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Category Archives: Transhuman News

NSU research scientist leads group that discovered gene variants that delimit HIV-1 infection – EurekAlert

Posted: November 9, 2021 at 1:56 pm

image:Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien (back row, second from left) with orphans in Botswana view more

Credit: Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien

Research Take-a-Ways:

FORT LAUDERDALE/DAVIE, Fla. HIV emerged from African chimpanzee transmission to humans in the first decades of the 20th century. The deadly AIDS disease was first detected among American gay men, hemophiliacs, transfusion blood recipients, and IV drug users sharing needles in the early 1980s. Since then, the rapid world-wide spread of HIV has claimed 37.2 million lives leaving some 38 million people living with HIV infection today.

Today, African AIDS comprises 65-70% of all HIV cases worldwide. In Africa, the HIV-1C strain, which has been suggested as more easily transmitted in heterosexual contact, is predominant. Although AIDS spread and transmission have been reduced by widespread dissemination of anti-retroviral therapies, the horror of AIDS continues, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

This study was led by Nova Southeastern University (NSU)Halmos College of Arts and Sciences professor and research scientist Stephen J. OBrien, Ph.D., in collaboration with researchers at the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia, Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone Botswana, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, and Yale University, New Haven, and St. Petersburg State University.

Epidemiological variation in HIV acquisition, AIDS progression and therapy effectiveness has been attributed, in part, to endemic gene determinates. Studies in the past decades have discovered more than 50 human gene variants that confer relative sensitivity or resistance to AIDS. Nearly all these important studies involved American and European Caucasian patients in spite of the fact that sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of AIDS.

In 1996, author Max Essex and the President of Botswana established the Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) in Gaborone Botswana to carry out training , surveillance and treatment of HIV-AIDS patients implementing research Virology, Molecular biology, immunology, genetics and epidemiology

In one of the largest studies to date of African people at risk for HIV infection, a group of 1,173 patients recruited by BHP were sequenced, genotyped, and analyzed to reveal three new common genetic DNA variants that influence whether one becomes infected and in American replication cohort studies the rate and AIDS defining disease by which infected individuals progressed to AIDS.

OBrien and his team have pioneered the field of AIDS Restriction Gene discovery for 25 years, beginning when he led a Research Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health (1986-2012).

The research, published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, revealed three new human genes (AP3B1- Chr-5; PTPRA-chr-20; NEO1-Chr-15) with a marked influence on HIV acquisition. Each gene variant was statistically significant in a Genome Wide Association Study -GWAS of 1.3-8.6 million single nucleotide polymorphism-SNPs.

The new study provides valuable insights into the genetic variants associated with HIV-1C infection and AIDS progression in sub-Saharan Africa, potentially paving the way for new therapies.

Each associated gene has been previously implicated functionally in one or more stages of AIDS pathogenesis and their association was replicated using independent American AIDS cohorts.

A provocative aspect of the AP3B1 variant is that it encodes two alleles G and T, predicting TT, GT and GG genotypes. The Botswana population has a relatively high allele frequency of the G variant (MAF=0.38) relative to other world populations, yet no homozygous GG individuals were detected in Botswana. The GG genotype is also completely absent among 2500 people of all races studied to date, raising the prospect that the AP3B1 -GG genotype may be lethal genotype which does not survive embryogenesis. Further there are several described variants in the in the AP3B1 gene that cause Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a rare genetic disease affecting pigmentation and platelets that is sometimes fatal.

The study further describes the replication of 13 previously described AIDS resistance genes using the Botswana population cohort, increasing the confidence in the influence of each. The replication studies were facilitated by the GWATCH ( Genome Wide Association Tracks Chromosome Highway) cyber suite of programs that enhance GWAS data analyses, replication, and release.

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About Nova Southeastern University (NSU):At NSU, students dont just get an education, they get the competitive edge they need for real careers, real contributions and real life.A dynamic, private research university, NSU is providing high-quality educational and research programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree levels. Established in 1964, the university includes 15 colleges, the 215,000-square-foot Center for Collaborative Research, the private JK-12 grade University School, the world-classNSU Art Museum Fort Lauderdale, and theAlvin Sherman Library, Research and Information Technology Center, one of Floridas largest public libraries. NSU students learn at our campuses in Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Miami, Miramar, Orlando, Palm Beach, and Tampa, Florida, as well as San Juan, Puerto Rico, and online globally.With nearly 200,000 alumni across the globe, the reach of the NSU community is worldwide.Classified as having high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, NSU is one of only 59 universities nationwide to also be awarded Carnegies Community Engagement Classification, and is also the largest private institution in the United States that meets the U.S. Department of Educations criteria as a Hispanic-serving Institution.Please visitwww.nova.edufor more information.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

People

1-Nov-2021

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NSU research scientist leads group that discovered gene variants that delimit HIV-1 infection - EurekAlert

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New technology sends Tufts veterinary scientists on journey to center of the cell – Tufts Daily

Posted: at 1:56 pm

New cutting edge technology recently installed at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University reminds Cheryl London, the associate dean for research and graduate education, of the 1966 sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage.

In the movie, an intrepid submarine crew shrinks down small enough to float through an injured scientists bloodstream to save his life.

The new technology, called spatial profiling, allows scientists to see so deep into tissue samples that London, an oncologist, said it feels like youre actually there on the surface of the cell.

Its like taking a birds-eye look inside the cell itself, London said.

The Cummings School won a $2 million grant from the Waltham-based Massachusetts Life Sciences Center for the new equipment this spring, and it was installed over the summer.

London and her team submitted their grant proposal to the MLSC, an organization that pools state and private money to invest in science research across the state, through the agencys Research Infrastructure Program in the fall of 2020.

At the end of February of this year, an email informed London that Tufts had won the competitive grant.

When you get the notification that youve been funded its one of those woo-hoo moments, London said. You do a little dance, and youre pretty excited.

The equipment was installed last June and July in the newly renovated Peabody Pavilion lab space, and by September it was available for use.

The new lab equipment also includes advanced genetic sequencing and NanoString technology, which is able to sequence the DNA of a single cell.

