Category Archives: Psoriasis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory disease that leads to both pain and swelling in your joints. In most cases, people with PsA develop psoriasis first.

Overall, PsA in the hips is less common than other areas of the body. You might notice swelling and pain in smaller joints first, including your fingers and toes. In fact, its estimated that less than 10 percent of people with PsA will experience symptoms in the hips.

Still, if youre experiencing hip pain and also have certain risk factors for PsA, take note of your symptoms and obtain a diagnosis from a doctor. They can help recommend a combination of medications, natural remedies, and other therapies to help reduce underlying inflammation and improve your quality of life.

If you have PsA in the hips, you may experience symptoms on one or both sides (asymmetrical or symmetrical).

PsA in the hip may include the following symptoms in the affected area(s):

If you have PsA, you may notice these symptoms in other affected joints. Additional symptoms of PsA include:

PsA is an autoimmune condition that develops when your body mistakenly identifies healthy cells as invaders, thereby attacking them. Its also possible to have more than one autoimmune disease at once, such as IBD.

Psoriasis is linked to PsA, and many people with this skin disease go on to develop PsA, with some estimates citing a rate of 7 to 48 percent.

Its estimated that PsA can develop in some people 7 to 10 years afterpsoriasis begins. The mean age for the onset of PsA is 39 years old.

You may also be at an increased risk of developing PsA if you:

Like other types of autoimmune diseases, PsA is more common in adults, though anyone can develop it.

Diagnosing hip PsA may be challenging at first. This is because joint pain and swelling arent unique to PsA. These symptoms may also be seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), lupus, osteoarthritis (OA), ankylosing spondylitis, and conditions with inflammatory arthritis.

While you shouldnt self-diagnose PsA of the hip, there are some key signs that differentiate this condition from other types of arthritis. For example, hip PsA may cause pain around the buttocks, groin, and outer thigh, while hip OA primarily affects the groin and the frontof the thigh.

Other conditions that can lead to hip pain may include muscle strains and stress fractures. A dislocated hip may occur from a recent accident or injury.

A doctor can help you determine whether your hip pain is attributed to PsA, another autoimmune disease, or a different condition entirely. They may also refer you to a rheumatologist, a specialist trained in diagnosing and treating autoimmune diseases of the joints, bones, and muscles.

While theres no single test to diagnose PsA, a healthcare professional may help identify this condition based on the following criteria:

Theres currently no cure for PsA. Instead, the condition is largely managed with both lifestyle changes and medications. Depending on the extent of pain and inflammation in your hip joints, your doctor may also recommend therapies or surgery.

If your hip pain is significantly impacting your overall quality of life, your doctor may recommend either over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription pain medications to help you manage your symptoms.

Possible medication options for hip PsA may include:

Other medications may also reduce underlying inflammation thats causing your hip pain. These types of medications are called disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Along with reducing inflammation, DMARDs can help prevent PsA from progressing.

While theres no natural cure for PsA, there are natural remedies and lifestyle habits that may help alleviate pain, decrease inflammation, and complement your medications. Consider talking with your doctor about:

Your doctor may recommend physical therapy as a complement to medications and natural remedies for PsA. The goal of physical therapy is to help you move better with PsA in the hip, the focus is to help increase your range of motion so you can walk more comfortably.

Each physical therapy program is tailored to the individual, but can include the following:

Surgery may be an option for severe PsA in the hip that isnt responding to other treatment measures. Your doctor might recommend a hip arthroplasty, also known as a total hip replacement.

A hip replacement is considered a major surgery, so your doctor will determine if youre a candidate based on the severity of PsA, along with your age and overall health.

There are numerous causes of hip pain, including PsA. You may be at an increased risk for developing PsA in the hips if you have certain risk factors such as psoriasis. Its important not to self-diagnose this condition so that you arent treating the wrong issue.

Even if your hip pain is notcaused by PsA, its still important to get a correct diagnosis as soon as possible. Letting diseases or injuries of the hip go can worsen your symptoms, and perhaps even affect your long-term mobility.

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Psoriatic Arthritis Hip Pain: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments - Healthline

At UCB, we believe that collaborating with physicians, researchers and patients is fundamental to addressing the unmet needs of people living with immuno-dermatological diseases, such as psoriasis. We recognize that there is potential to improve the lives of people with psoriasis and we're looking forward to discussing the latest scientific advancements in this field with the dermatology community at the virtual European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) Congress, taking place from 29 September - 2 October 2021. Now in its 30th year, the EADV Congress 2021 will bring together leading clinical experts across the fields of dermatology and venereology in a celebration of outstanding data and scientific exchange.

At this year's EADV Congress, we will be sharing the latest findings from our ongoing research in dermatology across 13 e-posters and one platform presentation. Attending healthcare professionals will also be able to virtually join five UCB-sponsored educational meetings, including our satellite symposium, and hear about the newest approaches and advances in psoriasis care from world-leading experts in dermatology. Following the congress close, delegates will also have virtual access to these meetings and sessions up until the end of the year.

We are proud to be sponsors of this year's EADV Congress. Platforms such as EADV 2021, which allow us to further our understanding of immuno-dermatological diseases like psoriasis remain as important as ever - particularly when we consider the impact these conditions continue to have on the lives of patients. Psoriasis affects approximately 125 million people worldwide and is a life-long condition, for which there is no cure. Much more than 'just a skin condition', psoriasis has been shown to have a profoundly detrimental impact on a person's quality of life. UCB's approach - from discovery to development to delivery - is designed around patient needs and their journey, we therefore remain determined to better understand the impact of immuno-dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, to help find solutions that allow patients to live life to the fullest.

EADV 2021 promises to be an outstanding educational learning experience with stimulating sessions, late-breaking science and an opportunity to connect with experts in dermato-venereology. We're ready to shine a light on how we are advancing care for people living with psoriasis and to be inspired by other groundbreaking work from our colleagues in the dermatology community. If you are a healthcare professional attending EADV 2021, we look forward to welcoming you to the UCB virtual booth and at our educational sessions.

Disclaimer

UCB SA published this content on 27 September 2021 and is solely responsible for the information contained therein. Distributed by Public, unedited and unaltered, on 27 September 2021 09:51:04 UTC.

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EADV 2021: Shining a light on the latest science in dermatology - marketscreener.com

When Amgen bought marketing rights to psoriasis pill Otezla for $13.4 billion two years ago, the company was likely counting on not having to compete against early generics. And now, thanks to a win in court, Amgen appears poised to enjoy several more years of exclusivity in the key U.S. market.

