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Researchers discover new class of guide RNA for genome editing – LabPulse

Posted: July 11, 2024 at 6:50 pm

A team of researchers has used cut-and-paste mobile genetic elements (MGEs) from the insert sequence (IS)110 family and clues from noncoding (nc)RNA to determine that large-scale genome design could be a possibility through a new class of guide RNAs.

The potential breakthrough came from asking whether ncRNA might assist recombinase in recognizing the target DNA site or the donor DNA (that is, the IS110 element itself), according to Drs. Matthew Durrant and Nicholas Perry of the Arc Institute in Palo Alto, CA. Together, Durrant, a computational biologist and senior scientist at Arc, and Perry, a PhD graduate student at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, led the experimental study with Dr. Patrick Hsu at Arc's Patrick Hsu lab.

Aided by cryo-electron microscopy analysis and nanopore sequencing, the study used Escherichia coli (E. coli) for its large, circular molecule of DNA chromosome and small, circular molecule plasmids.

In June, researchers confirmed a mechanism for a programmable target loop that allows the user to specify any desired genomic target sequence and any donor DNA molecule to be inserted. The development, detailed in the journal Nature, could eventually lead to a new genome editing method that sidesteps CRISPR DNA-cutting techniques, according to Arc.

The key, researchers discovered, lies in a new class of guide RNA, called "bridge RNA," that connects target and donor DNA and enables recombination by the IS621 recombinase. IS621, which resides in the IS110 family and is native to some strains of E. coli, as well as five closely related orthologues, was a central focus of this research, according to Durrant and colleagues.

"The bridge RNA system is a fundamentally new mechanism for genome design," said Hsu, senior author of the study and an Arc Institute core investigator and UC Berkeley assistant professor of bioengineering, in "Genomes by Design," an Arc blog post. "Bridge recombination can universally modify genetic material through sequence-specific insertion, excision, inversion, and more, enabling a word processor for the living genome beyond CRISPR."

Arc describes the discovery as a compact and entirely new type of programmable molecular system.

First, the team constructed a custom sequence database of bacterial isolate and metagenomic sequences by aggregating publicly available sequence databases.

As explained in Nature, the work investigated the potential presence of an IS110-encoded ncRNA by focusing on IS621. Researchers also evaluated the ncRNA consensus secondary structure across 103 diverse orthologues.

Durrant and colleagues found that ncRNA is necessary for in vitro recombination, and that the four components (ncRNA, recombinase, target DNA, and donor DNA) are sufficient to produce the expected recombination product. In addition, the base-pairing mechanism of target and donor recognition by the bridge RNA suggested programmability.

To assess programmability, the team designed an E. coli selection screen linking thousands of barcoded pairs of DNA targets and bridge RNAs on a single plasmid. This step helped to assess mismatch tolerance and reprogramming rules of bridge RNAs. They reprogrammed bridge RNAs to target sequences found only once in the E. coli genome.

"Altogether, these experiments provide evidence of the robust capability of IS621 to specifically insert multi-kilobase cargos into the genome, and offer further insights into the mechanisms of recombination," Durrant and colleagues wrote.

"The system can go far beyond its natural role that inserts the IS110 element itself, instead enabling insertion of any desirable genetic cargo like a functional copy of a faulty, disease-causing gene into any genomic location," Arc explained, adding that Hsu and colleagues demonstrated over 60% insertion efficiency of a desired gene in E. coli with over 94% specificity for the correct genomic location.

According to Arc, the Hsu lab found that when IS110 excises itself from a genome, the non-coding DNA ends are joined together to produce an RNA molecule the bridge RNA that folds into two loops. One loop binds to the IS110 element itself, while the other loop binds to the target DNA where the element will be inserted.

"We demonstrate that the target-binding and donor-binding loops can be independently reprogrammed to direct sequence-specific recombination between two DNA molecules," the researchers explained in Nature. "The bridge RNA that we discovered in this work is the first example, to our knowledge, of a bispecific guide molecule that encodes modular regions of specificity for both the target and the donor DNA, coordinating these two DNA sequences in close proximity to catalyse efficient recombination."

Arc Institute operates in collaboration with Stanford University, UC Berkeley, and the University of California, San Francisco, according to information on the institute's website. The bridge RNA study included collaborators Hiroshi Nishimasu and Masahiro Hiraizumi at the University of Tokyo.

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Crowdfund Capital Advisors Reveals "Crowdfunding Genome" – Phoenix/Scottsdale Top Hub, Beats Bay Area – Crowdfund Insider

Posted: at 6:50 pm

Crowdfund Capital Advisors (CCA) has distributed its new Crowdfunding Genome, an ecosystem report and visualization of the crowdfunding industry. The report includes the hot spots in the US, and the Phoenix/Scottsdale region is in the top spot, beating out the traditional startup ecosystem of the San Francisco Bay area.

The Arizona community earned the leading position due to metrics such asgrowth in valuation, repeat issuers, robust investment climate, supportive community, and innovative spirit.

CCA explains that entrepreneurs in Phoenix/Scottsdale have successfully leveraged crowdfunding (Reg CF) to fund their ventures, which the firm believes makes it a model for other regions to emulate.