London said the technology is a product of the latest in a series of major scientific leaps in the fields of genomics and pathology and has advanced rapidly.

Spatial profiling technology was only developed in the last five years. Next generation sequencing is slightly older, having been developed in the years following the conclusion of the Human Genome Project in 2003.

This is the first time that either technology will be available on Tufts campus, and the new lab will function as a shared resource, London said. While the technology is currently only available to those who have been trained extensively on how to use the expensive equipment, students and faculty from any of the universitys campuses will be able to submit proposals to use the equipment. London is talking with researchers at Tufts University School of Medicine who intend to apply for funding for experiments that use the technology.

Some research is already underway with the new technology. One of the few researchers who has been using the technology for her research is Heather Gardner (GBS20), a Cummings School assistant research professor specializing in veterinary oncology and genetics.

Gardner studies the impact of losing subsets of genes when DNA is transcribed into RNA in the context of bone cancer. The next generation sequencing has enabled her to examine that process in individual cells, she wrote in an email to the Daily.

The spatial-profiling technology is helping Gardner too. It allows her to zoom in on canine bone cancer micro-environments to examine how the tumors change gene expression.

This equipment really compliments and adds a new dimension to the research already being done, Gardner said.

Frequently, Cummings School researchers like Gardner are doing experiments on nonhuman animal cells not only to develop therapies for the animals themselves, but to use them as models for treatments in humans as well.

For that to work, though, scientists have to ensure the animal models accurately mimic the human body.

Sometimes models look like theyre the real deal on the outside, London said. But when you look at the genetic level its really not the same.

The new technology will help Cummings School researchers do just that.

Joseph Sullivan, vice president of marketing, communications, and community relations at the MLSC, said the organization was very proud to have funded Tufts new equipment.

Sullivan wrote in an email to the Daily that the organization hopes the new shared resources will catalyze scientific collaboration, research and innovation in Worcester and the rest of central Massachusetts with the Cummings School as an anchor institution.

For now, London said the team is still getting [its] feet wet but quickly warming up to the new lab.

Walking in and seeing all of this is super cool, London said. Its like a car enthusiast seeing 10 Lamborghinis in a garage. Its amazing to see the power of the equipment you have around you.

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High-Throughput Technologies: Exploring Advances and Key Applications – Technology Networks

Posted: at 1:55 pm

Technological advances have been pivotal in expanding scientific research and contributing to an exponential increase in data output. A primary factor contributing to the rise in data output has been the shift from manual bench work to high-throughput technologies. In addition, the generation of such enormous volumes of data has led to breakthroughs in microprocessing, data management and AI used to interpret the data. These advances have further spurred the development of high-throughput laboratory technologies to keep pace with data processing speeds.1 As such, high-throughput technologies have become crucial to research areas, including drug discovery, genomics, and molecular biology.

High-throughput technologies have enabled researchers to take on ambitious projects that are expected to transform medicine. For example, Prof. Michael Snyder, chair of the department of genetics and directors of the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine at Stanford Medicine, is currently running the Integrated Personal Omics Profiling (iPOP) study. iPOP involves undertaking unprecedented deep biochemical profiling of approximately 100 individuals generally classed as healthy. In doing so, the study hopes to determine what normal biochemical and physiological profiles look like at an individual level. This information will enable researchers to understand what processes are affected in various disease states and ultimately improve diagnoses, disease monitoring, and the success of targeted therapies. When asked about the role of high-throughput technologies in this study, Snyder said, nearly all assays are high throughput, including genomics approaches, many other omics assays and wearables. We believe that genome sequencing and other omics technologies, as well as wearables, will be routinely employed by the healthcare sector. Most importantly, we hope to transform what is presently sick care into healthcare where we focus on keeping people healthy rather than treating people when they are ill.

High-throughput systems are well established in drug discovery, where hundreds of thousands of potential drug candidates need to be screened.1 In addition, high-throughput sequencing technologies have transformed genetics and genomics, with over one million human genomes sequenced by 2020.2 This sequence data has provided the pharmaceutical industry with many potential drug targets that warrant further exploration, fueling the need for greater throughput.3One of the main mechanisms of increasing throughput is miniaturization, as smaller experimental platforms and the need for reduced reagent volumes will allow more experiments to be conducted with fewer resources, thereby lowering costs.4,5 The push to miniaturize experiments has given rise to microfluidics, which investigates and manipulates fluids at the submillimeter scale. Working with smaller sample and reagent volumes is also advantageous when working with precious samples. In addition, microfluidics also leverages the microscale fluid phenomena, giving researchers far greater control over the spatiotemporal dynamics that impact the experiment.6Other technologies that enable high-throughput include automation, robotics, and liquid-handling robotics. This article will explore how high-throughput technologies are continuing to advance research in the life sciences. It will also and highlight various areas directly benefiting, including drug discovery, genomics and molecular biology.

Continued here:
High-Throughput Technologies: Exploring Advances and Key Applications - Technology Networks

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The mothers’ mission: Indigenous life-skills program in Manitoba aims to stop families’ cycles of trauma – The Globe and Mail