After facing legal challenges from generics makers Sandoz and Zydus Pharmaceuticals, Amgen's patent portfolio on the blockbuster medicine has held up in court. With the win and pending potential appeals, Amgen's drug should be free from having to face those competitors until early 2028.

Before the trial, Novartis' Sandoz unit admitted that its Otezla generic infringed a range of patents that expire between 2023 and 2034. For its part, Zydus admitted that its copycat infringes some of the same patents but not a key one that expires in 2023.

With that, the trial was centered on the issue of whether Zyduss generic infringes a 2023 patent, Amgen said Tuesday. After reviewing the arguments, the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey upheld four patents but ruled against Amgen on some claims in a 2034 patent.

RELATED: Amgen's psoriasis pill Otezla thrives amid pandemic against injectable rivals

Thats a big win for the branded drugmaker, which picked up Otezla from Celgene before that company sold to Bristol Myers Squibb in 2019s largest biopharma M&A deal.

Still, a Novartis spokesperson said Sandoz is "pleased" with the ruling as it "held as invalid a key 2034-expiring Amgen patent covering specific dosage regimens for treating psoriasis" with the drug. The ruling "enables Sandoz to launch our generic apremilast product in the US in 2028, 6 years prior to the expiry date of the latest-expiring Amgen patent asserted in litigation," Novartis' spokesperson said.

Since taking over Otezla marketing, Amgen has generated some hefty sales with its new med. Thanks to the drugs oral mode of delivery, it has succeeded against injectable rivals during the pandemic. During a conference call last summer, Amgens executive vice president of global commercial operations Murdo Gordon said that more patients started on the medicine during the first few months of the pandemic than those who started on Otezlas psoriasis rivals. That came despite the fact that COVID-19 caused a decline in new patient starts across the treatment class.

Overall for 2020, the drug generated $2.2 billion. In the first half of the 2021, sales declined 5% in part thanks to lower prices, but the drug continued to maintain first-line share leadership in psoriasis, the company said.

RELATED: Under-pressure Amgen insists Otezla can withstand Bristol Myers' forthcoming psoriasis rival

While it appears Amgen won't have to worry about generics right away, the company's key med could face forthcoming competition from Bristol Myers Squibb's TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib, an oral med that has outperformed Otezla in head-to-head trials. Even amid that potential competition, Amgen and analysts believe the company can still succeed in mild to moderate patients.

Editor's note: This story was updated with a statement from Novartis.

Read more:
Amgen scores Otezla patent win, protecting its blockbuster from Sandoz and Zydus generics until 2028 - FiercePharma

A biosimilar is a biologic medical product that is similar to another already approved biological medicine, in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. Biosimilars are a class of therapeutic drugs that provide additional treatment options and help reduce healthcare costs. Thus, there is an increasing demand for biosimilar drugs due to increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases, key factor driving the growth of the biosimilars market. According to the National Stem Cell Foundation (NSCF), around 4% of the worlds population is affected by one of more than 80 different autoimmune diseases, the most common of which include multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, scleroderma, Crohns disease, lupus, psoriasis and. rheumatoid arthritis.

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Autoimmune diseases are a family of more than 80 chronic, often debilitating and, in some cases, life-threatening illnesses. Moreover, growth of the biosimilars market is being driven by the increasing research and development and speedy approvals of biosimilars, especially in the North America. For instance, in 2019, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Amgens AVSOLA (infliximab-axxq), for all approved indications of the reference product, Remicade (infliximab), for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohns Disease, and chronic severe plaque psoriasis. However, stringent regulations and manufacturing complications are major factors expected to restrain the biosimilars market growth.

Furthermore, the biosimilar market, in Europe, is witnessing robust growth due to the growing adoption of biosimilars due low price and rapid entry of biosimilars in the region. For instance, in 2018, European Commission (EC) approved Sandozs Zessly, a biosimilar for use in Europe, confirming that Zessly matches safety, efficacy, and quality of reference medicine. Zessly is approved for the treatment of adult and pediatric Crohns disease, adult and pediatric ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and plaque psoriasis. However, the adoption rate varies from country to country, always associated with regulatory and market access issues. This in turn is also expected to hamper the biosimilars market growth.

Growth of the biosimilars market can also be attributed to rich pipeline of biosimilar products and expiry/termination of existing drugs. As of June 2020, FDA has approved 27 biosimilars, plus four follow-on biologicals. The pipeline for biosimilars continues to grow, however, of the 27 approved biosimilars, only 17 have been launched so far. Biosimilars on average can cost 30% less than reference biologicals. Thus, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are focusing on developing safe and effective biosimilars, because a small variations in the manufacturing process can potentially alter the medicines safety and efficacy.

Major Key Players Include In Biosimilars Market: Novartis AG, Pfizer, Inc., Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Celltrion Healthcare Co., Ltd., Biocon Limited, Amgen, Inc., Dr. Reddys Laboratories, and Sanofi S.A.

Main points in Biosimilars Market Report Table of Content

Chapter 1 Industry Overview1.1 Definition1.2 Assumptions1.3 Research Scope1.4 Market Analysis by Regions1.5 Biosimilars Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 202711.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Biosimilars Industry Impact

Chapter 2 Global Biosimilars Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries2.1 Global Biosimilars (Volume and Value) by Type2.3 Global Biosimilars (Volume and Value) by Regions

Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis3.1 Global Production Market Analysis3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis

Chapter 4 Global Biosimilars Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2016-2021)Chapter 5 North America Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 6 East Asia Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 7 Europe Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 8 South Asia Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 9 Southeast Asia Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 10 Middle East Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 11 Africa Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 12 Oceania Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 13 South America Biosimilars Market AnalysisChapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Biosimilars BusinessChapter 15 Global Biosimilars Market Forecast (2021-2027)Chapter 16 ConclusionsResearch Methodology

Continued.