Calling Phoenix/Scottsdale the top startup ecosystem, Sherwood Neiss, Principal at CCA, believes the regions success is a testament to its vibrant entrepreneurial community.

It is another proof point that startups need not be located in Silicon Valley to prosper, said Neiss.

Neiss told CI that Phoenix/Scottsdales continuous use of investment crowdfunding is a key factor in its rise to the top of the list.

Local issuers dont just use it for one or two rounds; they see it as an ongoing tool for capital formation. Startups in the region are adept at raising capital, achieving their goals such as increasing revenues and hitting key milestones, and then returning for follow-on capital at higher valuations. This strategic approach, combined with Phoenix/Scottsdales leading number of deals per population, has made it a standout ecosystem for pre-IPO startups.

Recent challenges in San Francisco have led to the exit of both established and early-stage firms, and Arizona has emerged as one of the beneficiaries of this exodus. Apparently, these entrepreneurs are also tapping into online capital formation to fund their firms.

At this same time, California is no slouch and continues to reign as the top state when it comes to innovation and access to capital.

Neiss says the states ecosystem enables unparalleled opportunities for entrepreneurs to scale and succeed.

It is exciting to see the broad application of investment crowdfunding for California entrepreneurs.

Other trends gleaned from the data include a biotech boom as more ventures in the biotechnology sector raise funds. There is also a sustainability surge. Tech, including Fintech and AI, continues to be a popular sector of investment crowdfunding.

Neiss said the Crowdfunding Genome helps provide a data-driven understanding of the diverse startup ecosystem in the US.

Traditional metrics often overlook the unique dynamics of crowdfunding and its impact on early-stage ventures. By leveraging our proprietary investment crowdfunding data and advanced analytics, our goal is to offer valuable insights that empower entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers to make informed decisions and continue to foster innovation.

The report is available on the CCA website.

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Argentina Cracks Genome of Leafhopper to Defend Crop – The Japan News

Posted: at 6:50 pm

Reuters file photo Corn plants affected by leafhoppers are seen in a National Institute of Agricultural Technology experimental field, in Marcos Juarez, Cordoba, Argentina on April 20.

Reuters

16:36 JST,July 11, 2024

BUENOS AIRES (Reuters) An Argentine scientific institute has cracked the genome of the leafhopper, the insect which carries the bacteria responsible for wiping out vast swathes of the South American nations latest corn crop, the government said on June 25.

The development, which determined the Dalbulus maidis genetic makeup, will serve future efforts to fight off the leafhopper, according to the government statement.

Experts argue that the leafhopper population has surged in recent months largely due to the lack of frosts during last years Southern Hemisphere winter, which likely would have killed off the insect.

The tiny bug, which sucks sap out of plants, transmits bacteria that produce stunt disease in corn, causing the key grains crop to grow ears with loose or missing kernels.

In the 2023-24 season, the Rosario Grains Exchange expects local farmers to harvest 47.5 million metric tons of corn, about a fifth less than originally estimated due to losses caused by the leafhopper.

This research will help us understand the biology and evolution of the insect, which in turn will help predict and mitigate future outbreaks, the statement said, adding that the scientific advance could also lead to the development of new varieties of leafhopper-resistant genetically modified corn.

Agricultural analysts have said that farmers will likely plant smaller corn fields in the 2024-25 season due to the pest, although fall and winter frosts should improve prospects for the crop.

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What Is Eczema and How Can You Treat it? – POPSUGAR

Posted: July 1, 2024 at 1:32 am

The following scenario is all too familiar to many: you experience a sudden, intense itch. That itch turns into an angry, scaly red rash, and then that begins to spread. No, it's not poison ivy nor chickenpox. You have atopic dermatitis, better known as eczema.

According to the National Eczema Association, more than 31 million people in the United States alone experience this genetic skin condition. Everyone from Adele to Suni Lee has dealt with it and recently, it gained media attention thanks to the 2023 documentary "Under My Skin: Untold Stories of Life with Eczema," as well as the 2016 HBO series "The Night Of," in which John Turturro's character, John Stone, has an intense case of eczema. While his flare-ups famously landed him in the hospital, the common ailment can typically be managed with some simple tips.

To better understand eczema and what causes it, we spoke with dermatologist Craig Austin, MD, New York City dermatologist and founder of Cane + Austin, to get the lowdown. Keep reading for everything you need to know.

Craig Austin, MD, is a New York City dermatologist and founder of Cane + Austin.

Eczema is a common, chronic inflammatory skin condition where an overactive immune system leads to an impaired skin barrier that can cause dry, itchy skin and even skin infections. "Medically, it's called atopic dermatitis," says Dr. Austin. "It's usually an itch that rashes rather than a rash that itches."

What makes the skin condition more complicated, however, is that it manifests itself differently for everyone. It can appear as early as infancy and usually shows up on the face, elbows, and knees. From there, it can eventually spread to other parts of the body and can be quite painful if left untreated. Dermatologists typically diagnose eczema by its appearance and occasionally by biopsies to exclude any other issues.

Eczema's cause is unknown, though the British Journal of Dermatology found that it may begin as an autoimmune condition. Genetics, as well as a family history of allergies, can also play a role. If someone in your family has eczema, you're more likely to develop it at some point during your life.