Posted: November 7, 2021 at 12:02 pm

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Anderson said thats linked to poverty, overcrowded housing and effects from the legacy of colonization.","type":"text"},{"_id":"NOKEEZ2GXNEALAPKAHQCLX34O4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104631,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Nationally, the rate of active COVID-19 cases started rising in First Nations communities in August, Anderson said. It was 4.2 times higher than the rate in the general population as of Oct. 12, she said.","type":"text"},{"_id":"SSCLQ644D5EOLBQCVBKZS5HXDM","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104632,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Indigenous people were prioritized in the original vaccine rollout and some communities have experienced extremely high uptake.","type":"text"},{"_id":"6A6LI5FGLRA5PO54G23MAKU2YU","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104633,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Dr. Joss Reimer, who works with the provinces vaccine planning team, said older Manitobans were the first to get shots and thats why they are now eligible for an additional one.","type":"text"},{"_id":"QQIYJXFF55DELFZGGHF4YLBFKQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104634,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Their immune response may not always be as strong as the population as a whole, she said.","type":"text"},{"_id":"FHNZEPQZBBAETOGZDOEBK7GRWQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104635,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Vaccine efficacy could be waning for seniors during the fourth wave, said Reimer, who added that a third dose would maximize protection for people who are at higher risk of severe outcomes.","type":"text"},{"_id":"WPDJSZPULNCVXJWSEJPSMPNKXI","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104636,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"In Manitoba, 87 per cent of those eligible have received one dose of a vaccine and 83.9 per cent have both.","type":"text"},{"_id":"EBFDVJOTXZESFH2V6R3V6M6KVE","additional_properties":{"_id":1635981104637,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"There has been a slow increase in COVID-19 cases in the last month. 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The Top 7 Over 70 is a biennial celebration that recognizes Calgary and area individuals achieving success in a myriad of pursuits started after age 70.","subtitle":"NW-AB-OVER-70-AWARDS-1103"},"type":"image"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"_id":"5KBKFNKE6VEE5NB5F5F3QZF33I","additional_properties":{"_id":"W544TQ3ABVBXTF2D4UFHT5XLTQ","comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"At 73 years old, Miiksikaam believes he has a responsibility to share the stories of his life, which include attending a residential school in Alberta as a child, joining the military, becoming a councillor and running the police force on Siksika Nation, near Calgary.","type":"text"},{"_id":"OTLW3LUKHZC4HIXKYMMNQRQ7QU","additional_properties":{"_id":1635973674842,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Theres four seasons to your life. [My age] puts me in the winter part of my years, Miiksikaam, a Siksika elder whose anglicized name is Clarence Wolfleg, said in an interview.","type":"text"},{"_id":"CEW5KHQALBD7DMG24LRDI43FL4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635973674843,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"I believe when you reach that age and you have lived quite a full life, thats the time to give back.","type":"text"},{"_id":"T5MKQIXFINDGPJZDIW2W27PQDQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635973674844,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Miiksikaam, whose name means Red Crane, is among the recipients of the Top 7 Over 70 awards, which launched in Calgary four years ago as a way to recognize achievements of older individuals. The 2021 winners were announced on Wednesday and the awards will be formally handed out at an event in May.","type":"text"},{"_id":"JTLF4Q2JOJGLHCQNQEDEH56GX4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391001,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Born on Siksika Nation, Miiksikaam was sent to the Old Sun Residential School near Gleichen, Alta., when he was six years old.","type":"text"},{"_id":"H5PICHM7E5HV7OZOSA6FXF4PA4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391002,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"He later enlisted in the military, following in the footsteps of his father, a Second World War veteran, and served on United Nations peacekeeping missions. He was a member of Siksika Nations council for nearly two decades and served on the bands police force, eventually becoming police chief.","type":"text"},{"_id":"NFECDTFKOVAMFBF3NV7CSKRIQA","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391003,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"He has become an outspoken storyteller and spiritual adviser who, earlier this year, gave a commencement speech when he was awarded an honorary law degree by Mount Royal University in Calgary.","type":"text"},{"_id":"PUBFQJQED5ADDCVGSIDLXO52VA","additional_properties":{"_id":1635973674852,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"He has participated in a field school run by a professor at the university and has spoken to students about residential schools and restorative justice.","type":"text"},{"_id":"P3FNGWHGXNDNBNDGC4YSH2SQH4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391005,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Miiksikaam said recognizing the achievements of people his age is an important reminder that older people have wisdom to offer younger generations. 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Hobson, Sherali Saju and Bonnie Kaplan are all smiles at the Top 7 Over 70 awards ceremony.","subtitle":"Top 7 Over 70 awards"},"type":"image"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"_id":"PB3JGL2XN5HWTOPDFUF7FSCAAI","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391006,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"The other award recipients announced Wednesday are:","type":"text"},{"_id":"EZ6WTW3XKRELXFVD7CH7QJVGH4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"items":[{"_id":"LBYOHR456VABXJLYSSVUXV2OWQ","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Margaret Southern, 90, who co-founded the Spruce Meadows show-jumping venue in Calgary and, more recently, the Cavalry FC soccer team that also plays there.","type":"text"},{"_id":"OGLBCQ2PIZAKVDIHDGXTJZQTAA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Sherali Saju, an 83-year-old entrepreneur who has helped new Canadians secure loans","type":"text"},{"_id":"L3MPNLCW3BFKZOQLHKDDWFDM54","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Don Taylor, an 86-year-old philanthropist","type":"text"},{"_id":"PMU2HX5CQ5EXRAC3GMPB52LP54","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Louis B. Hobson, a 77-year-old playwright and theatre/movie critic","type":"text"},{"_id":"7PHUUGIWBBB27KMMKNKWS3E5YU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Bonnie