Category Archives: Transhuman News

Home is where the microbes are.

Thats one takeaway from newly published research by an interdisciplinary University of Oregon team that found a shared home environment to be the strongest predictor of human microbiome similarity, or the commonalities between the communities of microbes that live within us.

Our results demonstrate that the early life home environment can significantly alter the gut microbiome in childhood, said lead author Hannah Tavalire, a research associate at the UOs Prevention Science Institute.

The paper, Shared Environment and Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome after Infant Adoption, appeared in the journal mBio. In addition to Tavalire, contributors included College of Education professor Leslie Leve, biology professors Brendan Bohannan and Bill Cresko, anthropology professor Nelson Ting and anthropology doctoral student Diana Christie.

Human beings have this whole rich diversity of microbial life associated with them that contributes to our health in all kinds of ways, and one of the mysteries is why they differ so much from person to person, said Bohannan, the James F. and Shirley K. Rippey Chair in Liberal Arts and Sciences. This study was an attempt to ask what the relative importance is of the environment that humans live in versus the genetics we have in determining the microbes that are associated with our bodies.

The project began five years ago with a simple question posed by Leve, How do childrens microbiomes differ when two siblings are raised in different households from birth?

In order to answer that question and examine the environmental and genetic factors shaping the gut microbiome, the team took advantage of an experimental design pioneered by Leve and her colleagues that included a cohort of adopted children and their siblings. They compared the gut microbiomes of children adopted in infancy with their genetically unrelated siblings in the same household, as well as with genetically related siblings raised in other households.

When people think about things like our physical health and our gut microbiota, we often assume that much of these health factors are more or less fixed and that there's really nothing a person can do about it, said Leve, associate director of the Prevention Science Institute. The sibling-adoption study design allowed us to tease apart or isolate the effects of the post-natal environment.

Prior to starting the project, researchers found surprisingly few examples of adoption studies examining the human microbiome. Using well-established means of measuring microbiome makeup, the team examined stool and saliva samples from 74 children across 26 adopted homes and 13 birth homes to determine both the diversity of microbes and the abundance of certain kinds of microbes.

In general, the type of bacteria was connected more closely to shared environment, and the abundances of different bacteria were tied more to genetics.

We found that environment determines what individual types of bacteria a child has in their gut, but then their genetics shape how abundant these (types of bacteria) are within their own individual bodies, Tavalire said. This is an exciting finding and actually what we would have predicted, based on the way that these ecological principles function.

As Tavalire explained it, if you live in a particular house, you will pick up microbes in your environment, but perhaps your digestive tract is not amenable to particular microbes, so they might not flourish in the gut environment. In contrast, other bacteria might do very well once they enter a certain childs gut and multiply to high abundance.

So, aspects of your genetic background could also be determining what happens as your unique physiology shapes how abundant things that get into your gut become once they're in there, Tavalire said.

Understanding the driving factors of microbiome variability is particularly important, Bohannan said, because the product of that variation is all of the functions that these microbes do for us in our ability to digest food or repel diseases.

We're constantly picking up microbes from each other and from our environment. We usually think about this as a bad thing, such as with diseases, but we're also picking up good microbes as well, Bohannan said.

The study was not designed to identify the specific environmental factors contributing to microbiome composition, so more research is needed to understand the drivers of that process.

That knowledge, combined with continued research into the effects of specific microbes, could lead to a clearer picture of how a disease develops or can be prevented based on our microbial makeup, and may eventually lead to more effective intervention strategies for overall health starting early in life.

By Lewis Taylor, University Communications

See more here:
Study looks at how the human microbiome varies with location - AroundtheO

HELSINKI, Finland Its no secret dogs have a much stronger sense of hearing than their human companions. That makes it all the more distressing when a puppy starts to lose their hearing right after birth. Now, researchers from the University of Helsinki have discovered a gene defect responsible for early-onset hereditary canine hearing loss in Rottweilers. Study authors believe the breakthrough may lead to a greater understanding of deafness in all pups and even humans too.

The team focused on a specific and rare variety of hearing loss in the Rottweiler breed. Usually, hearing loss starts early in puppyhood before worsening into total deafness by the time the dog is a few months-old. Notably, some other dog breeds experience similar hearing loss issues and most of those breeds share a Rottweiler ancestry.

We identified the variant in theLOXHD1gene, which plays a key role in the function of the cilia of the cochlear sensory cells. While the exact mechanism of deafness is not known, variants of the same gene cause hereditary hearing loss in humans and mice as well, says Marjo Hytnen from the University of Helsinki and the Folkhlsan Research Center in a university release.

The study reveals the LOXHD1 gene defect that causes hearing loss is a recessive hereditary trait. That means that in order for a dog to develop hearing loss it must carry two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent.

