighborhood that exemplifies the structural racism Black neighborhoods experience due to economic isolation and marginalization. Here is a 2003 quote from a non-profit consultant and Ninth Ward resident responding to the areas 9% higher poverty rate relative to the rest of the city:

Poverty is closely tied to ethnicity and race in this country. If you look anywhere where there is a majority of black people in a community, you are going to see higher concentrations of poverty, and it is going to be higher because of the historical relationship between black people and white people and the economic development of this country. Racismthe fact that black people were not paid at all and later not paid equitably for the work that they did, means that black communities do not have the wealth that has been accumulated in non-black communities. For the amount of work African-Americans have done in this country, they don't have the accumulated wealth that other groups do, relative to the amount of work performed.

The Ninth Ward was disproportionately devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Many homes were uninsured, and the area has hardly been revitalized in the 15 years since. According to a 2016 NPR feature story, some streets are so filled with potholes, cars can't drive down them. There are a few convenience stores and fast food stands, but no supermarkets or grocery stores," a common feature of Black neighborhoods blighted by poverty and ignored by governing bodies.

Katrinas storm surge was so strong it knocked homes completely off their foundations,"effectively destroying the neighborhoodincluding the uninsured Fluker family home. Less than half the population has since returned, with Fluker among them. He became a hurricane refugee and was homeless with his family for over a year while they lived in the family car.

In a 2014 Sports Illustrated profile, Fluker remembered "nights when the family would have no food and would eat out of the garbage dumpsters at fast food restaurants." Other times, he said, he and his siblings would wear pants smelling of urine because they had nowhere to wash their clothes.

Fluker continued to thrive in football due to the graciousness of a high school coach who opened his spare room to him, and he worked endlessly to become the football star that he is today. But Flukers background as a Ninth Ward resident and a Katrina refugee was inevitably shaped by New Orleanss marginalization of its Black residents, many of whom have struggled to survive the life-altering devastation of Hurricane Katrina.

Seahawks rookie Jordyn Brooks also experienced homelessness during his teen years in Houston. Prevalent homelessness, even if only temporary, is not an uncommon NFL story. Raiders running back Josh Jacobs notably bought his single father a house after being homeless during his youth. Its also a story that is disproportionately found among Black Americans.

The National Alliance To End Homelessness states that Black Americans make up 40% of the homeless population despite only representing 13% of the general population and this imbalance is not improving over time. Financially speaking, millions of Americans are a disaster away from experiencing homelessness, as the Federal Reserve reports that nearly 40% of survey respondents would have to accrue debt in some way to cover a $400 emergency.

With 20.8% of Black families living below the poverty line, which is about $25,000 for a family of four, and the economic insecurity highlighted by the Federal Reserve, homelessness becomes a distinct threat to the Black community as families work to break the poverty cycle. Brooks was able to do so, but the normalcy of going to school and playing football is disrupted by the instability of homelessness.

Second-round pick Darrell Taylors family was rocked by yet another issue that disproportionately affects Black families: His father was incarcerated while he was growing up.

Once again, this is not a unique story. Black men comprise 34% of the correctional population at five times the rate of white men, with 2.3 million in the prison system, according to the NAACP. Another issue is how the war on drugs has imprisoned thousands of men on non-violent drug charges, when other means of rehabilitation are safer and more effective. In countries that have decriminalized some or all illicit drugs, drug-related crime and arrests drop, as do overdoses and drug-related diseases, public safety and health improve, and taxpayers save money.

The criminalization of drugs also bears the marks of racial inequality: Black men are charged with drug offenses at six times the rate of white men, despite both groups reporting the same amount of usage. The war on drugs has torn thousands of men from their families when there are more evolved methods availableaside from drugs, the U.S. private prison system is widely noted as a for-profit enterprise that needs more inmates to make more money. This fuels the desire for more prisoners, and it has wounded millions of families across America, including those in the NFL.

The deaths of George Floyd, Ahmad Aubrey and Breonna Taylorthree unarmed, non-threatening individualsare a distinct result of racial profiling and criminalization of Black and brown Americans by the police force. This too is something with which Seahawks players are all too familiar.

Quarterback Russell Wilson shared earlier this week that his father advised him at a young age to keep his hands out of his pockets at the gas station to protect himself.

"The fact my dad even had to tell me that is a problem," Wilson told reporters.

Along with Wilson, linebacker Bobby Wagner also recalled being pulled over in college while at Utah State. The officer's demeanor changed once he realized Wagner was a football player, but he understandably wondered what would have happened in that situation if he wasn't a star athlete.