Kaplan, a 74-year-old research psychologist, whose work is focused on the relationship between mental health and nutrition","type":"text"},{"_id":"Y4BD2YOZRZEALBRAPVVBKGRRUI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"block_properties":{},"content":"Murray McCann, an 82-year-old businessman who started an annual display of crosses along the citys Memorial Drive to honour veterans on Remembrance Day.","type":"text"}],"list_type":"unordered","type":"list"},{"_id":"OZIJC2YLARBE5NXPM43DZ2M6D4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391008,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"The Top 7 Over 70 awards were founded by Jim Gray, a Calgary oil and gas pioneer. Mr. Gray said he wants to expand the program to other Canadian cities and eventually make it a nationwide affair, with 70 recipients.","type":"text"},{"_id":"VKFEGQ5E25H2DHWNYZNDTOTNKQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391009,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"We have to honour them because people are living longer; theyre more active, Mr. Gray, who is 88, said in an interview, adding that older business leaders in particular have a lot to offer younger entrepreneurs who are just starting their careers.","type":"text"},{"_id":"VUD4D2ZQF5D2HABT7HQZHPAHWY","additional_properties":{"_id":1635980391011,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Ms. Southern said shes often asked why she hasnt retired at the age of 90, but said slowing down has never been in her familys vocabulary. She said she wants to continue being involved in the community, which for her means encouraging youth to become involved in sports part of the reason why she helped launch Cavalry FC.","type":"text"},{"_id":"Z3O76CMH7RFR5GIDK3QPQ7DUKQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635983938629,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"We are all able to be mentors, she said. We dont have to be teachers we just have to be concerned.","type":"text"},{"_id":"RCVSGKKDHRGBZFC32Q45NKFCKQ","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"We have a weekly Western Canada newsletter written by our B.C. and Alberta bureau chiefs, providing a comprehensive package of the news you need to know about the region and its place in the issues facing Canada. Sign up today.","type":"text"}],"content_restrictions":{"content_code":"yellow"},"created_date":"2021-11-03T18:55:06.349Z","credits":{"by":[{"referent":{"id":"James Keller","provider":"","referent_properties":{},"type":"author"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}]},"description":{"basic":""},"display_date":"2021-11-04T12:00:00Z","distributor":{"category":"staff","name":"The Globe and Mail","subcategory":""},"first_publish_date":"2021-11-04T12:00:00Z","headlines":{"basic":"Local Indigenous elder honoured at Calgarys Top 7 Over 70 awards for long-time community work","meta_title":"","mobile":"","native":"","print":"","tablet":"","web":""},"label":{},"language":"","last_updated_date":"2021-11-04T12:00:00.297Z","location":"CALGARY","owner":{"id":"tgam","name":"Staff Writer","sponsored":false},"planning":{"budget_line":"nw-ab-over-70-awards-1103","internal_note":"web-max / PRINT: dusty-d //ts / Thursday, 8 a.m.","scheduling":{"planned_publish_date":"2021-11-04T00:00:29.000Z"},"story_length":{"character_count_actual":3684,"character_encoding":"UTF-16","inch_count_actual":27,"line_count_actual":132,"line_count_planned":130,"word_count_actual":618}},"promo_items":{"basic":{"_id":"VOPG5ITTVVB7RJD4DFHYGP7ND4","referent":{"id":"VOPG5ITTVVB7RJD4DFHYGP7ND4","provider":"","referent_properties":{},"type":"image"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}},"publish_date":"2021-11-04T12:00:00Z","related_content":{"basic":[{"_id":"VOPG5ITTVVB7RJD4DFHYGP7ND4","referent":{"id":"VOPG5ITTVVB7RJD4DFHYGP7ND4","provider":"","referent_properties":{},"type":"image"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"_id":"AKPWACC3EBBAVLN25MIM27C7GA","referent":{"id":"AKPWACC3EBBAVLN25MIM27C7GA","provider":"","referent_properties":{},"type":"image"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"_id":"UNFXCLRJ2VFJPGRFRPKH32CHH4","referent":{"id":"UNFXCLRJ2VFJPGRFRPKH32CHH4","provider":"","type":"story"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"_id":"SYHHIHD5OVGZBO57KUQRE2MNTU","referent":{"id":"SYHHIHD5OVGZBO57KUQRE2MNTU","provider":"","type":"story"},"type":"reference","additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}],"redirect":[]},"revision":{"published":true,"user_id":"MaxMathew.ext@globeandmail.com","revision_id":"AN7KF4LKNRA3LGRTAB3PFGIWVI"},"slug":"nw-ab-over-70-awards-1103","source":{"name":"The Globe and Mail","source_type":"staff","system":"composer"},"subheadlines":{"basic":"Miiksikaam, a Siksika elder whose name means Red Crane, is among the recipients of the Top 7 Over 70 awards, which launched in Calgary four years ago as a way to recognize achievements of older individuals"},"subtype":"none","syndication":{"external_distribution":true,"search":true},"type":"story","version":"0.10.7","workflow":{"note":"","status_code":5},"_id":"QJ3OKSPHKZERNB5WMPCF3VLOLM","canonical_url":"/canada/alberta/article-local-indigenous-elder-honoured-at-calgarys-top-7-over-70-awards-for/","taxonomy":{"sections":[{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada/alberta","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}],"sites":[{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada/alberta","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}],"primary_section":{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada/alberta","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}},"primary_site":{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada/alberta","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}},"websites":{"tgam":{"website_url":"/canada/alberta/article-local-indigenous-elder-honoured-at-calgarys-top-7-over-70-awards-for/","website_section":{"type":"reference","referent":{"id":"/canada/alberta","type":"section","website":"tgam"},"additional_properties":{"_do_not_inflate":true}}}}},{"additional_properties":{"clipboard":{},"has_published_copy":true,"is_published":true,"publish_date":"2021-11-05T20:25:29.881Z"},"address":{},"canonical_website":"tgam","comments":{"allow_comments":true,"display_comments":true,"moderation_required":false},"content_elements":[{"_id":"VJAAUWHXMRCVLNERH7CVY2XJSM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Michael W. Higgins is principal/president of St. Marks and Corpus Christi Colleges, University of British Columbia and a senior fellow of Massey College.","type":"text"},{"_id":"KDZ42R3NPVDLXBILUZT7R2LDMM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"It has finally happened. Delayed, obstructed, tepidly advanced, but finally realized. The Pope is coming to Canada.","type":"text"},{"_id":"IWUHTPMJCRE2BIRYYBSM3HIJFY","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091692,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"The reasons for this protracted negotiation bringing him to Canada in response to Call to Action number 58 of the