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Biosimilars Market, will grow at 35.2% CAGR, to be valued at US$ 70 Billion by 2027: Impact of COVID - PharmiWeb.com

Introduction

Connective tissue disease (CTD) is a histopathological concept proposed by the American pathologist Paul Klemperer in 1942.1 It is used to describe acute or chronic diseases characterized by abnormalities including diffuse denaturation of the connective tissue (dermis, ligament, tendon, bone, cartilage), particularly extracellular components, such as collagen. Currently, six diseases including rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), polyarteritis nodosa, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma and dermatomyositis are termed classic CTDs.2,3 CTD is a clinical diagnosis term for a single disease group with similar histopathological characteristic but not similar etiologies or genetics.46 In the current classification, several CTD-related intractable-disease (CTD-IDs) other than classic CTDs have been proposed including polymyositis, mixed CTD, Sjogrens syndrome, vasculitis syndrome, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult Stills disease (ASD), Behcets disease (BD), and anti-phospholipid syndrome.79

Biological therapeutics are commonly used for the treatment of immunological disease and malignancy, because they are high effective compared with conventional treatments using small molecules.10 High polymer preparations, termed biological therapeutics, which block cytokines are used to treat CTD and rheumatic disease whereas molecules targets are required for the treatment of malignant tumor.10 First, rituximab was approved for the treatment of malignant lymphoma, resulting in a breakthrough for blood disorders.11 Infliximab has been used to treat Crohns disease and RA.12 Researchers predicted RA symptoms could be improved by blocking inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1, because these cytokines were strongly related to the pathophysiology in RA. Then, biological therapeutics for BD, vasculitis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and systemic lupus erythematosus were developed and recommended by medical treatment guidelines for the treatment of each disease.1316

In the field of medicine, biological therapeutics consist of proteins as well as insulin, immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations, and vaccines. However, in the field of CTD and CTD-ID, biological therapeutics describe drugs that inhibit the production or function of cytokines or kill specific lymphocyte populations. Biological therapeutics include monoclonal antibodies and protein fusion preparation (receptor molecules). In general, monoclonal antibodies destroy cytokine- or antibody-producing cells by the binding to a cell surface receptor or target antigen. Receptor molecules, also called decoy molecules, are fused to a receptor that binds to IgG, which prevents the binding of the target (eg, cytokine) to its receptor.17 The first monoclonal antibody preparations were from mice, but their immunogenicity prevented their long-term use for clinical applications. To reduce immunogenicity, chimeric model antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies were developed. Human antibodies encoded by human antibody gene contain no mouse molecules (Figure 1). In this review, we discuss the current situation of biological therapeutics for CTD-IDs including BD, PsA, AS, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-related arthritis, and ASD, as well as the choice of biological therapeutics for clinical practice.

Figure 1 Three types of therapeutic immunoglobulins. (A) Human antibody; (B) Humanized antibody; (C) Chimeric model antibody Immunoglobulins consist of a complementarity determining region, variable site, and constant region.

BD is characterized by inflammation of the skin, mucous membranes, and uvea.18 Uveitis, particularly posterior uveitis, rarely causes altitude inflammation, which leads to blindness.8,18 Intestinal, vascular, and nervous BD often affect the disease prognosis.18 The pathogenesis of BD is related to TNF.19 T cells in BD patients respond to a small amount of staphylococcal exotoxins and produce cytokines.20 Two anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies (infliximab and adalimumab) have been adapted for BD treatment and infliximab has been approved for all types of BD. It is necessary to administer a combination therapy of methotrexate (MTX) and infliximab in RA patients because of the influence of anti-infliximab antibody production. However, this combination with MTX is unnecessary in BD patients. Furthermore, the addition of MTX does not provide benefit compared with infliximab treatment alone. However, when an immunosuppressant was used with adalimumab it was reported that there might be the clearance drop of adalimumab by combination with MTX and uses it together and warns us. The frequency of uveitis is related to blindness. Therefore, for the treatment of BD uveitis, it is important to control eye inflammation. The whole-body dosage of glucocorticoids improves symptoms related to BD, but the long-term control of BD is unknown. Oral immunized suppressants to treat uveitis have been superseded by infliximab. The 2018 EULAR Recommendations for BD indicate infliximab as a first-choice treatment for ophthalmitis although there is concern regarding its functional decline over time.21 Adalimumab is not approved for BD uveitis because no related clinical studies were initiated at the time of development.22,23 However, some studies have reported adalimumab suppressed uveitis in BD.24,25

Intestinal type BD often forms an ulcer in the ileocecum as well as the gastrointestinal tract but rarely causes perforation. It accounts for 1520% of all BD cases and usually requires surgery. Intestinal type BD is treated with GCs and 5-aminosalicylic acid or salazosulfasalazine according to the therapeutic guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease. However, the long-term use GC causes complications including perforation caused by a delay in wound healing. Infliximab and adalimumab are effective in patients who are resistant to GCs and 5-aminosalicylic acid or salazosulfasalazine.2628 In addition, adalimumab and infliximab were highly effective in clinical trials of cases with a typical ulcer 1 cm in diameter in the ileocecum where GCs or immunosuppressants were not effective part.26,29 However, TNF inhibitor treatment is unsuccessful in approximately 20% of patients.

Nervous type BD can be classified as an acute model/ANB (acute neurological attacks in BD) and chronic progressive/CPNB (chronic progressive neurological BD). Both types require treatment because they reduce the quality of life for patients. Infliximab has been used in a model of nervous BD, but evidence is lacking for its use in multi-cases. Conventional treatment consisting of GCs and pulse therapy is used for the induction of remission in ANB. However, the effects of infliximab on attack prevention have only been reported for backward cohorts and cases.30 MTX generally improved convalescence in CPN,31 and infliximab was effective in cases where MTX was ineffective.32

Vascular type BD describes numerous diseases that can develop in a single patient related to lesions of the vein and artery system. Genuine and false aneurysms appear in arteries and clot formation occurs in veins. The symptoms of vascular type BD are likely to be worsened by stimulation, similar to intestinal tract type BD. In addition, in this type BD, false aneurysms occur in blood vessel anastomotic regions after aneurysms are substituted with artificial blood vessels, making it difficult to treat. The use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants for vascular lesions in BD has been recommended by EULAR, although robust evidence for their effects is lacking.33,34 Anti-TNF preparations (infliximab and adalimumab) were reported to be effective in cases resistant to glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants.35,36 Anti-TNF preparations are often used in intractable cases and those requiring surgical management, such as those with intestinal tract type BD. Discontinuation studies in RA and the dosage period of biological therapeutics have been reported, but there is no clear evidence for discontinuation in BD. However, remission was maintained without uveitis for one year even when substitute treatments, such as immunosuppressants were used in cases that could not continue infliximab.37

PsA is broadly classified as a form of vertebral pain (spondyloarthritis: SpA). There is often a peripheral phenotype in which patients symptoms mainly comprise synovium inflammation similar to that in RA. However, some cases exhibit body axis characteristics symptoms, and these cases are difficult to identify with AS in X-ray views. In addition, dactylitis that shows enthesitis and swelling in all fingers and toes has various joint symptoms. Body axis-related joint symptom is stronger in inflammation of the ligament than in synovium, and hardening lesions resulting from the ossification of the ligament is the primary problem, rather than bone destruction. Body axis-related joint lesions were reported in 2570% of cases.38 It is important to know which cytokines are related to joint symptoms because the recommended drugs differ for peripheral joint pain, body axis-related joint pain, enthesitis, and dactylitis in PsA.39,40