Through our collaboration partner, we had the chance to investigate the prevalence and breed specificity of the gene variant in a unique global dataset of some 800,000 dogs. No surveys of similar scope have previously been published, adds Professor Hannes Lohifrom the University of Helsinki and the Folkhlsan Research Center.

This enhances the significance of our finding. Thanks to our gene discovery, dogs used for breeding can now be tested for the defect. This makes it possible to avoid combinations that could result in puppies who will lose their hearing, Prof. Lohi notes.

Sure enough, many examined dogs that had inherited the gene defect indeed developed deafness. These findings may seem narrow at first consideration, but researchers say the work their doing today with dogs may help address human hearing loss in the future.

We have observed that both previously unknown hereditary congenital hearing loss and adult-onset hearing loss occur in several dog breeds. In addition to dogs, the preliminary findings open new avenues for investigating human hereditary hearing defects, Hytnen concludes.

The study appears in the journal Human Genetics.

Read the original here:
Scientists uncover clue that may lead to treatment for hereditary deafness in puppies - Study Finds

The latest report study collected and published by Apex Market Research evaluates the historic and present-day scenario of the Gaucher Disease Drugs market to precisely measure its growth potential. The report study on Gaucher Disease Drugs market offers in-depths details about market revenue, trends, share, key growth factors, potential restraints/treats, and opportunities that are generating the platform for the growth of the global Gaucher Disease Drugs market. The report provides useful information about the current market scenario and its revenue for base year. Also offers a perceptive about how the Gaucher Disease Drugs Market would perform over the forecast period of 2021 to 2028. The global Gaucher Disease Drugs market size is projected to reach around US$ xx Million from its value of US$ xx Million in 2020. During the conjecture period of 2021 to 2028, the global Gaucher Disease Drugs market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of xx% over the forecast period.

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Major Industry Competitors:

COVID-19 Impact analysis

The current report published by Apex Market Research covers a detailed analysis of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic conditions on market performance. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic is evaluated at all steps of the market that will provide useful insights to the reader regarding current ups and downs of the market revenue, effect of the sale of the product, government policies, supply chain, and distributors scenario. With these stats, a reader can understand and predict the market flow over the forecast period. Also, it will help an investor to take progressive steps in terms of investments or expansion of business by understanding the high demand zones.

Regional Analysis

The regional analysis covered in the Gaucher Disease Drugs market report bifurcates the market in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. The report provides a detailed analysis at regional as well as country-level analysis, that covers recent market trends in the region, major driving factors for the growth of the market in a particular country for the respective region, and opportunities in the untapped market. Regional stats provided in the systematic form will easily help start-ups and small market players to understand the market expansion opportunities.

Segmentation

The detailed segmentation in the report is constructed by understanding every element of the market. The market segment and their subsegments offer comprehensive information to the reader that will help to understand the most lucrative segment in the market and the reasons for the slow growth or decline in other market segments. Statistical analysis provided in segmentations by graphical presentations will assist reader for easy understanding of market scenario this will help to make effective strategic decisions for investments.

By Disease TypeType IType IIType IIITreatment TypeEnzyme Replacement TherapyERTSubstrate Reduction TreatmentSBT

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Manufacturers Information

The report on Gaucher Disease Drugs market covers ten key market players operating on a global platform. These market players are selected based on their net sale/revenue, geographical presence, mergers & acquisitions, business segments, market shares, and R&D spending. The competitive analysis in the report will help an investor to know their closest competitors, their global presence, and their marketing strategies. This will assist the reader in better decision-making to stay ahead in the competitive market.

Who will get benefit of this report?

Large manufacturers, small and medium investors, private equity firms, government organizations, suppliers, as well as retailers that are operating in the Gaucher Disease Drugs market can get the benefit from the report published by Apex Market Research. The report provides market analysis in a simplified manner that is easy to read and understand for the users. This will also assist startups to understand every component of the global Gaucher Disease Drugs market.

Why should buy this report from Apex?

The report on Gaucher Disease Drugs market by Apex Market Research is a methodical assessment involving various factors that are relevant to the market growth and dynamics. The important facts and data covered in the report for Gaucher Disease Drugs market for the forecast period of 2021-2028 will assist as a valuable document for the user looking for guidance in decision making to reinforce their current position in the market or planning to enter the market.

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Report Methodology

The global Gaucher Disease Drugs market report is constructed based on a detailed analysis of current market trends, investor presentations, government reports, industry insights, driving factors, opportunities, revenue pockets, geographical market scenario, etc. All this information is collected via thorough secondary research which is again validated by intense primary research.

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Gaucher Disease Drugs Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast To 2026 Genzyme Corporation, Pfizer, Inc., Shire Human...

Personalized nutrition has emerged in recent years as a key potential solution to a variety of diseases that originate in the gut, and Nebraska scientists are mining microbiome data to determine how individuals digestive systems might respond to different nutritionalapproaches.