Truth and Reconciliation Report, which calls on the Pope to issue an apology to survivors, their families, and communities for the Roman Catholic Churchs role in the spiritual, cultural, emotional, physical and sexual abuse of First Nations, Inuit and Mtis children in Catholic-run residential schools are fodder for church historians, canonists and archivists.","type":"text"},{"_id":"NEKTEKAL4RDZPJNVABJZ3VQQWI","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091693,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"What matters now is that the visit is on, as agreed by the Vatican and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. The time and itinerary are still being worked out, but what is clear is the primary intention for this particular papal visit: a pilgrimage of healing and reconciliation.","type":"text"},{"_id":"4QVK633WVBFQBOCQ5DXY7745WA","additional_properties":{"_id":1635965052620,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"No doubt, the particulars around the visit will be discussed at the unprecedented gathering in Rome from Dec. 17-20 of representatives of Canadas First Nations, Mtis, and Inuit with Pope Francis. It is unprecedented in its length, scope and extended face time with the pope. Still, the waters of communication and understanding have been so muddied that clarity around expectations, strategies of restitution, legal versus moral accountability, the limitations of papal authority and the responsibilities of local church leaders is essential.","type":"text"},{"_id":"KT4MED33YBDP7L3NW6BCWZLGBE","additional_properties":{"_id":1635965052621,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"For instance, to what degree is a pope held hostage to previous papal teaching, encyclicals, etc.? Much has been made of the Spanish Borgia Pope Alexander VIs bull Inter Caetera (1493) enshrining what we now know as the principle of discovery, in essence disempowering Indigenous peoples in the interest of crown and altar. But it is also true that the reforming pontiff Paul III issued his bull Sublimis Deus (1537), ordering that the conquered peoples of the New World were not to be in any way enslaved, deprived of their property or their liberty. As the conquistadores pursued their rapacious ends accompanied by zealous friars intent on imposing salvation, there were Catholic voices crying in the wilderness denouncing every Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes. Not all were onside with the imperium.","type":"text"},{"_id":"I7NTYM3CXVCXHEUTZJCILXU4RI","additional_properties":{"_id":"TMSVEN2SINATBECZTGO3HMOKPU","comments":[]},"content":"Canada has not truly released all residential-school records","type":"interstitial_link","url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canada-has-not-truly-released-all-residential-school-records/"},{"_id":"7SCSTP4VE5D7FIIHFJX3J3E674","additional_properties":{"_id":1635965611026,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"The moral witness, for instance, of Spanish bishops Bartolom de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria and the Jesuits in Paraguay, all of whom advocated vigorously on behalf of the Indigenous peoples, is the exception. The church hierarchys preferred strategy was to work hand-in-glove with the state authorities.","type":"text"},{"_id":"22DCC5NGQFFFLO6ZEUDGUQYLL4","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091698,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"The residential schools legacy in Canada is part of this history of suppression of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. It is a heinous part with residual aftershocks that demand justice in our time justice too frequently stymied by the fears of squabbling politicians and nervous clerics.","type":"text"},{"_id":"VLI6R4ZAVFBKBKH6FPTULZ6TSQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091699,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"When Pope Francis visits Canada, it will be as an agent of healing, a penitent humbly listening, working with all the relevant parties to restore a shattered trust, addressing the abuses committed in schools under Catholic supervision. But he is not the final authority in the matter. The primary responsibility for atoning for the sins of the past resides with the Canadian Catholic community, principally its leadership, and any effort to scapegoat the Pope by detractors and disciples alike will fail. It is our legacy and we must own it.","type":"text"},{"_id":"SKQEMIZUB5FYRMTFYNMZMCLHGA","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091700,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"We need to look at the spiritual and institutional pathologies that diminish us. Pierre Claverie, the Bishop of Oran, who was murdered during the Algerian Civil War in 1996, spoke eloquently of the need to view the other in a way that honours their difference: Encounter, co-existence, dialogue, friendship are only possible on the basis of difference being recognized and accepted. To love the other in their difference is the only possible way of loving. Otherwise, we tear each other apart.","type":"text"},{"_id":"QY3SJXJQ5RCFNNK34J4UF7N4BQ","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091701,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"And tearing each other apart is what we have been doing for centuries. Canadian government leaders and educators such as Sir John A. MacDonald and Egerton Ryerson saw our Indigenous peoples as a problem to be solved, not a presence to be treasured. We should remember that their Victorian-bred policies enjoyed near universal support. We are all complicit.","type":"text"},{"_id":"OUGF2PK6UJGXNNSGRINGEE3BUE","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091702,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"It is precisely because we the settlers the occupiers, the interlopers have not loved our Indigenous neighbours in their unique difference and reverenced them as the other deserving of respect, but rather have sought to assimilate them, and doom a people and a voice to extinction, that we now face the urgent moral reckoning of a church, a government and a country.","type":"text"},{"_id":"RZC3MFKXCZABREJTMSYGFFASYA","additional_properties":{"_id":1635955091703,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"There are rich resources in the Catholic intellectual and spiritual tradition that, if tapped, can help us with a course correction. If Francis can help effect that change, then bringing him to Canadian soil is a mighty good thing.","type":"text"},{"_id":"AMMF3CD5VNDZXNIXZDX5HXTLPU","additional_properties":{"_id":1636045598797,"comments":[],"inline_comments":[]},"content":"Keep your Opinions sharp and informed. Get the Opinion newsletter. Sign up today.","type":"text"}],"content_restrictions":{"content_code":"yellow"},"created_date":"2021-11-03T15:58:08.48Z","credits":{"by":[{"additional_properties":{"original":{"author_type":""}},"name":"Michael W. 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The mothers' mission: Indigenous life-skills program in Manitoba aims to stop families' cycles of trauma - The Globe and Mail