It was previously reported that cyclosporine was effective for treating skin lesions in patients with psoriasis when psoriasis patient incorporated the examination to check the effectiveness of cyclosporine for RA.41 Another report suggested that T cell-related immunity (T helper (Th)1 reactions) participated in the skin symptom of psoriasis patient. Then, IL-17 and IL-22 were shown to be involved in psoriasis lesions, indicating Th17 cells were also involved.42,43 IL-12 produced by dendritic cells is important for the differentiation of Th1. In addition, IL-23 produced by dendritic cells increases and maintains IL-17 cells. IL-12 and IL-23 form a heterodimer comprising a subunit of p35/p40 and p19/p40, respectively. p40 is the subunit common to IL-12 and IL-23. The expression of p40, but not p35, was increased in the skin lesions of psoriasis patients,44 and IL-17 and IL-22 (Th17-related molecules) in psoriasis skin lesions were related to treatments, such as etanercept and cyclosporine.40,45 In addition, psoriasis-like exanthem and expression of IL-17A occurred when IL-23 was injected to the skin of mice.46 It is thought that Th17 cells contribute more significantly to skin lesion compared with Th1 cells. As for TNF, it turns out that it is involved in the condition of patients dendritic cells, Th17, and epidermal cornification cells, both situations broadly. Although PsA exhibits various joint symptoms, the cytokines involved might vary according to the symptoms. The participation of TNF is strongly suggested in peripheral arthritis, because TNF inhibitors suppressed inflammation in peripheral joint pain in RA and prevent joint destruction. However, local cells in tissues produce IL-23, IL-17 and IL-22, which might participate in enthesitis.47,48 Previous studies reported enthesitis was IL-17A-dependent in animal models.47,49 Enthesitis might have a similar cytokine profile to skin lesions in psoriasis, because T cells in the human vertebral column spinous process produce IL-17A by an IL-23-independent mechanism.50

The priority of biological therapeutics for the treatment of joint symptoms of PsA is shown in Table 1. TNF inhibitors have the best efficacy against peripheral joint pain. The IL-17A inhibitor has a superior effect to the IL-12/23p40 inhibitor, but similar efficacy to TNF inhibitor.5153 However, the effects of brodalumab, an IL-17 receptor A inhibitor, on preventing joint destruction are unclear.54 In addition, guselkumab, an IL-12/23p19 inhibitor, is superior to IL-12/23p40 inhibitors for the improvement of clinical joint, and has similar efficacy to TNF inhibitors and the IL-17 inhibitor.55 Although the benefit of IL-12/23p40 for peripheral joint pain is unclear, improvements in joint pain and joint destruction were significant compared with placebo in a clinical study.56,57 In addition, an IL-12/23p40 inhibitor significantly improved enthesitis compared with a TNF inhibitor,58 and had benefit for dactylitis. In addition, a high percentage of cases continue ustekinumab treatment because it has very low accumulation rate, which reduces the potential for harmful phenomena.58 TNF inhibitors and anti-IL-17 biological therapeutics are considered first choice for the treatment of axis-related joint pain. The EULAR recommendations suggest TNF inhibitors are the first choice for treatment, but IL-17A inhibitors are also recommended as first choice in some cases.59 IL-17A inhibitors were superior regarding the rapidity of effect and reducing disease severity in psoriasis exanthem, similar to TNF inhibitors. However, IL-17A inhibitors should be used with caution for inflammatory bowel disease, because IL-17A is necessary for maintenance of the enterobacterial flora.

Table 1 Priority of Biological Therapeutics for the Treatment of Joint Symptoms of PsA

AS, a chronic inflammatory disease that develops at a young age, is characterized by ankylosis observed in sacroiliac joint by imaging. Furthermore, lesions occur along the vertebral column from the upper part to the lower part, finally causing total ankylosis of the vertebral column. The classification standard (revision New York standard) comprises clinical and X-ray imaging.60 Without a specific spot that meets the criteria of more than grade 3 on one side and more than grade 2 on both sides in sacroiliac joint with X-rays, we cannot make a diagnostic decision. This was the classification standard in 1984 and only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) were available, which did not alter the disease course.60 Currently, TNF inhibitors are administered, which markedly improve symptoms leading to an early cure. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) classified axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in 2009.61 Although the main disease of this classification is AS, it includes axSpA, which is not present in the revised New York standard of AS. Actually, axSpA, which meets the x-ray standard, almost matches AS according to the revised New York standard.62 However, non-axSpA does not necessary occur in early AS.63,64 AS is characterized by negative CRP, and non-axSpA tends to have negative or low CRP values. Therefore, inflammation assessed by magnetic resonance imaging is likely to be low.65 Because the ASAS standard includes diseases other than AS, we should carefully consider the diagnosis. However, the ASAS standard is very useful for the diagnosis of AS.

TNF, IL-17A and IL-23 are increased in patient with AS.6668 It is thought that TNF is important at the final stage of inflammation, and many studies have reported that TNF inhibitors are effective for AS. It is thought that IL-17A participates in the maintenance of chronic inflammation related to TNF receptor signaling and IL-23 participates in the differentiation and IL-17 production of Th17 cells.69 TNF inhibitors and IL-17 inhibitors are effective in AS. However, when AS was treated with TNF inhibitors, serum IL-17A levels unchanged regardless of the treatment effect.70,71 Therefore, IL-17 inhibitors might be used for patients who derive no benefit from TNF inhibitors.72 In addition, IL-17 inhibitors have similar efficacy to TNF inhibitors in active AS patients without biological therapeutics.73 These results suggest IL-17A participates uniquely in the pathophysiology of AS. Although IL-23/p19 or IL-23/p40 inhibitors did not show a statistically significant improvement, they were effective in patients with AS.74,75 From this, although PsA and As are related diseases, the role of IL23 in enthesitis is different between these diseases.