The tricky part about this skin condition is that there are many potential causes that can trigger flare-ups, such as genetics, your environment, stress, or even allergies. "Once your skin is dry, it breaks down easily to form a rash," Dr. Austin says.

Environmental factors like cold, dry air, overexposure to water, air pollutants, low humidity, smoking, irritating soaps or perfumes, stress, and diet can all contribute to eczema.

Again, though eczema rashes can occur anywhere on the body, Dr. Austin says that it's more common on flexural areas (elbows, backs of knees, neck, etc.) and arms and legs. "It probably occurs on the extremities more due to the lack of circulation to these areas, thus resulting in drier skin."

Unfortunately, eczema can go beyond seriously intense itching; sufferers are more at risk for skin infections. "A person with eczema who develops a cold sore due to herpes simplex virus is more susceptible to having it spread all over the skin," says Dr. Austin. Those with this condition are also vulnerable to erythroderma, an inflammatory disease that causes much of the body to become red. This will lead to loss of bodily fluids and electrolytes.

"These are serious issues which all need to be regulated in a hospital under supervision of doctors," he says.

The best course of action when treating any serious skin condition, but especially severe eczema, is with a dermatologist's help. They can equip you with prescription-strength steroids to alleviate rashes quickly. Another option is over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream, but make sure you don't use it for longer than five days to a week.

Otherwise, gentle exfoliation and deep hydration are essential when dealing with these rashes; exfoliate to remove the dull, dry skin, then moisturize the tender skin underneath with a rich cream. Some of the best products for eczema on the market are available at the drugstore.

Jessica Harrington is the senior beauty editor at PS, where she writes about hair, makeup, skin care, piercings, tattoos, and more. As a New York City-based writer and editor with a degree in journalism and over eight years of industry experience, she loves to interview industry experts, keep up with the latest trends, and test new products.

Emily Orofino was a former editor for PS Beauty.

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Many With Eczema Don’t Get the Mental Health Support They Need, Study Shows – Everyday Health

Posted: at 1:32 am

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) comes with an increased risk of mental health issues like depression or anxiety. That can be due to feelings of shame or embarrassment about their condition or sleep problems caused by itch, for instance. But, many with atopic dermatitis dont receive the mental health support they need, according to a new study from the National Eczema Association (NEA).

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Our data really does indicate that many individuals even with milder disease, or even clearer skin are dealing with mental health issues, says senior study author Wendy Smith Begolka, who is the chief strategy officer at the National Eczema Association, where she oversees research, medical, and community affairs. So theres certainly an opportunity to talk about mental health alongside treatment in a more holistic way, broader than whats just on the skin.

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This link between eczema symptoms and worsened mental health can be a vicious cycle, says Peter Lio, MD, a clinical assistant professor of dermatology and pediatrics at Northwestern University in Chicago, who was not affiliated with the study. For instance, patients may worry whether their treatment is working, about a current or future flare-up, or about their ongoing symptoms and stresses like these are known to exacerbate eczema, he says.

Theres a huge psychological component associated with atopic dermatitis and it really isnt addressed often, says Dr. Lio. When your skin is causing you trouble, youre itchy, youre uncomfortable, youre ashamed of how you look and youre not sleeping well thats going to make anybody feel pretty miserable. And when youre feeling stressed and anxious, thats been shown to further increase inflammation and worsen the skin.

Right now, mental health support isnt part of the standard treatment for eczema, which often includes options like topical ointments, systemic drugs, medications like antibiotics or antifungals, and self-care strategies like using a humidifier and avoiding tight or scratchy fabrics or lengthy showers in hot water.

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These conversations could be as simple as doctors asking patients how theyre faring, if theyre sleeping well, or are under any distress, says Begolka. For patients, this may involve starting the conversation by telling their healthcare provider how theyre feeling, she adds.

Our [patient] community did feel they could tell the correlation between the increasing severity of their atopic dermatitis and their mental health. They have a strong sense of when something is off, she says. If youre feeling it, try to have that strength and comfort to be able to raise that with your healthcare provider so they can work to address it in a variety of ways.

Sixty-four percent of adults and caregivers of young patients in the study werent referred by their providers to mental health resources. But when patients were referred, the most common resources were counseling (23 percent), cognitive behavioral therapy (13 percent), and peer and social support groups (12 percent).

Never feel like you have to go at this alone, says Begolka. We recognize this is a disease that has a lot of nuance, its a multidimensional burden, and we have a number of resources that can be helpful to support not only healthcare providers but patients throughout their journey.

If youd like to seek mental health help, either through counseling given by a mental health professional or a support group, Begolka recommends the following resources:

More research is still needed to pinpoint the most effective mental health interventions for people with eczema, to recognize the current barriers to referring patients to mental health care, and to better understand the role organizations like the NEA or NAMI have in helping to connect patients and doctors to resources, notes Begolka.

Lio adds that it can be tricky for dermatologists to open up the lines of communication for mental health help for their patients. While they can offer suggestions or make referrals, issues like proximity to counseling services, insurance policies, and wait times can get in the way, he says. Some dermatologists may feel out of place recommending mental health assistance to patients, too, he says.

