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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Environmental DNA reveals the secrets of a California creek and beyond – The Mercury News

Posted: December 29, 2021 at 10:02 am

A plop of rain met parched California ground and trickled into a creek. There it scraped against fish and slipped through their gills, stealing traces of each encounter. The droplet then carried the genetic souvenirs downstream until it reached an innovative device that helped unlock the secrets of the creeks creatures.

We call this a microbiology lab in a can, said Jim Birch, director of the SURF center at the Moss Landing-based Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.

That can is actually MBARIs environmental sample processor, a $200,000 robotic laboratory the size of a 50-gallon drum. It gathers genetic clues cells, mucus, feces from ecosystems that are collectively dubbed environmental DNA, or eDNA.

In a project on Scott Creek north of Davenport, the device produced one of the nations largest single-site eDNA data collections. From April 2019 to April 2020, scientists uncovered details about endangered and invasive species in the freshwater ecosystem. Now a scientific paper in the works, the study reinforces the growing interest in detecting and better protecting hard-to-find species using eDNA monitoring instead of more invasive techniques such as fish counts.

It has that ability to do that without having to put a lot of nets in the water, said MBARIs Kevan Yamahara, a specialist on the device and one of the papers authors.

Worldwide interest in eDNAs ability to detect rare organisms has expanded over the past few decades. The new technology rediscovered a rare aquatic insect population in the United Kingdom. It detected more mammals than traditional camera traps in the Canadian wilderness. It helped track the spread of the coronavirus.

In Scott Creek, MBARIs device pumped water from the creeks flow and pushed it through a filter several times a day. Once the filter collected enough materials, the machine applied a preservative. According to Yamahara, each filter was then shelved in a carousel similar to the bullet-loaded chamber of a gun. Once the carousel filled with 132 samples, researchers collected the data and brought it to their Moss Landing lab.

Nearly 700 samples emerged from the yearlong monitoring. Researchers focused on the creeks endangered coho salmon and threatened steelhead trout populations, both commercially important fish. Since Scott Creek is one of the southernmost points where coho salmon come to lay eggs, its crucial to know how the species is faring, said Birch, who is also an author of the soon-to-be-submitted research manuscript.

In the creek, the device sat next to a more established monitoring tool: a weir operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Birch said that the weir, a perforated flow-through dam, has allowed NOAA staff to tally, inspect and release fish on a seasonal basis for two decades.

The fish counts continued throughout the project and allowed for comparisons of traditional and emerging monitoring techniques. From the samples, the team gleaned that the amount of steelhead trout DNA usually surpassed that of coho salmon. This complemented the numbers observed in the NOAA fish traps, according to Ryan Searcy, an environmental engineering doctoral student at Stanford and the research papers lead author.

The collected eDNA also provided seasonal data that mirrored the suspected life histories of species through winter rains, summer dry spells and most days in between. The information unveiled the best times to conduct eDNA sampling for certain species, Yamahara said.

The highest concentrations of coho salmon eDNA, for example, appeared during the winter when the fish were thought to be migrating and laying eggs. During the fall, when the creeks flow diminished, so did the amount of salmon eDNA. The findings gave researchers confidence in the data and suggested that the new monitoring methods could be well-suited for documenting the behaviors of migratory fish, Searcy said.

The data revealed other secrets of the creek: The team found that less than 1% of the eDNA came from invasive species. That low number offers hope that species like the New Zealand mudsnail and striped bass are not yet present in the creek, Searcy said. Such monitoring could offer scientists early warning signs for invasive species before ever observing them, Yamahara said.

You dont have to actually physically go and physically look for those specimens, Yamahara said. You can just take a water sample and process it.

MBARIs environmental sample processor traveled around the world when it was unveiled in the late 2000s, Birch said. The version of the Scott Creek device has since transformed into a new model the size of two basketballs.

Researchers included the upgraded tech in underwater autonomous vehicles now used to explore marine habitats like those in Monterey Bay, Birch said. Theyre also used in the Great Lakes to track harmful algae blooms, Yamahara said.

As eDNA monitoring evolves from stationary machinery to traveling endeavors across ecosystems, Yamahara hopes that the technology will progress even more for use in freshwater habitats like Scott Creek. But while the device could revolutionize ecosystem monitoring, the prototype has limitations.

The sheer amount of genetic information the new devices provide, for instance, can overwhelm labs, Birch said. To fix this problem, hed like to see future versions of the tech do that analysis on-site.