MTX has not been confirmed for sacroiliac joint and the vertebral column, the central lesions in AS and non-axSpA. Salazosulfasalazine is validated only for peripheral joints when accompanied by peripheral joint pain.76 Therefore, TNF inhibitors or IL-17 inhibitors are used when NSAIDs can be used and BASDAI score is greater than 4. Recommendations by ACR, Spondylitis Association of America (SAA) and Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network (SPARTAN) were updated in 2019.77 The first-line drug is usually a TNF inhibitor. Uveitis in the front of the eye is detected in about 1/3 of AS cases. Therefore, in such cases, TNF inhibitors should be given priority. TNF and IL-17 inhibitors are highly effective when lesions are evaluated clinically by BASDAI, but their effects on suppressing bone lesion progress are unclear. This is because no system to evaluate bone lesions in AS patients has been established compared with RA and PsA patients. However, the possibility has been suggested that TNF inhibitor and IL-17 inhibitor allow for gentle and quiet long-term incorruptibility.78 In addition, one report indicated the possibility that bone deterioration was inhibited after 2 years of secukinumab treatment.79 Therefore, we anticipate the results of analyses of other examples of this treatment over longer periods. At present, it is not recommended to discontinue or reduce TNF inhibitors or IL-17 inhibitor use, even if disease activity has slowed according to evaluations such as BASDAI.

Vasculitis syndrome is classified according to the size of affected blood vessel by the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) classification (CHCC, 2012).80 The classification of small vasculitis in CHCC 2012 are an immune complex type and an ANCA-related vasculitis type. The former type comprises anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease, IgA vasculitis, and cryoglobulinemia-related vasculitis. ANCA-related vasculitis includes microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), polyangiitis-related granulation tissue class symptom (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or Wegener granulomatosis), and eosinophil- and polyangiitis-related granulation tissue class symptom (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), Churg-Strauss syndrome, or allergic granulomatous vasculitis).80 MPA and GPA require similar therapeutic strategies although they are different diseases.

The pathogenesis of MPA and GPA is thought to involve neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released from ANCA-activating neutrophil, which affect endothelial cells via inflammatory cytokines.81,82 EGPA is different from MPA and GPA because it is an eosinophil-related tissue disorder. In EGPA, Th1/17 cells participate in granuloma formation, TRh2 produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and B cells secrete IgE and ANCA. IL-5 activates eosinophil, which causes the tissue disorder. Anti-IL-5 biological therapeutics is used for the treatment of EGPA and anti-B-cell therapy is used for MPA and GPA.

Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes CD20 expressed on the surface of B-cells. After binding to CD20, rituximab kills B-cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Rituximab is covered by health insurance for the treatment of MPA and GPA in Europe and the USA.8385 However, GCs plus rituximab is positioned as an alternative to GCs plus cyclophosphamide treatment for MPA and GPA. In MPA and GPA, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is often complicated as an organ disorder, and clinicians often hesitate to use GCs plus rituximab because cyclophosphamide used in standard regimen can affect liver function test outcomes. However, because there is no need for weight loss, and rituximab used in limited quantities does not cause renal failure, there are many clinical situations where its use is appropriate.

Mepolizumab, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes IL-5, is covered by health insurance for the treatment of severe bronchial asthma. This drug has a strong eosinophilic suppressive effect mediated by IL-5 inhibition and is covered by health insurance for the treatment of EGPA.86 GCs are a first-line drug for the treatment of EGPA, but not MPA and GPA, because not many cases require immunosuppression in the early stages of disease. Mepolizumab can achieve rapid drug weight loss of GCs compared with placebo and can achieve longer-term remission maintenance.86 The use of mepolizumab is considered in cases where the use of GCs or immunosuppressants is difficult because of the occurrence of side effects.

ASD is not an autoimmune disease because it lacks autoreactive T-cells and autoantibodies. Its pathogenesis involves the activation of monocytes/macrophages and the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ASD is classified as a CTD-ID, but it is considered an autoinflammatory disease.87 IL-6, IL-18, and TNF are present at high levels in patients with ASD, although many cytokines have been reported.87,88 The characteristics of ASD include high levels of ferritin and IL-18. In ASD, increased IL-18 is related to fever, joint pain, and skin symptoms, which are normalized by GC treatment.89 In addition, IL-6 located downstream to IL-18 might be increased or decreased in ASD.90

Regarding biological therapeutics for ASD, TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 inhibitors have shown benefit. A meta-analysis of clinical studies reported the IL-1 inhibitor, anakinra, improved the remission rate and GC-induced weight loss.91 In addition, another IL-1 inhibitor, canakinumab, improved juvenile idiopathic arthritis similar to ASD in a clinical trial.92 A TNF inhibitor was also effective for ASD in a forward open clinical study.93 Furthermore, Kaneko et al94 reported that tocilizumab had a high remission rate for ASD compared with placebo in a double-blind study. Based on these studies, tocilizumab was approved for ASD.

The condition of patients requiring a prescription of life convalescence of ASD includes macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). MAS defines the prognosis of ASD. Although there is no specific treatment for ASD, an adaptation of tocilizumab treatment can cause MAS. It is assumed that MAS develops in patients where ASD that the effect is insufficient by existing treatment, which is an adaptation of tocilizumab. Therefore, it is necessary to consider MAS development after tocilizumab treatment or the use of TNF or IL-1 inhibitors.9597 However, it is reported that a clear cause-effect between the tocilizumab dosage and MAS onset could not be found from the results of analyzed cases which MAS developed after administration of tocilizumab for juvenile idiopathic arthritis resembling ASD.98 Pathology resembling cytokine storm might cause MAS. Therefore, biological therapeutics might cause changes in the cytokine cascade and trigger MAS onset. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the usefulness of tocilizumab against ASD patient developing MAS.

The cost of biological therapeutics per patient with RA is approximately 100 times the costs of treatment with a combination of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD). Graudal et al99 reported a meta-analysis of randomized trials of combination therapy with and without TNF inhibitors in RA. They concluded the RA guidelines should recommend combination treatment before the initiation of TNF inhibitors. The effect of combination therapy including biological therapeutics was also reported in patients with CTD-ID.100,101

AS is a chronic and inflammatory disease, and the management of this disease consists of pharmacological and nonpharmacological modalities. Until recently, pharmacological treatment options have been very limited. However, as mentioned earlier, the development of novel biological therapeutics has revolutionized the management of this disease. In addition, the usefulness of combination therapy with TNF inhibitor and NSAID and DMARD was also reported.102104

Skin and joint manifestations associated with psoriasis and PsA can significantly impact a patients quality of life. Successful treatment is imperative to improve the signs and symptoms of disease. For patients with moderate to severe active PsA, combination therapy with methotrexate and TNF inhibitors is considered first-line treatment.105 These new therapeutic concepts for PsA include a high efficacy of combination therapy in those unable to tolerate or who have failed TNF inhibitor treatment.106

Relapsing ocular involvement is a major manifestations of BD and occurs in 6080% of patients, resulting in retinal vasculitis, neuropathy or panuveitis.107 TNF inhibitors are effective and safe in these patients, especially regarding its corticosteroid- and immunosuppressive drug-sparing effects.108

Biological therapeutics are more expensive compared with small molecule drugs, such as JAK inhibitors. Drug costs are more likely to be reduced if generics, such as JAK inhibitors are available.109111 Depending on the disease, this approach is likely to become more mainstream. However, autoimmune or self-inflammatory disease have an abnormal cytokine production indicating the potential benefit of biological therapeutics. The recent marketed recycling antibodies are the preparation which was developed so that antibody preparation binds to the antigen repeatedly in vivo.112 It is thought that even if it leads to such a technique reducing the dosage number of times of biological therapeutics, it becomes useful in economic aspect.