But Lio and Begolka agree the new research is an important step in normalizing mental health discussions within the eczema community. This is an opportunity for the conversation to occur in a much more standardized way across all atopic dermatitis care, regardless of what healthcare provider is being seen, Begolka says.

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Olympian Suni Lee Shares ‘Isolating’ Eczema Struggle: ‘Daily Thing That I Have to Battle’ – Yahoo Canada Shine On

Posted: at 1:32 am

As she looks ahead to the Paris Olympics, the gold medalist shares how shes overcome the stress of the chronic skin condition

Tim Clayton/Corbis via Getty

U.S. Olympic champion Sunisa 'Suni' Lee is sharing her lifelong struggle with eczema, which she said started when she was child.

My skin was always super dry, super flaky. It was really uncomfortable because it was really itchy," she said, according to CBS News, sharing that her mom took her to a dermatologist to help get the chronic skin condition under control.

"It can be kind of isolating when you deal with eczema and having an eczema flare-up, so I just want people to know that you are not alone and it does not define you."

Evan Frost/Minnesota Public Radio via AP

Lee, who won the gold medal for Team USA in the gymnastics all-around at the Tokyo Summer Olympics, is looking forward to the upcoming gymnastic trials, which will determine who represents the U.S. at the upcomingParis Olympics. Lee, 21, shared her eczema struggle during a panel with pharmaceutical brand Eli Lilly and Company, which is a sponsor of Team USA.

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"Eczema flare ups, they can definitely get in my head," said Lee during the panel. "Being on a competition floor, having so many eyes on you and just trying not to be worried about if people are looking at my skin or like itching myself because the more that I itch myself, the flakier it's going to get, the drier it's going to get."

The National Eczema Association says that anxiety and stress can trigger a flare-up of the itchy, chronic condition something Lee said she experiences.

Related: After Years of Struggling with Severe Eczema, Abby Tai Has Found Healing Through Helping Others 'Conquer' Theirs

Stress is a daily thing that I have to battle," she said, and that "definitely starts to pick up when I have to perform."

"I do have to be out there in a leotard where my skin is fully exposed and everyone can see it, and the insecurity I feel like was just holding me back," she said. "So the more I started to embrace it ... and just went out there and competed with it, I was fine.

Laurence Griffiths/Getty

"When you deal with it and you're constantly looking down at your skin, you probably think, 'Oh, other people are looking at it and staring at it.' But in reality, I don't really think anyone's looking that hard.

The gymnast who said she has a treatment plan in place for her eczema has been open about her other health struggles, sharing that she was diagnosed with an incurable kidney disease that forced her to cut her college gymnastics career short.

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But she said that shes taking steps to protect her mental health: I like to journal and get out everything I feel. I also go to therapy a lot, where I can just say how I feel and just work through all of the mental challenges that I have to go through."

And now, shes looking to the future and competing for her place on Team USA.

Related: Katie Couric Shows Eczema Flare-Up in Vulnerable Photo: 'It Just Flares Up a Lot and Its So Annoying!'

"I have had to deal with so much the past two years. Just feels so good to know that I can be back out there, not even at my best, and I can still be able to perform," she told CBS News.

"I'm so excited."

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Harnessing Thailand"s human capital – Bangkok Post

Posted: June 29, 2024 at 11:28 am

Thailand is currently on a distressing trajectory towards depopulation, with the number of deaths each year surpassing the number of births. The latest available data from the Department of Provincial Administration paints a grim picture, showing over 48,000 more deaths than births last year. This number is set to escalate as the number of births continues to plummet and death rates surge. Should the current trend persist, by 2083, Thailand's population is projected to shrink by half to 33 million. The leading cause of this demographic dynamic is the decline in fertility rates among Thai women. These declining fertility rates have severe repercussions and thus warrant the attention and actions of national leaders.

Thailand's depopulation trend, or negative growth rate, is not just a demographic concern but a pressing economic, political and social issue. Firstly, it leads to a smaller workforce, hampering economic productivity and growth. This shrinking working-age population subsequently increases the proportion of retirees, placing an overwhelming burden on the former to support the latter. The strain on public resources and social services is a stark consequence. Moreover, specific industries, particularly those that rely on younger and tech-savvy workers, may face severe skilled labour shortages, further intensifying the economic woes.

Moreover, economic growth is driven by labour, capital and productivity, and with a declining working-age population, the labour force component decreases, potentially slowing down the country's economy. Fewer people also mean lower aggregate consumer demand for goods and services, potentially leading to declining economic growth.

In addition to the adverse economic effect, depopulation presents significant challenges to political stability and democratic development. It affects various aspects of governance, policymaking and societal structures.

One of the primary impacts of depopulation on the political landscape is its adverse effect on economic performance. Reducing the working-age population decreases tax revenues and limits the government's capacity to fund essential public services and social programmes. To maintain the magnitude and standard of these services, the government may have to resort to borrowing, leading to an increase in public debt and, potentially, economic instability. This strain on public finance often manifests in political dissatisfaction among citizens, who may perceive the government as ineffective or unable to cater to their long addiction to populist policies, which involve handing out cash and providing free social and health services, particularly to low-income earners.