Thats really the Holy Grail the brass ring that we are trying to push for here at MBARI to go beyond the simple sampling and do the processing onboard as well, he said.

There were also discrepancies between old and new monitoring strategies. The team detected fish eDNA more frequently than the fish were counted in NOAAs fish traps. Thats unexpected but not unheard of in the field, according to Searcy, especially since detected eDNA could belong to fish upstream of the sampling site.

Since each technique reveals different details about species, they should be seen as complementary at this point, the researchers say. That combination is valuable and rare in the greater Bay Area, said Brian Allee, the lead fisheries biologist at the South Bay Clean Creeks Coalition who was not involved in the study.

While the devices price tag can limit its use, Allee would like to see its eDNA monitoring applied to local urban streams to further investigate endangered species.

What we really want are wild populations spawning on their own on a sustainable basis, he said. That has been a difficult process one in which technology is important since we cant turn the clock back to the Lewis and Clark era.

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Genomic sequencing: Heres how researchers identify Omicron and other COVID-19 variants – North Carolina Health News

Posted: at 10:02 am

By Andre Hudson and Christa Wadsworth

The Conversation

How do scientists detect new variants of the virus that causes COVID-19? The answer is a process called DNA sequencing.

Researchers sequence DNA to determine the order of the four chemical building blocks, or nucleotides, that make it up: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. The millions to billions of these building blocks paired up together collectively make up a genome that contains all the genetic information an organism needs to survive.

When an organism replicates, it makes a copy of its entire genome to pass on to its offspring. Sometimes errors in the copying process can lead to mutations in which one or more building blocks are swapped, deleted or inserted. This may alter genes, the instruction sheets for the proteins that allow an organism to function, and can ultimately affect the physical characteristics of that organism. In humans, for example, eye and hair color are the result of genetic variations that can arise from mutations. In the case of the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, mutations can change its ability to spread, cause infection or even evade the immune system.

We are both biochemists and microbiologists who teach about and study the genomes of bacteria. We both use DNA sequencing in our research to understand how mutations affect antibiotic resistance. The tools we use to sequence DNA in our work are the same ones scientists are using right now to study the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

One of the earliest methods scientists used in the 1970s and 1980s was Sanger sequencing, which involves cutting up DNA into short fragments and adding radioactive or fluorescent tags to identify each nucleotide. The fragments are then put through an electric sieve that sorts them by size. Compared with newer methods, Sanger sequencing is slow and can process only relatively short stretches of DNA. Despite these limitations, it provides highly accurate data, and some researchers are still actively using this method to sequence SARS-CoV-2 samples.

Since the late 1990s, next-generation sequencing has revolutionized how researchers collect data on and understand genomes. Known as NGS, these technologies are able to process much higher volumes of DNA at the same time, significantly reducing the amount of time it takes to sequence a genome.

There are two main types of NGS platforms: second-generation and third-generation sequencers.

Second-generation technologies are able to read DNA directly. After DNA is cut up into fragments, short stretches of genetic material called adapters are added to give each nucleotide a different color. For example, adenine is colored blue and cytosine is colored red. Finally, these DNA fragments are fed into a computer and reassembled into the entire genomic sequence.

Third-generation technologies like the Nanopore MinIon directly sequence DNA by passing the entire DNA molecule through an electrical pore in the sequencer. Because each pair of nucleotides disrupts the electrical current in a particular way, the sequencer can read these changes and upload them directly to a computer. This allows clinicians to sequence samples at point-of-care clinical and treatment facilities. However, Nanopore sequences smaller volumes of DNA compared with other NGS platforms.

Though each class of sequencer processes DNA in a different way, they can all report the millions or billions of building blocks that make up genomes in a short time from a few hours to a few days. For example, the Illumina NovaSeq can sequence roughly 150 billion nucleotides, the equivalent of 48 human genomes, in just three days.

So why is genomic sequencing such an important tool in combating the spread of SARS-CoV-2?

Rapid public health responses to SARS-CoV-2 require intimate knowledge of how the virus is changing over time. Scientists have been using genome sequencing to track SARS-CoV-2 almost in real time since the start of the pandemic. Millions of individual SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been sequenced and housed in various public repositories like the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data and the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Genomic surveillance has guided public health decisions as each new variant has emerged. For example, sequencing the genome of the omicron variant allowed researchers to detect over 30 mutations in the spike protein that allows the virus to bind to cells in the human body. This makes omicron a variant of concern, as these mutations are known to contribute to the viruss ability to spread. Researchers are still learning about how these mutations might affect the severity of the infections omicron causes, and how well its able to evade current vaccines.