Cytokines, such as IL-6, have pleiotropic effects and promote various effects in numerous cell types. Cytokines also have overlapping and sometimes redundant effects. Therefore, even if the effects of a specific cytokine are completely blocked, similar effects can be mediated by another cytokine. This might explain why some cases treated with biological therapeutics show no beneficial effect and the blocking a specific cytokine does not always cause serious side effect.

When disease activity is controlled by biological therapeutics, autoimmune diseases can sometimes occur. For example, psoriasis exanthema develops during treatment for RA or BD, a phenomenon termed paradoxical reaction, which is thought to be caused by the overlapping functions of cytokines. When the activity of a disease is inhibited by blocking a specific cytokine, levels of another cytokine are thought to be increased in vivo leading to the induction of autoimmune disease. An example is the onset of MAS by tocilizumab treatment for ASD.

The biological therapeutics contributes to greatly improving convalescence around RA. Other CTD are also experiencing the calming of the disease activity by the development of new biological therapeutics and adaptation expansion of such drugs. In this review, we addressed the current situation of biological therapeutics for CTD-ID including Behcet's disease, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related arthritis, and adult Stills disease, as well as the choice of biological therapeutics in the clinical practice. Further developing biological therapeutics is expected in the scleroderma and the inflammation of muscle-related disease that there remained it.

This review was supported in part by grants (15K08657 and 19K07948 to S.N.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology of Japan. We thank Edanz (https://jp.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

The authors declare no conflicts of interests regarding the publication of this article.

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Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Related Intractable Disease wit | OARRR - Dove Medical Press

Psoriasis is an inflammatory condition that can cause flushed skin lesions and silvery scales on various parts of the body. Although it does not commonly affect the lips, scientists are aware of some rare cases of lip psoriasis. Other causes of skin problems on the lips include seasonal changes or conditions such as eczema.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects a persons skin. As a 2021 review explains, the main symptom of psoriasis is the formation of plaques on the skin. Silvery scales sometimes cover these plaques.

Although facial psoriasis can affect 50% of people with the condition, it is rare for psoriasis to affect the lips. It is more likely that another condition is causing symptoms, including inflammation or dryness of the lips. People with psoriasis may notice lesions on other parts of their body as well as their lips.

This article will detail its symptoms before discussing some similar-seeming conditions. It will then look at the triggers, diagnosis, and treatment of lip psoriasis.

Psoriasis can cause symptoms on the lips, including skin peeling, plaques, and silvery scales. However, it is rare for the condition to affect the lips.

The most common parts of the skin that psoriasis can affect include the elbows, knees, and spine. The scalp is also a commonly affected area. By comparison, oral psoriasis is rare. Its most common manifestation is a fissured tongue, which affects between 6.520% of people whose psoriasis affects their skin.

In extremely rare cases, psoriasis can affect a persons lips. A 2018 scientific paper notes that only six cases of lip psoriasis were known to the medical community. Some of the affected individuals presented with the characteristic red plaques and silvery scales on their lips.

Psoriasis on the lips can also present with other symptoms, such as the following:

However, several other conditions can resemble psoriasis on the lips.

Learn what psoriasis can look like in other parts of the body here.

Psoriasis can affect any part of the body, but it rarely involves the lips. It may cause symptoms in other parts of the body at the same time as it affects the lips.

Researchers in one 2018 case study of a 21-year-old woman mentioned that the lesions appeared only on her lips and did not affect the inside of the mouth. Her face, body, and scalp were also unaffected.

In an older case study from 2009 involving a 38-year-old man, psoriatic plaques began on his lips but then developed on his fingers 3 years later.

Cheilitis is another condition that may resemble lip psoriasis. As a 2021 review explains, cheilitis refers to any type of inflammation of the lips. Its symptoms can vary greatly but can include:

Because lip psoriasis is so rare, there is a good chance that an individual with such symptoms has something other than lip psoriasis.

The following conditions can cause cheilitis:

Dry and cracked lips are common occurrences in cold winters and more arid summers and can cause cheilitis. A person may mistake psoriasis for dry lips because both conditions can cause patches of dead skin or peeling.

When people lick their lips to compensate for lip dryness, the problem can worsen, causing lip dermatitis.

Learn the 6 best ways to get rid of chapped lips here.

Contact dermatitis is a type of eczema that develops when something comes into contact with the skin that a person is allergic to. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the face is a common area for contact dermatitis to appear.

If a person applies cream or fragrance to their face and has an allergy to an ingredient in the product, they may develop contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis can appear as:

Perioral dermatitis is another type of eczema. It involves a facial rash that usually affects the skin around the mouth. It can spread up toward the nose and occasionally involve the skin around the eyes. However, it usually avoids the skin adjacent to the lips.

One of the most common causes of perioral dermatitis is excessive use of topical steroid creams and inhaled prescription steroid sprays. Some people experience perioral dermatitis after using heavy face creams and moisturizers.

A doctor will recommend a person stops applying steroid cream to help treat this rash.

Learn more about eczema on the lips here.

Some people may mistake the blisters that happen with cold sores for psoriasis. Cold sores are small blisters that mostly develop on the lip or around the mouth. Cold sores occur because of the herpes simplex virus.

Psoriasis does not usually cause blisters. Cold sores are contagious but can go away within 2 weeks in otherwise healthy people.

Learn how to get rid of a cold sore here.

The symptoms of psoriasis can sometimes improve on their own. However, many people with psoriasis also experience flare-ups, in which the symptoms worsen again. The flare-ups themselves can result from several triggering factors. A 2014 study lists the following common psoriasis flare-ups:

These triggers may vary in how they affect people with psoriasis. For instance, stress may cause psoriasis flare-ups in up to 70% of people with this condition. Hormonal changes due to puberty and menopause may cause flare-ups in 36% of females with psoriasis.

Doctors typically diagnose psoriasis by noting which area of skin is affected and examining the lesions on the skin. However, because lip psoriasis is so rare and can share symptoms with other conditions, doctors cannot always simply look at the skin lesions to make a diagnosis.