Ultimately, these findings could help scientists and doctors recommend specific types of foods say, yogurts to individuals to nurture beneficial bacteria in their guts and stave off diseases such as diabetes andobesity.

Yanbin Yin, associate professor of food science at the University of NebraskaLincoln, has received a four-year, $1.2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to continue his research. Yins lab develops computational models and informatics tools to identify carbohydrate-active enzymes CAZymes in the gut microbiome that can build, modify and break down various complex carbohydrates. These CAZymes are made by our gut bacteria to fully digest fibers in our diets. Bacterial digestion of these fibers produces metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, that have a significant influence on their human hosts health, Yinsaid.

However, every human individual has different microbiome compositions and thus may respond to the same dietary fibers differently, Yin said. We aim to develop machine learning tools to help predict which human individuals may respond to which dietary fibers by analyzing their gut microbiome DNAsequences.

Yin and his co-investigator, Yuzhen Zhou, assistant professor of statistics at Nebraska, will develop new computer software that can automate the data mining of these sequencing data for CAZymes and their gene clusters. Finding these gene clusters will contribute to addressing two fundamental personalized nutritionquestions:

Creating new bioinformatics tools for predicting carbohydrate use will contribute to the arising microbiome-based personalized nutrition practice and aid in the development of therapeutic options to prevent and treat human metabolicdisorders.

The software Yin is creating can analyze and classify CAZymes at a more detailed level than ever before. It looks for key features within genetic code to distinguish among different CAZyme groups and predict how the enzymesfunction.

The computer algorithms learn and improve as data is added. Yin started his research with a CAZyme database, CAZy, compiled from the scientific literature and maintained by other researchers. Hes been using the database to train his CAZyme discovery software and has packaged the software into a free, user-friendly website, dbCAN, for CAZymeresearchers.

Yin has more than 10 years of experience in developing CAZyme bioinformatics tools and maintains the well-recognized CAZyme annotation database and web server. His CAZyme bioinformatics research has been funded by an NSF CAREER award.

Yins work is affiliated with the Nebraska Food for Health Center, launched in September 2016, which brings together faculty researchers from the University of NebraskaLincoln, the University of Nebraska Medical Center and the University of Nebraska at Omaha to tie gastrointestinal and biomedical research to agriculture, plant and animal breeding, andgenetics.

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Researchers intend to discover microbiome's role in personalized nutrition - Nebraska Today

BACKGROUND

Charles Darwins The Descent of Man, published on 24 February 1871, laid the grounds for scientific studies into human origins and evolution. We look at the advances in our understanding of these processes through the lenses of modern speciation theory. Applying this theory to specific cases requires one to identify and understand the nature of (i) the ancestor and various preexisting adaptations and traits that it possessed that allowed or simplified the speciation process, (ii) evolutionary forces responsible for major differences between the emergent species and its close relatives, and (iii) the most salient adaptations characteristic of the new species and its evolutionary history (such as genetic, morphological, behavioral, spatial, and temporal).

Modern research shows that we share many developmental, physiological, morphological, cognitive, and psychological characteristics as well as about 96% of our DNA with the anthropoid apes. We now know that since our last common ancestor with the other apes 6 million to 8 million years ago, human evolution followed the path common for other species with diversification into closely related species and some subsequent hybridization between them. Since Darwin, a long series of unbridgeable gaps have been proposed between humans and other animals. They focused on tool-making, cultural learning and imitation, empathy, prosociality and cooperation, planning and foresight, episodic memory, metacognition, and theory of mind. However, new insights from neurobiology, genetics, primatology, and behavioral biology only reinforce Darwins view that most differences between humans and higher animals are of degree and not of kind. What makes us different is that our ancestors evolved greatly enhanced abilities for (and reliance on) cooperation, social learning, and cumulative culturetraits emphasized already by Darwin. Cooperation allowed for environmental risk buffering, cost reduction, and the access to new resources and benefits through the economy of scale. Learning and cumulative culture allowed for the accumulation and rapid spread of beneficial innovations between individuals and groups. The enhanced abilities to learn from and cooperate with others became a universal tool, removing the need to evolve specific biological organs for specific environmental challenges. These human traits likely evolved as a response to increasing high-frequency climate changes on the millennial and submillennial scales during the Pleistocene. Once the abilities for cumulative culture and extended cooperation were in place, a suite of subsequent evolutionary changes became possible and likely unavoidable. In particular, human social systems evolved to support mothers through the recruitment of males and nonreproductive females. The most distinctive feature of our species, language, appeared arguably driven by selection for simplifying cooperation. Reliance on social learning and conformity led to the emergence of new factors constraining and driving human behavior, such as morality, social norms, and social institutions. These forces often act against the immediate biological or material interests of individuals, promoting instead the interests of the society as a whole or of its powerful segments. Continuous engagement in cooperation has led to the evolution of strong coalitionary psychology, which can bring us together whenever we perceive that our identity group faces outside threats. Coalitionary psychology also has an undesirable byproduct: often negative or even hostile reaction to others who differ from us in their looks, behaviors, beliefs, caste, or class.