Sequencing also has helped researchers identify variants that spread to new regions. Upon receiving a SARS-CoV-2 sample collected from a traveler who returned from South Africa on Nov. 22, 2021, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, were able to detect omicrons presence in five hours and had nearly the entire genome sequenced in eight. Since then, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been monitoring omicrons spread and advising the government on ways to prevent widespread community transmission.

The rapid detection of omicron worldwide emphasizes the power of robust genomic surveillance and the value of sharing genomic data across the globe. Understanding the genetic makeup of the virus and its variants gives researchers and public health officials insights into how to best update public health guidelines and maximize resource allocation for vaccine and drug development. By providing essential information on how to curb the spread of new variants, genomic sequencing has saved and will continue to save countless lives over the course of the pandemic.

This article is republished from The Conversation, under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article here.

Andre Hudson is Professor and Head of the Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Crista Wadsworth is the Assistant Professor in the Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, also at Rochester Institute of Technology

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by The Conversation, North Carolina Health News December 29, 2021

This article first appeared on North Carolina Health News and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.

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Global DTC DNA Test Kits Industry Forecast to 2026 – Increasing Number of Hereditary Diseases, Increasing – Benzinga

Posted: at 10:02 am

Dublin, Dec. 29, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "DTC (Direct to Consumer) DNA Test Kits Market - Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2021-2026)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global DTC DNA Test Kits Market is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of nearly 24% during the forecast period.

The major factors attributing to the growth of this market are increasing demand for paternity testing, rising prevalence of hereditary diseases, and rise in interest of consumers & physicians in DTC kits & consequent rise in sales of DNA test kits.

Furthermore, the growing number of laboratories researching the DNA kits for gynecological purposes is also a major factor that drives the market growth. For instance, the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service has stated that around 3 to 6% of babies worldwide are born with a congenital anomaly every year, this increases the need for the prenatal testing for anomalies. The difficulty in understanding the results of the kits and very less information about the companies selling the kits are restraining the growth of the market.

Furthermore the market is largely penetrating towards new research fields of medicine and healthcare as such the innovation of probes for preimplantation, prenatal, and postnatal genetic testing research drives the overall market growth.

Demand for Ancestry Testing Expected to Increase

The increasing number of people who are interested in knowing their ancestors and family tree increases the demand for DTC DNA test kits, especially in developing countries.

The increasing number of companies such as 23andMe are found to offer various DNA kits that are helpful in ancestry testing. Developed countries are also witnessing the high demand for such products as awareness about such technologies is higher.

North America Dominates the Market

North America is expected to dominate the overall DTC DNA test kits market, throughout the forecast period. The growth is due to factors such as the growing prevalence of congenital anomalies and increasing government initiatives for genetic diagnosis. In the North America region, the United States holds the largest market share due to factors such as high disposable income, and easy acceptance of such kits in the country is expected to increase the demand in this region.

However, Asia Pacific is anticipated to be the fastest-growing market due to the increasing awareness programs and developments undertaken by government bodies to accelerate genetic research in Asian countries. The Asia Pacific will proliferate at a speedy rate due to rapid technological updates in the healthcare sector.

Competitive Landscape

The market studied is moderately competitive and consists of few major players. Growing biotech industry is augmenting the rise in new entrants in this market. It is believed that there will be penetration of the few small to mid sized companies in this market.

Key Topics Covered

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Market Drivers4.2.1 Increasing Demand for Paternity Testing4.2.2 Increasing Number of Hereditary Diseases4.2.3 Rise in Interest of Consumers & Physicians in DTC Kits & Consequent Rise in Sales of DNA Test Kits4.3 Market Restraints4.3.1 Lack of Awareness and Proper Genetic Counselling4.3.2 Regulatory Challenges Pertaining to the Use of DTC Genetic Tests4.4 Porter's Five Force Analysis

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Sample Type5.1.1 Saliva5.1.2 Cheek Swab5.2 By Application5.2.1 Genetic Relatedness5.2.2 Health & Fitness5.2.3 Ancestry Testing5.2.4 Other Applications5.3 Geography5.3.1 North America5.3.2 Europe5.3.3 Asia-Pacific5.3.4 Middle East and Africa5.3.5 South America