It can be difficult for doctors to diagnose lip psoriasis. For example, a 2009 case report of a person with lip psoriasis explains that several laboratory tests for other dermatological conditions were negative. The doctors then took a biopsy from the individuals hand, which was affected by similar skin lesions. This biopsy allowed the doctors to diagnose psoriasis.

Medical treatment for psoriasis can vary, depending on the severity of the condition. A 2019 study explains that a combination of topical glucocorticoids, vitamin D, and phototherapy may suffice in milder cases. In more severe cases, the condition requires long-term systemic treatments that can involve more specialized medication.

When it comes to the specifics of treating lip psoriasis, there are too few cases to determine an optimum treatment strategy. However, the 2009 case report notes that the once-daily application of an emollient cream and a 0.1% mometasone furoate ointment cleared the lip lesions in the person with psoriasis within 14 days.

An individual with psoriasis may have some control over their exposure to psoriasis risk factors. By reducing stress, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption, some individuals may be able to lower their risk of lip psoriasis flare-ups.

For example, a 2020 review lists some scientifically supported methods for stress management, including exercise and mindfulness-based activities, such as yoga or meditation. While there is no guarantee that these methods would prevent a flare-up, they nonetheless give people with psoriasis some control over the probability of flare-ups.

Learn 12 home remedies for treating psoriasis here.

Psoriasis often affects the skin on the face, but it very rarely affects the lips. If it does, it can cause reddish or silvery skin lesions to build up on the lips.

A doctor can prescribe topical creams to help treat psoriasis on the lips. A person can also seek to avoid certain triggers, such as overexposure to sunlight and smoking tobacco.

However, it may be more likely that the symptoms are the result of factors such as seasonal changes, or another condition, such as eczema or contact dermatitis.

See the rest here:
Psoriasis on lips: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more - Medical News Today

Theres no cure for psoriasis, but certain over-the-counter (OTC) treatments can ease itchy, scaly, or uncomfortable skin.

OTC products are often sold online or in stores without a doctors prescription. They come in different formulations, such as:

In this article, we take a look at the most commonly used OTC products for psoriasis, and how they work to help relieve symptoms.

OTC topicals that contain salicylic acid, a peeling agent, are commonly used to treat symptoms of psoriasis. This ingredient has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating psoriasis. It works by prompting the outer layer of the skin to shed, which helps lessen scaling and swelling.

Its important to use salicylic acid as directed because too much can cause irritation and worsen your condition.

Tar is another ingredient thats FDA-approved to treat psoriasis. It comes from coal and wood and can slow the growth of skin cells. Many people report smoother skin with less scaling, itching, and inflammation.

Coal tar products can irritate your skin and make it more sensitive to the sun. You should use sunscreen when outdoors. Additionally, some studies have shown that very high amounts of coal tar, such as those used in industrial paving, are linked to cancer. You might want to talk to your doctor about this risk.

Keeping your skin moisturized and hydrated can help with redness and itching. Heavy creams or ointments that lock in water are preferred. They relieve dryness and help your skin heal.

You can even use shortening or coconut oil to keep your skin lubricated.

Some OTC bath products help remove scales and soothe irritated skin. To create your own solution, add any of the following items to your bath:

Try to soak for about 15 minutes.

OTC scale lifters, also known as keratolytics, usually contain ingredients like:

Products with these ingredients help loosen and eliminate scales, which lets medications reach the psoriasis plaques. It might help to take a warm, 15-minute bath before using a scale lifter.

Occlusion refers to covering the skin, so it can absorb topical medications or moisturizers better. You can cover the area with:

Talk with your doctor about this method before using it. Its important to know which topical treatments are safe to use beneath a skin covering.

OTC anti-itch products may contain the following ingredients:

These medications can help relieve itchiness caused by psoriasis, but they can also irritate and dry out your skin.

Other OTC treatments that can soothe your skin and relieve itching may include the following:

While the effectiveness of some of these ingredients hasnt been proven, many people with psoriasis report relief anecdotally.

Some OTC treatments can irritate or dry out your skin. You may want to use a moisturizer along with them to counter this effect.

It also might be helpful to test products on a small area of the skin first to see how you respond to the treatment. Some topical medications can be applied on top of a moisturizer to minimize side effects.

Treatments that contain coal tar can stain clothing or bed linens, so you might want to protect these items with a towel or other barrier.

Its also important to know that the concentration of ingredients can vary depending on the brand and product. Typically, the higher the concentration, the stronger the medication.

Several OTC products are available to help treat symptoms of psoriasis. While many of these offer relief, its best to talk with a doctor before using a new therapy for your condition.

If these treatments dont work, your doctor can recommend a prescription medication that might do a better job of easing your symptoms.

Read the rest here:
8 Over-the-Counter Psoriasis Treatments: Effectiveness & How to Use - Healthline

Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis that can affect as many as 30 percent of people with psoriasis. Psoriasis is a condition that affects the skin, causing dry, scaly patches.

Psoriatic arthritis typically develops later but can have a much deeper impact on your body. Keep reading to learn about the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis and the risk factors for developing it.

Like other forms of arthritis, psoriatic arthritis affects your joints, causing stiffness and pain. Each type of arthritis has different features, and psoriatic arthritis symptoms include:

Symptoms of psoriatic arthritis can strike large or small joints, but are most common in:

Symptoms can come and go. They usually come in the form of flare-ups that can last for weeks and then disappear for long periods of time. Psoriatic arthritis might affect one or many joints at a time during a flare-up.

The main risk factor for psoriatic arthritis is having psoriasis, but some people may develop this type of arthritis before ever developing any skin lesions. Overall risk factors include:

For people with psoriasis who end up developing psoriatic arthritis, it typically begins roughly 10 years after psoriasis appears. There doesnt appear to be any link between how severe your psoriasis is and how severe your psoriatic arthritis may be.

Psoriatic arthritis is usually diagnosed by a rheumatologist. Its important to seek diagnosis early if you suspect you have this condition. Early diagnosis and management can keep you from developing more severe complications like:

While theres no cure for psoriatic arthritis, symptoms can be managed with medications and therapy.

Read this article:
Psoriatic Arthritis: Symptoms and Risk Factors - Healthline

Occlusion therapy is a type of treatment method people may use for psoriasis. After applying topical treatment for psoriasis on the affected area, a person covers the area with plastic wrap or a waterproof dressing.

Occlusion therapy may help increase the amount of product that the skin absorbs, which can boost the effectiveness of topical treatments.

In this article, we look at which topical psoriasis treatments may work with occlusion therapy, as well as the effectiveness and safety of occlusion therapy for psoriasis.

People may be able to use occlusion therapy alongside topical treatments for psoriasis.