"We still are scared as everybody else," Wagner reflected. "We still have those thoughts and feelings as everybody else. So we still go through those things, as everybody else."

In high school, Doug Baldwin was pulled over for what was mistakenly believed to be a stolen car. He followed the officers instructions and complied, but so often, those who comply are still killed, like the close-range shooting of Philando Castile when he was reaching for his wallet at the request of the officer.

Baldwin knew exactly how to act in this situation because his father, a former police officer in Pensacola, Fla., instructed him on how to act when detained by an officer. While the elder Baldwins sage advice helped to deescalate a potentially dangerous situation, the fact remains that Black people find themselves in this situation exponentially more often than white people.

A 2020 ACLU report conducted by Campaign Zero indicates that Black people are stopped at a 219% higher rate than white people in San Diego. The San Diego police department was 23% more likely to search Black people for contraband than white people (despite Black people being less likely to have it), and they were more likely to use force and more severe forms of force against Black citizens than white.

The ACLU report refers to a disturbing statistic from a 2019 study: 1 in 1,000 Black American men can expect to be killed by police.

A common rebuttal to calls for police reform is that these stories of Black unarmed citizens being murdered by police is purely anecdotal. But when the data is gathered, the evidence is overwhelmingly clear: Black Americans live in what is effectively a police state based on assumptions and feara state that harasses them regularly and goes so far as to threaten their lives.

In response to these statistics and experiences, Baldwin started a Building Bridges campaign with Seattle police officers and was supported by the Seahawks and the Washington state attorney general. He called all 50 state attorney generals to review their police training policies. This was in 2016.

Since then, conversations about police brutality have flared with each unjust death, but have hardly translated to widespread, fundamental change.

Baldwins 2016 press conference responding to the deaths ofKeith Lamont Scott and Terrence Crutcherhas becomea haunting reminder that the criminalization of Black Americans has gone on far too long:

"When you see numerous instances like this happen, and again, you don't know all the context, but you're asking questions," Baldwin said. "And we also know that the laws that are in place and policies that are in place that protect the law enforcement from any persecution, we understand that there's an inherent risk that comes with being a police officer.

"But that should not be the case of being a citizen in the United States. There should not be an inherent risk when you have an encounter with law enforcement. There should not be a concern or worry that the law enforcement is not there to protect you. And I think that we're raising a culture or society right now that is questioning that very sentiment. And so as a human being, I can't help but sit up here and tell you how I feel and let you know that it's not OK."

Every NFL player overcomes near-impossible odds to earn a roster spot. But these current and former Seahawks, and their fellow Black athletes, have it that much harder because of a system that desperately needs drastic reform.

Go here to see the original:

How American Race Relations Shaped Lives of Current, Former Seahawks - Sports Illustrated

Gardai are set to start a war on drugs operation in one Dublin area after several "horrific images" of people allegedly taking substances emerged online this week.

Locals in Finglas have said that the drug problem is getting seriously out of hand with suspected drug users spotted "goofed off" on road sides and in parks as children pass them by.

In one picture, one person can be seen laying motionless on the ground with what appears to be tin foil and pipes all around them.

One resident told Dublin Live: "Go to any park in the area at any time of day and you will find drug use, it's a joke. Not even trying to hide it anymore, it's in view for all to see. It's horrific."

But there is some promising news for the area as Finglas Councillor Noeleen Reilly has been informed by Gardai that they are preparing to clamp down on the open drug taking in the area.

She said: "Finglas Garda have just responded to me in regards to residents' drug concerns in the area.

"They have advised me that a list of key locations have been identified to be monitored by community Gardai.

"They have also requested the assistance of the National Public Order Unit to monitor these key locations and I will continue to liaise with them on this."

In another picture, residents were left outraged after two suspected drug users were believed to be smoking crack cocaine in one of Dublin's busiest parks over the Bank Holiday weekend.

Parents had to try and shield their children from the pair at the busy Kildonan Park in Finglas on Saturday morning.

Sign up for Dublin Live's breaking news newsletter by simply entering your email address in this article here.

The FREE email will land into your inbox every single morning at around 9:30am and give you all the latest news from around the capital.

Whether it be traffic and travel, what's on or crime - this newsletter will have you covered for everything.

You can unsubscribe from this service at any time. And rest assured that your data will not be shared with any other party.

Residents have blasted the drug use as an "everyday occurrence" in the area which they feel will only get worse when the park is renovated next month as there will be "more places to hide in".

Councillor Reilly told Dublin Live last week that the problem is not just tied to Finglas or the north Dublin circles.

She said: "County-wide, crack cocaine has become a huge issue.