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U.S. Transhumanist Party Official Website U.S …

Posted: at 11:54 am

U.S. Transhumanist Party Putting Science, Health, and Technology at the Forefront of American Politics

The U.S. Transhumanist Party was founded on October 7, 2014, and has since grown to over 3,600 members.

Learn about future technology and trends that will affect the lives of everyone you care about.

Join us weekly at the Virtual Enlightenment Salon to learn from other Transhumanists.

Join our party. Membership is free and open to everyone worldwide.

Find out the Values of the U.S. Transhumanist Party and read our extensive, member-generated Platform.

Read our Constitution and the Transhumanist Bill of Rights.

For an overview of what the U.S. Transhumanist Party stands for, watch Chairman Gennady Stolyarov IIs address at RAADfest 2017, The U.S. Transhumanist Party: Pursuing a Peaceful Political Revolution for Longevity.

Read Chairman Stolyarovs 60-page essay, The United States Transhumanist Party and the Politics of Abundance, published as Chapter 5 ofThe Transhumanism Handbook, a major compilation of transhumanist thought edited by Newton Lee.

Official USTP Merchandise Support Our Cause!

(Many Products to Choose From)

(Transfer Design to other Products)

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U.S. Transhumanist Party Official Website U.S ...

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The billion dollar race to defy ageing is the last thing the planet needs – The Guardian

Posted: at 11:54 am

Welcome to the era of immortalists: scientists, dreamers and crucially billionaires, who want us to think of age as a curable disease, and our final end as something that could be indefinitely postponed. According to one estimate, the revenues of the global anti-ageing industry will increase from about $200bn today to $420bn by 2030. One sure sign of its rosy prospects is the involvement of high-profile people in the US who have made vast fortunes from the internet. If many of them can avoid taxes, why not death?

Death is sort of an affront to American life, wrote Zadie Smith in 2003. Its so anti-aspirational. In tech circles, this kind of distaste for mortality often blurs into the culture of biohacking (fasting, closely tracking your vital signs, gobbling supplements and smart drugs) which is one manifestation of transhumanism: to quote the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, a belief that the human race can evolve beyond its current limitations, especially by the use of science and technology.

The sums invested in anti-ageing research by such tech players as the Google founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and the Trump-supporting venture capitalist, Peter Thiel, show what happens when such ideas meet big money. The same goes, somewhat predictably, for the activities of the Amazon founder and aspiring astronaut, Jeff Bezos, who has previously funded an anti-ageing setup called Unity Biotechnology, and, via his personal investment vehicle Bezos Expeditions, is now reportedly a donor to a newly founded California venture called Altos Labs. The latter company is apparently going to set up institutes in the US, the UK and Japan, and is recruiting scientists with the offer of big salaries. One insider says its initial aim is to understand rejuvenation; its focus is the kind of biological reprogramming technology focused on the manipulation of cells.

Plenty of other companies they have such names as BioViva, Youthereum Genetics, the Longevity Fund and AgeX Therapeutics are also trying to somehow arrest ageing. Piercing through the research and journalism that surrounds what they are doing, you occasionally get the vague feeling that some of the people involved may eventually come across some or other revelation about age-related diseases, but there is usually a sense of fuzzy, hubristic ideas, and money that would be better spent elsewhere. Anti-ageing research now has a long history, but as far as I can tell, no company working in the field has yet managed to push any therapy to the stage of conclusive clinical trials. In 2012, the Japanese scientist, Shinya Yamanaka, won a Nobel prize for his discovery that bathing single cells in four proteins could rejuvenate them, but using the technique on mice resulted in some developing cancerous tumours.

Besides, even if anti-ageing techniques eventually proved successful, what would be the social and cultural consequences of literally pathologising old age? If we lived much longer, would we also be expected to work indefinitely? How would the planet cope with a hugely increased population, and who would be first in the queue? I think I know some of the answers to the last two questions. They resonate with the negotiations currently going on in Glasgow, and the lifestyles of some of the people gathered there. As my colleague George Monbiot recently pointed out, keeping the average rise in global temperatures to 1.5C demands that each of us is responsible for no more than two tonnes of CO2 a year, whereas the richest 1% of the worlds population are on track to produce an average of more than 70 tonnes a head. Imagine such people jetting around until they were 140, or 200, or even existing forever.

There is something about all this that feels analogous to the space travel efforts of Bezos and Elon Musk, and what those projects seem to say about a relative lack of attention to some urgent issues playing out on the planet that the two men apparently want to escape. In the same way, sizeable investments in attempts to eventually cheat death risk neglecting aspects of ageing that we all face right now. Some of these are about specific illnesses and conditions often linked to getting older. (Bezos, in fairness, has also contributed to dedicated work on cancer and dementia, though I dare say even more help would be welcome.) But there are equally urgent questions centred on peoples everyday lives and potential answers that could certainly do with more help from self-styled philanthropists.

Notwithstanding the effects of the pandemic, the age-frontier of the planets population is already increasing fast. The World Health Organization says that by 2030, 1.4 billion or one in six people in the world will be aged 60 or over, and the number of people aged 80 or older is expected to triple between 2020 and 2050, to 426 million. The UK reflects these trends. But as evidenced by this countrys ongoing contortions about social care, we tend to live in a collective state of denial. Consider also the kind of sad facts for which there are so far no biohacks. Half of all people in the UK aged 75 or over live alone and, according to the charity Age UK, half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day in solitude.

Thinking about eternal youth may be a diverting intellectual exercise. But as a matter of scientific fact, we know that strong and stable relationships and immersion in communities result in people living longer and healthier lives, and the loneliness that too often grips peoples later years has the reverse effect. The idea of co-housing, whereby people often of all ages are resident in communities built on mutual help and everyday socialising, embodies exactly that realisation. So, at their best, do the kind of modern retirement villages where people live in their own spaces, and have access not just to company, but an array of services and life-enhancing leisure options.

But how do we recreate those innovations for millions of people? And if we did, what would it mean for our health and care systems, leisure services and transport networks? As against the cliche of retirement to the country or coast, would it be good for older people to live nearer the centre of cities and, if so, how would that work? Most importantly, if there currently is a chronic mismatch between our housing stocks and what an ageing population needs, what do we intend to do about it?

Leaving aside huge questions about their personal and corporate tax arrangements, imagine if the most trailblazing, publicity-attracting projects of 21st-century billionaires involved not leaving the planet or living indefinitely, but the kind of earthbound things that could transform lives in the here and now. Just as the Scottish-American businessman Andrew Carnegie used the money he made in the steel industry to fund the building of 2,500 libraries around the world, they could plough their money into co-housing projects, retirement communities, adult education centres and more. Such things wouldnt be quite as head-turning as the unlikely promise of a world populated by deathless super-humans, but they would be a lot more useful.

Four years ago, scientists at Harvard University published the latest findings of a study of the lives of 268 alumni; it had started in 1938, and was eventually expanded to include people in inner-city Boston. What it said about longevity was striking: not just that close relationships, more than money or fame, are what keep people happy, but that those ties are better predictors of long and happy lives than social class, IQ, or even genes. Here is what the immortalism of famous capitalists rather neglects: that the most immediate route to living better and longer lies not in hacking our cells, but helping people to be more human.