A person may wrap the affected area with any covering that will seal in the topical treatment. The coverings include:

Emollients, such as moisturizers and oils, may help restore hydration in areas with dry, psoriatic skin. Individuals should avoid using emollients with heavy fragrances or additives, as these may irritate the skin.

Occlusion therapy with emollients may help soothe pain more quickly than other home treatments.

Other topical treatments for psoriasis include:

Topical corticosteroids may help ease symptoms of psoriasis, such as itching and pain, and suppress the immune system to slow down the turnover of skin cells.

According to a 2012 review article, occlusion with topical corticosteroids may be suitable for thicker areas of the skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Occlusion may only be suitable for a short period of time and under a healthcare professionals supervision.

In other areas of the body, such as the armpit, groin, or face, occlusion may produce side effects.

Keratolytics, such as salicylic acid, are peeling agents that encourage the shedding of the outer layer of the skin. This can help break down psoriatic plaques.

People should consult a healthcare professional about whether it is safe for them to use occlusion with salicylic acid.

If a person leaves salicylic acid on the skin for too long, it can result in irritation. Salicylic acid can also cause internal toxicity if people apply it over large areas of the skin.

Coal tar can help reduce inflammation, itching and scaling and slow down the rate at which skin cells grow.

Very high concentrations of coal tar may cause cancer. However, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), coal tar concentrations between 0.5 and 5% are a safe and effective treatment for psoriasis, with no known carcinogenic effects.

Coal tar is a potent active ingredient, and therefore people should seek guidance from a healthcare professional before using it with occlusion.

Retinoids help encourage skin cell turnover, meaning newer skin cells replace older ones and help reduce plaques.

Tazarotene, a type of retinoid, is a topical treatment for psoriasis. A combination of tazarotene and occlusion may be effective in treating nail psoriasis.

Anti-itch treatments may aid in alleviating psoriasis symptoms. These treatments include:

It is of note that some anti-itch treatments may be drying or irritating to the skin.

People should contact a doctor before using occlusion therapy, as some topical treatments may not be safe to use with occlusion. This is because occlusion may greatly increase the absorption of topical treatments, which may make the dosage too high to be safe.

Research shows that occlusion may help increase the effectiveness of topical medications by increasing the absorption of the active ingredients into the skin.

Research also suggests that occlusion has standalone benefits for psoriasis. It may help alleviate psoriasis symptoms and decrease the thickness of psoriatic plaques.

According to a 2014 article on the effects of topical corticosteroids, occlusion can enhance absorption by up to 10 times.

Occlusion traps moisture and heat, which helps hydrate and soften the skin. This in turn drives topical medication through psoriatic plaques and increases penetration of topical treatments into the skin.

Occlusion may improve small, localized areas of psoriasis. Authors of a small-scale 2016 study found that the use of waterproof hydrocolloid dressings was effective in treating psoriasis plaques.

After 10 weekly applications of the dressings, this treatment resolved 47% of plaques. Hydrocolloid dressings were also more effective than two daily applications of a strong topical steroid cream over the period of 10 weeks.

Occlusion in combination with topical treatments may be a more suitable psoriasis treatment for certain areas of the body, such as the nails, palms of the hands, or soles of the feet.

Occlusion therapy is a treatment method that people may use alongside topical treatments for psoriasis.

Occlusion therapy involves wrapping the area of the affected skin in a waterproof dressing or plastic wrap to increase the absorption of topical treatments into the skin. This may increase the effectiveness of topical treatments.

People need to consult a healthcare professional before using occlusion therapy with any topical treatments for psoriasis. Occlusion may increase the absorption of active ingredients into the skin, which may be unsafe without proper guidance.

More here:
Occlusion therapy for psoriasis: How it works, and is it effective? - Medical News Today

Narrowband ultraviolet (NbUVB) phototherapy treatment is often used in psoriasis as a second-line treatment if the response to topical treatments has been insufficient, prior to the use of systemic therapies. NbUVB is very effective in clearing psoriasis for 63%-86% of patients, but the length of remission after treatment can vary among patients. A greater focus on precision medicine approaches for the management of chronic diseases seeks to enhance treatment on a patient-by-patient basis and increase effective utilization of hospital resources. However, there is limited research that focused on determining which factors impact phototherapy response and length of remission.

For a paper published in the Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, we first aimed to determine whether specific biomarkers correlated with remission duration and, secondly, with psoriasis clearance at the end of phototherapy treatment. In addition, my colleagues and I examined whether early trajectory of UVB clearance was tied to last clearance results.

We conducted a prospective cohort study of 100 adult patients with psoriasis routinely prescribed NbUVB and evaluated selected clinical and biochemical biomarkers, including weekly Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores. Patients were followed up for 18 months

Our study team found that the median time to relapse was 6 months (95% CI, 518) if 90% clearance (PASI90) was attained and 4 months (95% CI, 39) if less than PASI90 was achieved. Reaching 100% clearance did not lead to sustained remission. At the time of NbUVB completion, the median final PASI (n = 96) was 1.0 (interquartile range, 0.5-1.6), with 78 patients (81%) achieving PASI75 and 39 (41%) achieving PASI90.

Our research indicates no one baseline factor can be used to predict remission in isolation. However, the factors that were more likely to be important (ie, they met the 20% significance level) were baseline PASI, duration of psoriasis, BMI, cumulative NbUVB dose, smoking, and joint involvement. We found that elevated BMI and positive smoking status predicted poorer phototherapy response. In addition, for the first time, we have demonstrated that PASI clearance trajectory during the first 2-3 weeks of UVB treatment can predict psoriasis clearance (Table). This is a critical step toward developing personalized prescribing for patients with psoriasis, which can now be formally tested in clinical trials.

For future research, my colleagues and I would like to investigate the importance of the frequency of NbUVB phototherapy treatment. We typically administer it three times per week, but perhaps poor responders would benefit from a more intense treatment regime such as five times per week. Our study team is currently conducting a trial to see if this improves outcomes for this subset of patients. We would also like to see a continued search for good biomarkers, especially ones that can predict treatment response from the outset. This will allow optimization of resources and save patients time and money.

Similarly, it is important to consider the mechanism of action to clear psoriasis. NbUVB is one of the few treatment modalities to switch off psoriasis completely for a time; most systemic drugs offer excellent control, but only while taking them. NbUVB is, therefore, a useful modality to study as it may give insights into drug design, which can lead to better remission without the need for continual treatment, enabling patients to obtain a better quality of life.

Continued here:
Psoriasis Biomarkers as Predictors of UVB Phototherapy Effectiveness - Physician's Weekly