This dissatisfaction can erode trust and confidence in democratic political institutions and fuel discontent, making it challenging for democratic processes to function smoothly in Thailand. The country has a long history of military campaigns and the use of public discontent as a pretext for overthrowing democratically elected civilian governments. As a result, Thailand risks plunging deeper into the dark side of a bureaucratic state characterised by a structured and rule-based approach to governance designed by and for the ruling class. This system's potential drawbacks include rigidity and the risk of bureaucratic overreach, where bureaucratic entities operate beyond their intended authority. This leads to a lack of accountability, transparency and alignment with democratic principles.

An ageing population, a common consequence of depopulation, further complicates the political landscape. The demands of an ageing population typically shift government policies towards healthcare and social security, diverting funds from other critical areas such as education and infrastructure. This policy shift can lead to political conservatism, as the older population tends to resist progressive policies and innovations. The focus on meeting the needs of older people may marginalise the interests of younger generations, resulting in youth disenfranchisement, already visible by the increasing popularity of the Move Forward Party among young voters. Feeling neglected and discriminated against, younger individuals may disengage from the political process, leading to lower voter turnout and decreased participation in democratic activities. The lack of engagement from the younger electorate can stifle the evolution of democratic practices and hinder the adoption of forward-thinking policies. Visionary and progressive-minded national leaders must guard against this undesirable scenario.

Depopulation often leads to shifts in political power dynamics, resulting in increased centralisation of power. As rural areas experience population declines, urban centres grow in relative importance, creating a power imbalance. This centralisation can facilitate an authoritarian leadership style, leading to the erosion of local governance structures. Such erosion undermines grassroots democratic development and suppresses citizens' political freedoms and civil liberties.

Depopulation can increase Thailand's vulnerability to external influences and dependencies. Due to its weak economic performance, the country may rely more on foreign direct investment approaches. In this scenario of increased foreign dependency, Thailand may have to open its door to investor countries, allowing them to influence domestic policies and political autonomy, thereby further undermining democratic sovereignty. Political decisions may be swayed by external interests rather than the democratic will of the Thai people, weakening the integrity of the democratic process and leading to a decrease in, or even loss of, people's autonomy.

Finally, depopulation also affects social cohesion and trust, both fundamental to political stability. As communities shrink and social networks weaken, the erosion of social trust becomes a significant issue. This erosion can lead to increased political polarisation and instability as individuals become more divided and less willing to collaborate across different social and political groups.

Approximately one-third of the world's countries are experiencing depopulation, notably in Europe and East Asia. Many of these countries have implemented financial incentives, family-friendly policies and affordable childcare and healthcare services. Some provide additional support, such as housing, educational campaigns and gender equality measures. Despite these efforts, none has succeeded in reversing the negative population trend.

Through more imaginative human capital policies, Thailand can excel by implementing immigration policies to attract young, high-calibre immigrants to boost the workforce and foster innovation. By providing a comprehensive integration programme and support services, such policies would rejuvenate the population, drive economic growth and push Thailand out of the middle-income trap. Ultimately, this would contribute to a more dynamic and sustainable society, ensuring Thailand's prosperous and resilient future.

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Pakistans first human milk bank suspended amid religious controversy – The Jerusalem Post

Posted: at 11:28 am

[Islamabad] Pakistans first human milk bank temporarily suspended operations on Saturday following severe criticism from religious circles.

After religious scholars declared the initiative haram or forbidden under Islamic law, the Health Ministry paused the operation to seek further guidance from the Islamic Ideology Council, a governmental body in Pakistan.

The human milk bank was opened earlier this month at the Sindh Institute of Child Health and Neonatology (SICHN) in Karachi. Developed in partnership with UNICEF and the Pakistan Pediatric Association, the facility provides donor milk to infants who cannot receive sufficient breast milk from their mothers.

The initiative represents a major step forward in promoting infant health and nutrition in the South Asian Muslim-majority country, which is now threatened by the religious opposition.

We have established a dedicated facility to collect, pasteurize, store, and distribute human breast milk donated by lactating mothers, Dr. Jamal Raza, the executive director of SICHN, told The Media Line. He noted that the initiative is especially crucial for sick or premature babies, who may not be able to breastfeed.

A heated debate broke out on social media after the launch of the human milk bank. While supporters emphasize the banks importance for infant health, opponents say it goes against Islamic law regarding breastfeeding.

In Islam, a woman who breastfeeds a child not biologically related to her develops ties of milk kinship, or radaah, with that child.

This relationship is akin to blood ties, which forbids marriage between breastfed siblings within Islamic legal frameworks, Mufti Syed Qaiser Hussain Tirmizi, a prominent Rawalpindi-based Islamic scholar, told The Media Line.

While milk banks have been around in the West since the early 20th century, the concept of radaah has impeded the adoption of milk banks in the Muslim world. A newly opened human milk bank in Bangladesh was shut down in 2019 after similar protests from religious circles.

The concept of milk-kinship is not widely understood or acknowledged in Western cultures, where such familial ties through nursing do not typically influence marital relations or legal considerations, Muhammed Shahid Masood Qazi, a Birmingham, UK-based human rights lawyer, told The Media Line. Thus, the debate over the establishment of milk banks reflects a cultural and legal divergence between Islamic and Western perspectives on familial relations and marriage.