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 Ancestry.com LLC6.1.2 23andMe6.1.3 MyHeritage Ltd.6.1.4 Gene by Gene6.1.5 Living DNA Ltd.6.1.6 Helix OpCo, LLC6.1.7 Veritas Genetics6.1.8 Futura Genetics6.1.9 MapMyGenome

7 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/awgt0i

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Editing the produce gene – Produce Blue Book

Posted: at 10:01 am

I spent part of my workday on Wednesday watching a rerun. It was of a Virtual Town Hall meeting entitled Gene Editing: The Future of the Produce Industry?, by the Produce Marketing Association BB #:153708, originally broadcast July 28.

PMA broadcast it again because of its popularity.

It answered one of the proverbial dumb questions that journalists, if no one else, should ask. In this case, whats the difference between genetic engineering and gene editing?

A rigorous answer to this question would depend on your location because various nations define (and regulate) the two differently.

This is essentially the difference: if an organism has been modified by the insertion of foreign DNA, its genetically modified (a GMO, for short).

Gene editing, on the other hand, is modifying genes in a way that could be achieved by plant breeding, except gene editing takes much less time. (For details, see here).

The United States regulates the two methods differently.

USDA issued this statement in March 2018: USDA does not regulate or have any plans to regulate plants that could otherwise have been developed through traditional breeding techniques as long as they are not plant pests or developed using plant pests. This includes a set of new techniques that are increasingly being used by plant breeders to produce new plant varieties that are indistinguishable from those developed through traditional breeding methods.

As an example of gene editing, panelist Haven Baker, cofounder and chief business officer of Pairwise, points to one of his companys current projects: the pitless cherry.

With conventional breeding, it would take 150 years, he remarks. But his company is three years into the project. He predicts that pitless cherries will be on the market by the end of the decade.

Seedless blackberries are further along: Baker estimates they will be available in a couple of years.

Another item: a watermelon that produces a natural zero-calorie sweetener, which panelist Fayaz Khazi, CEO of Bio Life Systems, says is producing to scale now.

Gene editing, panelist Gilad Gershon, CEO of Tropic Biosciences, says, is very specific. You maybe only change one nutrient, or disease resistance.

One example is TR4 Fusarium wilt, which afflicts Cavendish bananas and, if not checked, can destroy the world banana industry as it is now known.

We try to identify genes that affect Fusarium resistance, and try to fit them to consumer needs, Khazi says.

The panel kept returning to one major theme: the importance of consumer wants in gene editing crops. We try not to guess what the market needs, stresses Khazi.

Indeed, the disconnect between real and perceived consumer needs is the biggest bottleneck, Khazi adds. Surprisingly, the biology of the plant is never the bottleneck.

Currently, no produce items are on the market in this country that are products of gene editing, the panelists noted, although Japan has introduced a tomato with a high GABA content that is available there.

Eventually, Khazi predicts, the two categories of GMO and gene editing will merge.

In any case, gene editing is part of the produce industrys present and will become an increasingly important element of its future. Think of it as plant breeding on fast forward.

And never forget to ask dumb questions.

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Editing the produce gene - Produce Blue Book

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What is the new UAE-approved Sinopharm vaccine and how does it work? – The National

Posted: at 10:01 am

The UAE the most-vaccinated country in the world against Covid-19 has approved another vaccine from Chinas Sinopharm, to be used as a booster.

As reported in The National, the Ministry of Health and Prevention gave emergency approval this week for the recombinant protein-based vaccine before a roll-out set to begin next month.

State news agency Wam said that clinical trials in the Emirates showed the vaccine stimulated an immune response and did not result in side effects.

Among those involved in the trials were people who had previously received two doses of the Sinopharm inactivated vaccine, which has been widely used in the Emirates.

Here we take a look at the new Sinopharm shot.

The UAE has approved a new vaccine to be used as a booster for anyone who has received two doses of Sinopharm. Pawan Singh / The National

The word recombinant refers to the fact that genetic engineering has been used to produce the new Sinopharm vaccine.

Typically this involves genetic material from the pathogen being inserted into the genetic material of another organism, such as a yeast or a bacterium.

This causes the genetically engineered organism to produce, in this case, coronavirus proteins, which are extracted and purified, and included as part of the active ingredient of the vaccine.

When the vaccine is injected, the immune system recognises the coronavirus proteins -which are antigens as foreign and responds by producing antibodies and other substances to use against them.