Originally posted here:
The billion dollar race to defy ageing is the last thing the planet needs - The Guardian

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Dave Chappelle Cracks Politically Incorrect Joke About …

Posted: at 11:48 am

Dave Chappelle released his latest Netflix special, The Closer, on Tuesday. If you enjoy comedy, Chappelle is the GOAT. If you don't, you're probably one of these leftist assclowns whining about him on the internet. This makes The Closer twice as funny because the special was mostly a response to people who do that. Some of us can respect the artistry, even when he's saying uncomfortable things. Other people write for liberal blogs.

This joke was my favorite. Chappelle talked about catching C*VID. Spoiler: It wasn't a big deal. He declared himself the "Magic Johnson of C*VID." Then he made a hilarious comparison between the battle raging inside his body and things he was seeing on the news.

Dave Chappelle on Corona Virus(The Closer) Stand up Comedyyoutu.be

"I was stressed because I kept watching these videos of my beloved black people beating up my believed Asian people and being so cruel."

Point of information. #StopAsianHate stopped being something the media cared about when they could no longer tie it to Trump supporters.

"And the whole time I watched those videos, this is f*cked up, but I couldn't help but feel like when I saw these brothers beating these Asians up ... that's probably what's happening inside of my body."

I highly recommend watching The Closer when you have a moment. I can't call it one of my most favorite specials of his. But even when Dave Chappelle doesn't exceed my usual Dave Chappelle expectations, he's still better than most others in comedy.

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Crowder REACTS! 'FAUCI' Propaganda Trailer From Disney+ | Louder With Crowderyoutu.be

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Dave Chappelle Cracks Politically Incorrect Joke About ...

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Breaking News – Showtime Presents "Even More Funny Women of a Certain Age" on Wednesday, November 24 at 10 PM ET/PT | TheFutonCritic.com -…

Posted: at 11:48 am

SHOWTIME(R) PRESENTS "EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE" ON WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 24 at 10 PM ET/PT

New Special Features Emmy(R) Nominee Teri Hatcher in First-Ever Stand-Up Performance

LOS ANGELES - November, 5 2021 - The hit comedy showcase FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE makes its return to SHOWTIME with a third comedy special, EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE. Emmy nominee and SAG Award winner Teri Hatcher (Desperate Housewives) leads a cast of female comedy veterans in her debut comedy special for a night of over-the-top uninhibited stand-up. The hour-long special also stars Carole Montgomery, Wendy Liebman, Monique Marvez, Leighann Lord and Marsha Warfield, who talk sex, dating and how they hilariously made it through the pandemic. Filmed at the Irvine Improv in Orange County, California, EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE premieres on Wednesday, November 24 at 10 p.m. ET/PT. To watch and share a trailer from EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE go to:

EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE is part of a monthly comedy showcase in New York and Los Angeles hosted by creator Montgomery, a well-known fixture on the comedy scene who has performed for more than 40 years. She's made numerous television appearances, including Politically Incorrect and Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn, starred in two long-running Las Vegas revues and made nearly a dozen tours around the world for Armed Forces Entertainment, performing for our troops.

EVEN MORE FUNNY WOMEN OF A CERTAIN AGE is a Killer Bunny Entertainment production. Carole Montgomery, Dave Goldberg and Robert Cea serve as executive producers.

Showtime Networks Inc. (SNI), a wholly owned subsidiary of ViacomCBS Inc., owns and operates the premium service SHOWTIME(R), which features critically acclaimed original series, provocative documentaries, box-office hit films, comedy and music specials and hard-hitting sports. SHOWTIME is available as a stand-alone streaming service across all major streaming devices and Showtime.com, as well as via cable, DBS, telco and streaming video providers. SNI also operates the premium services THE MOVIE CHANNEL(TM) and FLIX(R), as well as on demand versions of all three brands. SNI markets and distributes sports and entertainment events for exhibition to subscribers on a pay-per-view basis through SHOWTIME PPV(R). For more information, go to http://www.SHO.com.

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Breaking News - Showtime Presents "Even More Funny Women of a Certain Age" on Wednesday, November 24 at 10 PM ET/PT | TheFutonCritic.com -...

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Christianity – The immortality of the soul | Britannica

Posted: November 5, 2021 at 10:44 pm

Human beings seem always to have had some notion of a shadowy double that survives the death of the body. But the idea of the soul as a mental entity, with intellectual and moral qualities, interacting with a physical organism but capable of continuing after its dissolution, derives in Western thought from Plato and entered into Judaism during approximately the last century before the Common Era and thence into Christianity. In Jewish and Christian thinking it has existed in tension with the idea of the resurrection of the person conceived as an indissoluble psychophysical unity. Christian thought gradually settled into a pattern that required both of these apparently divergent ideas. At death the soul is separated from the body and exists in a conscious or unconscious disembodied state. But on the future Day of Judgment souls will be re-embodied (whether in their former but now transfigured earthly bodies or in new resurrection bodies) and will live eternally in the heavenly kingdom.

Within this framework, philosophical discussion has centred mainly on the idea of the immaterial soul and its capacity to survive the death of the body. Plato, in the Phaedo, argued that the soul is inherently indestructible. To destroy something, including the body, is to disintegrate it into its constituent elements; but the soul, as a mental entity, is not composed of parts and is thus an indissoluble unity. Although Aquinass concept of the soul, as the form of the body, was derived from Aristotle rather than Plato, Aquinas too argued for its indestructibility (Summa theologiae, I, Q. 76, art. 6). The French philosopher Jacques Maritain (18821973), a modern Thomist, summarized the conclusion as follows: A spiritual soul cannot be corrupted, since it possesses no matter; it cannot be disintegrated, since it has no substantial parts; it cannot lose its individual unity, since it is self-subsisting, nor its internal energy since it contains within itself all the sources of its energies (The Range of Reason, 1952). But though it is possible to define the soul in such a way that it is incorruptible, indissoluble, and self-subsisting, critics have asked whether there is any good reason to think that souls as thus defined exist. If, on the other hand, the soul means the conscious mind or personalitysomething whose immortality would be of great interest to human beingsthis does not seem to be an indissoluble unity. On the contrary, it seems to have a kind of organic unity that can vary in degree but that is also capable of fragmentation and dissolution.