"There is a massive problem across Dublin unfortunately.

"A lot of kids would have witnessed this as it is a popular family place. There are many playing pitches there where children would kick a ball about or go for a walk or a run."

You can like our main Facebook page here.

Our Dublin Live Sports Page - which brings you all your Dublin sports news - can be found here.

The Dublin Live Twitter account is @DublinLive.

Our Instagram account can be found here.

Simply pop your e-mailinto the box above and get all thelatest news and entertainment direct to your inbox.

Every day we'll send you a roundup e-mail of all the latest from Dublin covering news, entertainment and sport, all in one handy e-mail.

You can unsubscribe from this service at any time. And rest assured that your data will not be shared with any other party.

Get the very latest from Dublin, with breaking news as it happens, sport updates, traffic alerts, and all the latest what's on in your area.

Completely customisable, the FREE Dublin Live App allows you to tailor what news you consume, and when.

The App is the best way to follow breaking news from Dublin ; including video interviews and traffic & travel notifications. Be sure to keep your notification alerts turned on to receive major local breaking news stories and traffic alerts direct to your home screen.

Dublin Live APPs Embed

Simply click on your App store links above and download for FREE!

"It's a great park that is very appreciated and highly used by locals. Sadly, some are mistreating its amenities.

"It's a great park that is very appreciated and highly used by locals. Sadly, some are mistreating its amenities.

See more here:

Gardai start special war on drugs operation in Finglas as 'horrific' day time images surface online - Dublin Live

Ashley D. Williams pulled her face mask below her chin, took a deep breath and hollered a rousing challenge to hundreds of protesters gathered at Haskell Park on Tuesday night:

We're not here for entertainment, Williams said. We want change.

The 13th Ward: 12,000 people, but only 400 voted. Where are you all at? Get in the votes and I bet you we tip the scales. All of you 17 and older are you ready? We need to vote.

The crowd responded to Williams with an affirmative roar. The entire exchange lasted no more than 90 seconds.

In fact, 601 ballots were cast in Rockford's 13th Ward in the March 17 primary, representing a 12.3% voter turnout. Voter turnout in the 13th Ward was 23.2% in the 2016 primary and 43% in the general election that year. Williams' figures may have been a bit off, but that doesn't take anything away from her message.

The May 25 killing of a black man named George Floyd at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer has stirred Williams and countless other protesters across the country to exercise their First Amendment right to peaceably assemble.

We can thank James Madison, the father of the Bill of Rights, for our freedom to protest. Williams reminds us that there is another way to make change. Lawmakers manufacture laws, but it's voters who manufacture lawmakers. If we want change, it seems we'll have to make it ourselves, and that means exercising our right to vote.

Ninety-one percent of Americans said that the right to vote was essential to their personal freedom, according to a 2017 Pew Research Center poll. Yet, in a wonderfully insightful NBC News column published Thursday, David Litt points out that the number of Americans stripped of the right to vote has surged in recent decades.

Thanks primarily to the wave of mass arrests and convictions caused by the war on drugs and the so-called tough on crime laws that came with it, 6 million adults 3 million of whom were no longer even on probation or parole who would otherwise have been eligible to vote were unable to cast ballots in 2016, says Litt, a former senior speechwriter for President Barack Obama.

Moreover, notes Litt, America's backlogged immigration system has swelled the ranks of long-term residents immigrants who pay taxes, build businesses, create jobs and serve in the military, but cannot cast a ballot to decide how the country is run. Voter suppression laws, partisan gerrymandering and demographic shifts have created even more inequities in our country's electoral system.

None of these obstacles minimizes the urgency of Williams' call to action. Those who can vote must do so. And voting in local elections is the easiest way to manufacture change.

This November, Winnebago County voters will elect a state's attorney who, for the next four years, will decide whether to investigate and charge instances of police misconduct, assault, stalking, cyberbullying and hate crimes.

Next year, Rockford voters will elect a mayor and 14 aldermen. It is the mayor who appoints, and City Council that confirms, members of the Board of Fire and Police Commissioners. The commission has the sole power to hire, fire and discipline the city's police chief and fire chief. Reviewing police misconduct and penalizing those found guilty is also part of the commission's role.

Additionally, the mayor plays an active role in negotiating labor contracts between the city and its police union. The City Council approves these contracts.

These critical local government functions are often quite dull to watch. And like most obligations, voting isn't much fun, either.

But as Williams said: We're not here for entertainment.

Isaac Guerrero: iguerrero@rrstar.com; @isaac_rrs

See more here:

Change comes from marching in streets and to the ballot box - Rockford Register Star