If the vaccine recipient is subsequently infected with the coronavirus, the earlier immune response to the vaccine means the immune system is prepared and should be better able to mount a defence against the pathogen.

Unlike messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, such as the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech shots, recombinant protein-based vaccines were already being given to people before the coronavirus emerged.

The first vaccine based on recombinant DNA methods was one against Hepatitis B, that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1986.

For this vaccine, the antigen is produced by yeast cells that have had genes for the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) inserted into their genetic material.

Some influenza (flu) vaccines are also produced using recombinant technology.

In this case, host cells produce haemagglutinin, an influenza surface protein.

There are other, older forms of technology used to produce vaccines. Inactivated vaccines, for example, have been used for more than a century.

These are often created by producing large numbers of virus particles before they are inactivated with chemicals, heat or radiation. The vaccine may contain the whole virus or just components of it.

Recombinant protein-based vaccines have been extremely useful and extremely innovative, according to Prof John Oxford, emeritus professor of virology at Queen Mary University of London and co-author of the textbook Human Virology.

Ive got nothing but admiration for the whole technology, he said.

Ive got respect for Sinopharm and the other companies in China. Theyre well established.

He added that it was good that vaccines based on several types of technology including mRNA vaccines, inactivated vaccines and recombinant protein-based vaccines, among others had been produced to combat Covid-19.

We dont know all the ins and outs of these different vaccines against Covid, he said.

Some may produce a quick immune response, some a slow immune response.

Some [may produce a] very broad [response], including T cells [a type of immune cell] as well as B cells [which produce antibodies], others a slow but longer-lived response. There are so many variations on the theme. Until the playing field levels, we will not be able to see which is best.

Some influenza (flu) vaccines are also produced using recombinant technology. PA

Sinopharm, the trading name of China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (CNPGC), has been one of the key producers of Covid-19 vaccines.

It has two inactivated Covid-19 vaccines, one of which, BBIBP-CorV (sometimes written simply as BIBP), was assessed during clinical trials in the UAE and other countries.

With this vaccine, large numbers of coronavirus particles are produced using vero cells, a type of lab-grown cell line, before the virus particles are rendered harmless or inactivated by chemical treatment.

Many people in the UAE who received this vaccine in the UAE were subsequently given a dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine as a booster.

In April media reported that China National Biotec Group Company, a Sinopharm subsidiary, had received approval to begin human trials of its protein-based coronavirus vaccine.

Five months later, in September, Sinopharm unveiled four second-generation Covid-19 vaccines designed to be more effective against the Beta and Delta coronavirus variants.

These four vaccines were of three types: inactivated virus, mRNA and recombinant protein-based, the last of which is the technology behind the vaccine being rolled out in the UAE.

Hayat Biotech is a joint venture between Sinopharm and G42, an Abu Dhabi-based technology company. Photo: G42 Healthcare

As reported in The National, the new Sinopharm vaccine, which will be used from January 2022, is being produced by Hayat Biotech.

Hayat Biotech Hayat is the Arabic word for life is a joint venture between Sinopharm and G42, an Abu Dhabi-based technology company.

In 2020 G42 teamed up with Sinopharm to help administer clinical trials of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine in the UAE.

The two companies joint venture this year began production of BBIBP-CorV in the UAE under the name Hayat-Vax. This made the UAE the first Arab nation to manufacture Covid-19 shots.

Production started in a pharmaceutical plant in Ras Al Khaimah run by Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries PSC (Julphar), before the expected transfer to a new Hayat Biotech facility in Abu Dhabi capable of producing 200 million doses per year.

Updated: December 29th 2021, 3:00 AM

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Novavax and Serum Institute of India Receive Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 Vaccine in India – KPVI News 6

Posted: at 10:01 am

GAITHERSBURG, Md. and PUNE, India, Dec. 28, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX), a biotechnology company dedicated to developing and commercializing next-generation vaccines for serious infectious diseases, and Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. (SII), the world's largest vaccine manufacturer by volume, today announcedthat the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has granted emergency use authorization (EUA) for Novavax' recombinant nanoparticle protein-based COVID-19 vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant. The vaccine will be manufactured and marketed in India by SII under the brand name Covovax.

"No one is safe until everyone is safe, and today's authorization marks a vital step for India, where additional vaccine options and millions of doses are needed in the country's ongoing efforts to control the pandemic," said Stanley C. Erck, President and Chief Executive Officer, Novavax. "Novavax and SII will not rest in our partnership to deliver our vaccine to those in India and across the globe, as we work to protect the health of people everywhere."