Much modern philosophical analysis of the concept of mind is inhospitable to the idea of immortality, for it equates mental life with the functioning of the physical brain (see mind, philosophy of). Impressed by evidence of the dependence of mind on brain, some Christian thinkers have been willing to accept the viewcorresponding to the ancient Hebrew understandingof the human being as an indissoluble psychophysical unity, but these thinkers have still maintained a belief in immortality, not as the mind surviving the body, but as a divine resurrection or re-creation of the living body-mind totality. Such resurrection persons would presumably be located in a space different from that which they now inhabit and would presumably undergo a development from the condition of a dying person to that of a viable inhabitant of the resurrection world. But all theories in this area have their own difficulties, and alternative theories emerged.

Kant offered a different kind of argument for immortalityas a postulate of the moral life. The claim of the moral law demands that human beings become perfect. This is something that can never be finally achieved but only asymptotically approached, and such an unending approach requires the unending existence of the soul. This argument also is open to criticism. Are humans indeed subject to a strict obligation to attain moral perfection? Might not their obligation, as finite creatures, be to do the best they can? But this does not seem to entail immortality.

It should be noted that the debate concerning arguments about the immortality of the soul and the existence of God has been as much among Christian philosophers as between them and non-Christian thinkers. It is by no means the case that Christian thinkers have all regarded the project of natural theology as viable. There have indeed been, and are, many who hold that divine existence can be definitively proved or shown to be objectively probable. But many others not only hold that the attempted proofs all require premises that a disbeliever is under no rational obligation to accept but also question the evidentialist assumption that the only route to rational theistic belief is by inference from previously accepted evidence-stating premises.

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Christianity - The immortality of the soul | Britannica

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Things you dont learn in medical school: Caduceus

Posted: at 10:44 pm

J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015 Apr; 7(Suppl 1): S49S50.

Department of ENT, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Received 2014 Oct 31; Revised 2014 Oct 31; Accepted 2014 Nov 9.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

It is a known fact that every symbol has a unique meaning. In that case what does this unique symbol, Caduceus, which is used, in various forms and modifications, by many medical organizations mean? Is it just a custom or does it have a deeper meaning? The story of this medical symbol started way back in 1400 BC, travelled through time, has undergone many changes, misconceptions and has finally reached the present state. Here we have tried to give you a glimpse of how it has evolved over time, what it actually means, what have we interpreted and what can we learn from it.

KEY WORDS: Caduceus, rod of asclepius, medical symbol

There are certain things that will not be taught in medical schools, and it is usually learnt out of our own interests. The Caduceus is one of them. Being in the medical profession for so many years, have we ever thought what that symbol that we wear on our coats, print on our prescription pads and textbooks, stand for? So let us get reminded of some of the long forgotten facts in medicine. The worthiness of the medical symbol has been debated for a long time.[1] If you observe closely there are two symbols that are used to represent medicine as seen in .[2] One is the Caduceus, and the other is the Rod of Asclepius. Caduceus is a symbol with a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings while the Rod of Asclepius is the one with a single snake.[3] The similarity between both these symbols is the snake.

Left side image is the Rod of Asclepius while the right side image is the caduceus

Have you ever wondered why is a snake, which is a symbol of destruction[4] used ironically as a symbol of healing? Well, the answer lies deep sown in history when Moses, around 1400 BC, used the bronze serpent erected on the pole to cure the people who were bitten by snakes.[5] The other reasons why serpent has been used is the shedding of the skin that indicated longevity and immortality. The snake's ability to change from a lethargic stage to one of rapid activity symbolized the power to convalesce from an illness.[2] Charas and Martyn (1673) subjected the viper[6] to innumerable experimental investigations and concluded they were valuable remedies for itch, erysipelas, measles, smallpox, leprosy and were a valuable adjunct to the production of a beautiful skin.[6] Hence, the snake has been a powerful symbol of healing itself.[7]

The snake mentioned in the symbol is an Aesculapian snake which belongs to the family Colubridae. Its zoological name Elaphe longissima. Smooth, glossy, and slender, the snake has a uniformly brown back with a streak of darker color behind the eyes. The snake's belly is yellowish or whitish and has ridged scales that catch easily on rough surfaces[8] (like that of a pole or staff).

The confusion starts with the use of Caduceus and Rod of Asclepius. The Caduceus is a symbol of Hermes or Mercury in Greek and Roman mythology. Caduceus symbol is identified with thieves, merchants, and messengers, and Mercury is said to be a patron of thieves and outlaws, not a desirable protector of physicians.[8] The symbol originated when Mercury once attempted to stop a fight between two snakes by throwing his rod at them, whereupon they twined themselves around the rod, and the symbol was born.[2,8,9] The Rod of Asclepius belongs to Aesculapius, who was the revered Greek god of healing.

The modern use of staff of Aesculapius started when The American Medical Association had the staff of Aesculapius as its symbol in 1910. The Royal Army Medical Corp, French Military Service, and other medical organizations had done the same. Even today the World Health Organization, Medical Council of India symbols have the staff of Aesculapius in them. US Army Medical Corps, the Public Health Service, and the US Marine Hospital however use the Caduceus largely as a result of the adoption of the Caduceus as its insignia by the US Army Medical Corps in 1902.[10] Thus, it symbolizes administrative emblem, implying neutral and noncombatant status.[11]

In 1990, a survey was done in the US and it was found that 62% of the professional associations used the Rod of Aesculapius while 37% used the Caduceus and 76% of commercial organizations used the Caduceus.[12]

Does any disease that can be treated by a stick come to your mind? Yes, it is none other than Dracunculus medinensis the guinea worm. This is potentially a disease that can be treated with the stick that was also one of the reasons why the medical symbol originated.[13]

The use of the symbol is very ironical as how can destructive creatures used to represent a healing purpose. The answer lies in the snakes characters of, skin shedding representing immortal life, sudden change in activity emphasizing transit from sickness to cure, early use in the bible, and most important of all it was used by Asclepius who is the god of healing.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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