Iran is one of the only Muslim countries with an active human milk bank. The bank was established in 2016 at the Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in the northwest of the country.

Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, a Karachi-based retired Federal Shariat Court judge and leading Islamic scholar, issued a fatwa, or Islamic edict, declaring the establishment of the human milk bank illegal.

SICHNs spokesperson said in a statement on Saturday that the fatwa was what prompted the institute to pause the human milk banks operations.

Only milk from Muslim women would be provided to Muslim children, and the service would be free of charge to avoid any commercial implications. Families should also be told about the kinship concept, the statement clarified.

A senior official at the Health Ministry who asked to remain anonymous told The Media Line, In response to religious criticism, UNICEF has urged the authorities to clarify misconceptions surrounding the initiative. This is crucial for the swift resumption of this vital project.

The Health Ministry agreed to consult with the Council of Islamic Ideology, the constitutional body in Pakistan responsible for providing legal advice on Islamic matters. In a 2014 ruling, the Council of Islamic Ideology ruled against the legitimacy of a human milk bank.

We believe a thorough discussion involving nutritionists, pediatricians, and other relevant experts is essential on this sensitive topic, Mufti Ghulam Majid, a research scholar at the Council of Islamic Ideology, told The Media Line. It will be crucial to engage Pakistans prominent religious scholars to listen to and comprehend each other's perspectives and arguments thoroughly.

Tirmizi, the Rawalpindi-based scholar, said that a human milk bank could adhere to Islamic law as long as it keeps comprehensive records of its donors and recipients.

This approach safeguards against any potential violations of Islamic law regarding familial and marital relations based on breastfeeding connections, he explained.

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Special Issue of Applied Biosafety focuses on synthetic genomics – EurekAlert

Posted: June 27, 2024 at 1:55 am

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Committed to promoting global biosafety awareness and best practices to prevent occupational exposures and adverse environmental impacts related to biohazardous releases.

Credit: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

In its first special issue on Biosafety and Biosecurity Considerations of Synthetic Genomics, the first part of a two-part special issue of the peer-reviewed journal Applied Biosafety focuses on the growing availability of customizable nucleic acid sequences and genomes from commercial sources. The issue also describes the advancements in desktop synthesis devices that enable the creation of on-demand nucleic acids. Click here to read the special issue now.

The rapid technological advancements described in part one of this two-part special issue are raising concerns among biosecurity experts and policymakers. The manuscripts in this issue explore the challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned in managing the risks associated with synthetic genomics.

Included in the special issue is a Review Article titled Enhancing Gene Synthesis Security: An Updated Framework for Synthetic Nucleic Acid Screening and the Responsible Use of Synthetic Biological Materials, which reviews the U.S. governments 2023 revised dsDNA screening framework, which now includes all entities handling synthetic nucleic acids with pathogenic or toxic sequence.

The issue also includes the Review Article titled Developing a Common Global Baseline for Nucleic Acid Synthesis Screening, which introduces the Common Mechanism for DNA Synthesis Screening, which provides baseline capabilities to address screening challenges, facilitating broader international adoption.

Other Review Articles in the special issue include Safeguarding Mail-Order DNA Synthesis in the Age of Artificial Intelligence; Screening State of Play: The Biosecurity Practices of Synthetic DNA Providers; Biosecurity Risk Assessment for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Synthetic Biology; and A Methodology for the Assessment and Prioritization of Genetic Biocontainment Technologies for Engineered Microbes.

We are excited to present two Special Issues of Applied Biosafety focused on synthetic genomics, addressing the critical intersection of groundbreaking scientific advancements and the imperative for robust biosecurity measures," said David Gillum, Associate Editor. "These two issues offer essential insights and practical solutions to ensure that scientific innovations are both safe and secure, fostering a future where scientific progress and biosecurity go hand in hand.

About the Journal Applied Biosafety(APB)is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal committed to promoting global biosafety awareness and best practices to prevent occupational exposures and adverse environmental impacts related to biohazardous releases.APBprovides a forum for exchanging sound biosafety and biosecurity initiatives by publishing original articles, review articles, letters to the editors, commentaries, and brief reviews.APBinforms scientists, safety professionals, policymakers, engineers, architects, and governmental organizations.The Journal is committed to publishing on topics significant in well-resourced countries as well as information relevant to underserved regions, engaging and cultivating the development of biosafety professionals globally.

Applied Biosafetyis under the editorial leadership ofCoeditors-in-Chief Karen B. Byers, MS, CBSP(ABSA), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute andBarbara Johnson, PhD, Biosafety Biosecurity International, and other leading investigators.

About the Publisher Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.is a global media company dedicated to creating, curating, and delivering impactful peer-reviewed research and authoritative content services to advance the fields of biotechnology and the life sciences, specialized clinical medicine, and public health and policy. For complete information, please visit the Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.website.

About ABSA International ABSA International was founded in 1984 to become a global leader for providing professional and scientific expertise in the practice of biosafety and biosecurity. ABSAs core purpose is to promote and expand biosafety and biosecurity expertise through training, standards, publications, networking, resources, advocacy, annual biosafety/biosecurity conference, and professional credentials.