Because the vaccine is stored with standard refrigeration at 2 to 8 Celsius, it may be transported and stored using existing vaccine supply chain, potentially increasing access in hard-to-reach areas.

"The approval of Covovax in India marks a significant milestonein strengthening our immunization efforts across India and LMICs," said Adar Poonawalla, Chief Executive Officer, Serum Institute of India. "We are proud to deliver a protein-based COVID-19 vaccine, based on Phase 3 clinical data demonstrating more than 90% efficacy and a favorable safety profile, to our nation."

The Novavax/SII vaccine recently received EUA inIndonesiaand the Philippines, as well as Emergency Use Listing (EUL) with theWorld Health Organization(WHO). Novavax was also granted Conditional Marketing Authorization by the European Commission and EUL with the WHO for its vaccine, which will be marketed by Novavax as NuvaxovidTM. Novavax has also announced regulatory filings for its vaccine in multiple countries worldwide, while partners SK bioscience and Takeda have submitted regulatory filings inSouth Koreaand Japan, respectively.Novavax expects to submit the complete package to the U.S. FDA by the end of the year.

For additional information on Covovax, please visit the following websites in the coming days:

Authorized Use of Novavax' Covid-19 Vaccine in India

The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for Covovax /Recombinant Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Virus 5 mcgto induce immunity against SARS-CoV-2 to prevent COVID-19 for adults 18 years old and above.

Authorization in the U.S.

NVX-CoV2373 has not yet been authorized for use in the U.S. and the trade name Nuvaxovid has not yet been approved by the U.S. FDA.

Important Safety Information

Covovax is contraindicated in persons who have hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients of this vaccine.

About NVX-CoV2373

NVX-CoV2373 is a protein-based vaccine engineered from the genetic sequence of the first strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease. NVX-CoV2373 was created using Novavax' recombinant nanoparticle technology to generate antigen derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein and is formulated with Novavax' patented saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies. NVX-CoV2373 contains purified protein antigen and can neither replicate, nor can it cause COVID-19.

Novavax' COVID-19 vaccine is packaged as a ready-to-use liquid formulation in a vial containing ten doses. The vaccination regimen calls for two 0.5 ml doses (5 mcg antigen and 50 mcg Matrix-M adjuvant) given intramuscularly 21 days apart. The vaccine is stored at 2- 8 Celsius, enabling the use of existing vaccine supply and cold chain channels. The current assigned shelf-life of the vaccine is 9 months.

Novavax has established partnerships for the manufacture, commercialization and distribution of NVX-CoV2373 worldwide.

About the NVX-CoV2373 Phase 3 trials

NVX-CoV2373 is being evaluated in two pivotal Phase 3 trials.

A trial conducted in the U.K. with 14,039 participants was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study and achieved overall efficacy of 89.7%. The primary endpoint was based on the first occurrence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic (mild, moderate or severe) COVID-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second study vaccination in serologically negative (to SARS-CoV-2) adult participants at baseline. Full results of the trial were published in theNew England Journal of Medicine(NEJM).

PREVENT-19, a trial in the U.S. andMexico, with 25,452 participants, achieved 90.4% efficacy overall. It was designed as a 2:1 randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2373. The primary endpoint for PREVENT-19 was the first occurrence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic (mild, moderate or severe) COVID-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose in serologically negative (to SARS-CoV-2) adult participants at baseline. The statistical success criterion included a lower bound of 95% CI >30%. The key secondary endpoint is the prevention of PCR-confirmed, symptomatic moderate or severe COVID-19. Both endpoints were assessed at least seven days after the second study vaccination in volunteers who had not been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. It was generally well-tolerated and elicited a robust antibody response in both studies. Full results of the trial were published inNEJM.

About Matrix-M Adjuvant

Novavax' patented saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant has demonstrated a potent and well-tolerated effect by stimulating the entry of antigen-presenting cells into the injection site and enhancing antigen presentation in local lymph nodes, boosting immune response.