Our society faces challenges, including climate change; various types of inequality; economic crises; political, cultural, and religious conflicts; and pandemics. Similar challenges have repeatedly arisen and were dealt with in the past with varying success. What makes the current situation different is not only the scale of societal threats but also that modern science can provide guidance on how to respond to them. Adequately answering these challenges requires understanding humans social behavior and the roles of cooperation, social learning, and culture for human decision-making. Evolutionary perspective is already helping to synthesize the contributions of social sciences, including anthropology, psychology, economics, political science, and history. The impact of Descent on the social sciences and on the development and implementation of different policies by practitioners and policymakers to improve our society will only grow.

(Left) Organic evolution and (right) cultural evolution, as depicted in Alfred L. Kroebers 1923 textbook Anthropology: Cultural Patterns and Processes. Biological inheritance is rigid from parents to offspring in eukaryotes, and species mostly do not exchange genes. Culture is potentially acquired from anyone in a persons social network, and ideas spread rather readily from culture to culture.

Original post:
Modern theories of human evolution foreshadowed by Darwin's Descent of Man - Science Magazine

Polaris Market Research conducts an in-depth analysis of the Gaucher Disease Treatment Market to evaluate business solutions, evaluation, R&D, Industry shares, size, benefits, advantages, scope and operations. The report provides in-depth analysis and development of the industrys major manufacturers, major driving factors, opportunities, challenges, international suppliers, risks and entry barriers. It also provides competitive analysis on the latest technology, trends, innovation, future scope, industry share, sales, revenue generation, investment analysis and overall business scenarios.

The Gaucher Disease Treatment market research report also provides an analysis of the market share of important stakeholders. This qualitative and quantitative analysis include key products, key differentiating factors, revenue share, market size, market conditions, and leading manufacturers strategies. The report will also soon cover key agreements, associations and global partnerships to change market dynamics on a global scale.

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The research goals of the Gaucher Disease Treatment Market are:

Competitive structure and analysis of Gaucher Disease Treatment Market:

1) Constant Growth, Expanding Margins

Some companies have excellent growth records from 2014 to 2020. Some of these companies have shown tremendous growth in sales and revenue, while net income in the same period has doubled as performance and gross profit margins increase.

The Gaucher Disease Treatment report further performs functional analysis, which contains detailed information on the companys manufacturing base, production volume, size, value chain, and product specifications.

2) Devised Growth Plans & Rising Competition?

Gaucher Disease Treatment market participants have established a strategy to provide a large number of new product launches within several markets around the world. To confirm the comprehensive practice, some player profiles worth reviewing are Acetelion Pharmaceutical (J&J Ltd.), Shire Human Genetics Therapies, Inc., Erad Therapeutic Inc., and JCR Pharmaceuticals Co Ltd.

3) Status Of The Market In TodayS World

Although the market segmentation has made considerable gains and may not be so encouraging in recent years, the situation may be better if manufacturers can take plan-driven initiatives earlier. It is different from the past, but it is estimated that the investment cycle in the United States will continue to evolve, and these companies will have many growth opportunities by 2021. This seems to be good news for today, but we can expect greater returns beyond leading players in the industry.

Market Segmentation:

Gaucher Disease Treatment Market Size and Forecast by Disease type, 2018 2025

Gaucher Disease Treatment Market Size and Forecast by Treatment type, 2018 2025

Overview of the Regional Outlook of this Market:

The Gaucher Disease Treatment report provides information about the market area, which is further subdivided into sub-regions and countries/regions. In addition to market share in each country and subregion, this chapter of this report also contains information about profit opportunities. This chapter of the report mentions the share and market growth rate of each region, country, and sub-region in the estimated time period.

Impact of COVID-19:

The report provides insights on COVID-19, which considers changes in consumer behavior and demand, purchasing patterns, rerouting of the supply chain, current dynamics of market forces, and important government interventions. Considering the impact of COVID-19 on the market, the updated research provides insights, analysis, estimates and forecasts.

Finally, the Gaucher Disease Treatment market report provides insights and expert analysis of key market trends and behaviors, as well as an overview of market data and major brands. The Gaucher Disease Treatment market report provides easy-to-digest all data information to promote future innovation and provide business support for every entrepreneur and established enterprise.

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Gaucher Disease Treatment Market Study Report | Market Analysis, Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats : Acetelion Pharmaceutical (J&J Ltd.)...