Applied Biosafety

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Introduction to Applied Biosafety's Special Issue on Synthetic Genomics: Part 1

26-Jun-2024

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Special Issue of Applied Biosafety focuses on synthetic genomics - EurekAlert

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Reproductive Ethics, Genetic Engineering, and the Common Good – Word on Fire

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Home Articles Reproductive Ethics, Genetic Engineering, and the Common Good

In November 2018, media outlets around the globe were abuzz with the news of the birth of twin girls with modified genes designed to make them immune to HIV. This groundbreaking and controversial experiment was conducted by He Jiankui, a Chinese biophysicist, who used CRISPR technology to disable the CCR5 gene, enabling HIV infection. However, He Jiankuis work, which aimed to immunize babies against HIV, was shrouded in controversy due to its ethical and legal implications. Chinese regulations prohibit research on human embryos beyond the fourteenth day of existence and their subsequent implantation into a uterus. Moreover, the scientific community was concerned about the potential unintended consequences, as the CCR5 gene is also associated with significant brain functions. This experiment might not only have prevented HIV but also inadvertently enhanced the intelligence and memory of the twin girls.

This event sparked intense debate over using CRISPR-Cas9, the latest gene-editing technology. Genetic engineering is not a new field; arguments for and against it have been made for years, and various regulations have attempted to provide legal and ethical frameworks, albeit incomplete and often controversial. However, CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized genetic engineering, potentially transforming public perception and ethical considerations surrounding gene editing.

The Canadian philosopher and Jesuit Bernard Lonergan offers a compelling interpretive framework for examining the epistemological and ethical dimensions of reproductive choices. His Critical Realism emphasizes the interplay between knowing and being, guiding us beyond individual interests toward a vision that values the collective welfare of humanity.

Lonergans seminal works, Insight and Method in Theology, provide a layered conception of goodfrom an elemental notion linked to desires objectives to the intrinsic Good of Value, fully comprehensible only within the context of moral conversion. This nuanced understanding is particularly relevant for todays debates on reproductive ethics, encouraging us to make decisions that harmonize technological potential with broader human well-being.

In Insight, Lonergan explores the nature of human understanding and how we come to know and discern truth. He introduces the idea of the good in a foundational sense, linked to the immediate objectives of our desires (i.e., particular goods). This basic level of good is what people seek instinctively, driven by their immediate needs and wants. However, Lonergan does not stop at this elemental notion.

In Method in Theology, he deepens this exploration by distinguishing between different levels of good:

1. Particular Goods (those of desire): This is the most basic level, where good is perceived as satisfying individual desires and needs. Its an immediate and often self-centered understanding of good.

2. The Good of Order: This level involves understanding good within the context of social structures and relationships. It recognizes that individual goods are interconnected and that a well-ordered society is necessary for individuals to flourish. Here, good transcends personal satisfaction and includes the well-being of the community.

3. The Good of Value: This is the highest level of good, which can only be fully comprehended through moral conversiona profound transformation of ones values and priorities. At this level, good is understood as that which genuinely enhances human dignity and promotes the common good. It involves a self-transcending love and commitment to what is genuinely worthwhile, beyond mere personal or immediate gain.

This more nuanced understanding of good is particularly relevant for todays debates on reproductive ethics. Modern technologies, such as CRISPR and other genetic modifications, offer unprecedented potential to alter human biology. However, decisions regarding their use should not be driven solely by the basic good of satisfying individual desires (such as selecting for desired traits) or even the societal good of preventing diseases. Instead, they should be guided by the higher good of value, which considers the broader implications for human dignity and the common good.

Notwithstanding, these advancements in reproductive technologies have, in some contexts, normalized the transition from a natural birth to a chosen birth. However, this heightened agency brings with it significant ethical considerations. The concept of the best baby, which includes not only rectifying genetic anomalies but also enhancing specific traits, raises fundamental questions about our understanding of human nature and the potential societal implications.

For instance, preferences for specific traits may vary widely across cultures, societies, and individuals, potentially leading to new forms of inequality and discrimination. Lonergans philosophy urges us to transcend individualistic aspirations and consider the collective impact of these choices on society.

Lonergans insights into the Common Good offer a comprehensive perspective that transcends individual welfare. He emphasizes a societal dimension where each individuals good contributes to and is enriched by the well-being of all. His philosophical constructs urge us to move beyond mere individualism and consider the collective welfare of humanity, particularly in the context of reproductive technologies.

This conception of the Good is multi-layered, encompassing different aspects of human desire and ethical reasoning. He differentiates between the Good of Order, which refers to the structured coordination of human actions toward common goals, and the Good of Value, understood within the context of moral conversion and deeper ethical commitment. This layered understanding is particularly relevant for todays debates on genetic modifications and reproductive choices.

Individual decisions regarding reproductive technologies have far-reaching implications. While promising to eliminate certain hereditary diseases or enhance specific traits, genetic modifications pose significant ethical challenges. How might these choices impact the human gene pool over generations? What are the potential ecological and biodiversity consequences of narrowing genetic variability?

Appropriating this framework helps us understand that modifying genes in human embryos can have long-term consequences on the human gene pool. By selectively enhancing or disabling certain traits, we risk creating new forms of inequality and potentially reducing genetic diversity, which is crucial for the resilience of our species. Decisions made today could set precedents that influence the genetic makeup of future generations, possibly leading to unintended health and societal issues.

The ecological implications of genetic modifications extend beyond humans. For instance, altering human genes might inadvertently affect our interaction with the environment and other species. Lonergans emphasis on the interconnectedness of all aspects of existence urges us to consider these broader ecological impacts. Narrowing genetic variability could reduce our ability to adapt to environmental changes, thereby impacting not just individual health but the sustainability of ecosystems.

If we adopt a critical realist approach, however, we can navigate these challenges with a focus on collective human flourishing. Lonergans philosophical approach advocates for informed and responsible decision-making processes that consider immediate benefits and long-term consequences. This perspective encourages us to look beyond individual desires and assess how our choices contribute to the Common Good, ultimately promoting a balanced approach that harmonizes technological potential with ethical integrity and communal well-being.

Fostering interdisciplinary dialogue and community engagement is essential to addressing these ethical considerations. Policymakers, medical professionals, and potential parents must collaborate to ensure that a commitment to the Common Good guides genetic interventions. This involves creating platforms for public discourse, ethical review boards, and comprehensive educational programs that integrate scientific knowledge with philosophical, theological, and ethical insights. By doing so, we can ensure that our advancements in reproductive technologies align with a vision of human flourishing that respects both individual rights and collective responsibilities.

Implementing policies and practices that reflect Lonergans ethical principles is essential to aligning reproductive technologies with the common good. This involves creating frameworks encouraging reflection, dialogue, and responsible decision-making across various sectors.

Policymakers play a crucial role in shaping the ethical landscape of reproductive technologies. To foster a community-centric approach, it is essential to establish policies that encourage dialogue and reflection on genetic choices. One effective measure could be the formation of Genetic Ethics Committees at both local and national levels. These committees would serve as forums for public discourse, bringing together diverse perspectives from ethicists, scientists, religious leaders, and laypersons. For example, town-hall-style meetings focused on emerging genetic technologies can provide a platform for citizens to voice concerns, hear expert opinions, and collaboratively shape policy directions.

Additionally, public funding should prioritize treatments that address life-threatening genetic disorders over aesthetic enhancements. Countries like Sweden have already taken steps in this direction, ensuring that public resources are channeled towards creating a healthier society rather than catering to superficial desires. Implementing policies that emphasize the Common Good can help prevent the commodification of human life and ensure that advancements in genetic technologies benefit society as a whole.

Within the context of Catholic doctrine, it is essential to emphasize the sanctity and dignity of human life from conception to natural death.

Concerning medical professionals, they are at the forefront of implementing and advising on reproductive technologies. To facilitate informed decision-making processes for potential parents, healthcare providers must ensure that individuals understand the broader implications of their choices. This can be achieved through in-depth, multi-session consultations beyond detailing medical procedures, including discussions on societal and ethical impacts. For instance, genetic counselors in Iceland have pioneered such comprehensive consultation models, enabling parents to make well-rounded decisions.

Introducing ethical case reviews in hospitals can also ensure that decisions are introspective and ethically sound. Regular interdisciplinary meetings involving sociologists, ethicists, and geneticists can help medical professionals stay informed about the societal impacts of genetic choices. These practices foster a holistic approach to patient care, ensuring that individual decisions align with the broader ethical framework that respects the Good of Order and the Good of Value.

Parents play a pivotal role in shaping the future through their reproductive choices. Within the context of Catholic doctrine, it is essential to emphasize the sanctity and dignity of human life from conception to natural death. Parents should be encouraged to reflect deeply on their motivations for considering any genetic interventions, ensuring that their decisions uphold the inherent worth of every human being as created in the image of God. Rather than focusing on selecting specific genetic traits, parents should consider the broader ethical implications and the potential societal impacts of their choices. Participation in church-led educational programs and ethical discussions can provide valuable guidance. These programs, facilitated by trained professionals and aligned with Church teachings, can help parents understand the moral dimensions of their decisions, encouraging them to act in ways that respect the sanctity of life and promote the Common Good.

Moreover, parents must recognize that every choice they make is part of a larger societal fabric. Understanding the long-term impacts on community values and human diversity can help ensure that their decisions contribute positively to the Common Good. Engaging in community dialogues within their parish or diocese can help parents consider how their choices might shape future generations and societal norms, always grounded in a respect for life and the teachings of the Church.

By grounding reproductive choices in Lonergans ethical framework and the Catholic tradition in which his approach was developed and emerged, we can navigate the complex landscape of genetic technologies, focusing on collective human flourishing without defaulting to reductionistic narratives and sterile utilitarian calculus. Policymakers, medical professionals, Church leaders, and parents all have roles to play in this endeavor. Encouraging policies that foster dialogue, provide comprehensive and ethical guidance, and promote introspective decision-making processes are essential steps in aligning reproductive technologies with the Common Good, something that sorely needs a recovery. This approach ensures that advancements in genetic engineering benefit individuals and contribute to societys holistic well-being, reflecting the multi-dimensional intricacies of human existence that Lonergan so profoundly emphasized.

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Reproductive Ethics, Genetic Engineering, and the Common Good - Word on Fire

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