About Novavax

Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX) is a biotechnology company that promotes improved health globally through the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. The company's proprietary recombinant technology platform harnesses the power and speed of genetic engineering to efficiently produce highly immunogenic nanoparticles designed to address urgent global health needs. NVX-CoV2373, the company's COVID-19 vaccine, received Conditional Marketing Authorization from the European Commission, Emergency Use Listing from the World Health Organization, Emergency Use Authorization inIndia, Indonesiaandthe Philippines, and has been submitted for regulatory authorization in multiple markets globally. NanoFlu, the company's quadrivalent influenza nanoparticle vaccine, met all primary objectives in its pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in older adults. Novavax is currently evaluating a COVID-NanoFlu combination vaccine in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial, which combines the company's NVX-CoV2373 and NanoFlu vaccine candidates. These vaccine candidates incorporate Novavax' proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies.

For more information, visitwww.novavax.comand connect with us on Twitter,LinkedIn, Instagram and Facebook.

About Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.

Driven by the philanthropic philosophy of affordable vaccines,Serum Institute of India Pvt, Ltd.is the world's largest vaccine manufacturer by number of doses produced and sold globally (more than 1.5 billion doses), supplying the world's least expensive and WHO-accredited vaccines to as many as 170 countries. It was founded in 1966 with the aim of manufacturing lifesaving immunobiological drugs including vaccines worldwide. With a strong commitment towards global health, the institute's objective has been proliferated by bringing down the prices of newer vaccines such as such as Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hib, BCG, r-Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccines. SII is credited with bringing world-class technology toIndia, through its state-of-the-art equipped multifunctional production facility in Manjari,Pune; association with Zipline and government agencies to transform emergency medicine and critical care along with spearheading the race of vaccine development against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements herein relating to the future of Novavax, its operating plans and prospects, the ongoing development of NVX-CoV2373 and its partnerships, the scope, timing and outcome of future regulatory filings and actions, the role that COVOVAX may play in helping to increase vaccination rates and to control the COVID-19 pandemic in India and across the globe, Novavax' and SII's continued efforts to deliver COVOVAX to those in India and across the globe, and COVOVAX's potential to increase vaccination access in hard-to-reach areas are forward-looking statements. Novavax cautions that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. These risks and uncertainties include challenges satisfying, alone or together with partners, various safety, efficacy, and product characterization requirements, including those related to process qualification and assay validation, necessary to satisfy applicable regulatory authorities; difficulty obtaining scarce raw materials and supplies; resource constraints, including human capital and manufacturing capacity, on the ability of Novavax to pursue planned regulatory pathways; challenges meeting contractual requirements under agreements with multiple commercial, governmental, and other entities; and those other risk factors identified in the "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections of Novavax' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We caution investors not to place considerable reliance on forward-looking statements contained in this press release. You are encouraged to read our filings with the SEC, available at http://www.sec.gov and http://www.novavax.com, for a discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements in this press release speak only as of the date of this document, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any of the statements. Our business is subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, including those referenced above. Investors, potential investors, and others should give careful consideration to these risks and uncertainties.

Contacts:

Investors

Novavax, Inc.

Erika Schultz | 240-268-2022

ir@novavax.com

Solebury Trout

Alexandra Roy | 617-221-9197

aroy@soleburytrout.com

Media

Ali Chartan | 240-720-7804

Laura Keenan Lindsey | 202-709-7521

media@novavax.com

Serum Institute of India

Mayank Sen | +919867974055

mayank.sen@seruminstitute.com

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Novavax and Serum Institute of India Receive Emergency Use Authorization for COVID-19 Vaccine in India - KPVI News 6

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Madurai Kamaraj University researcher develops kit to diagnose COVID-19 in 12 seconds – The Hindu

Posted: at 10:01 am

A researcher in the Madurai Kamaraj University (MKU) has come up with a diagnostic kit to detect COVID-19 infection in 12 seconds. The kit has been patented in India and the researcher has applied for patent at Geneva as well.

T. Arokiyadoss, Assistant Professor and in-charge head of the Department of Physics at the Directorate of Distance Education, developed the diagnostic kit based on lab-on-a-chip technology.

The research team included B. Ashokkumar, Associate Professor, Genetic Engineering Department, and P. Varalakshmi, Assistant Professor in the Molecular Microbiology Department in the School of Biotechnology. The then Vice-Chancellor of the university, M. Krishnan, partly funded the research.

The RT-PCR kit requires 30 minutes to do the test. Our kit can perform the same in just 12 seconds. The kit directly interacts with the virus. When the virus enters the body, it attaches itself to ACE2 (antigen converting enzyme 2) and multiplies. Out kit takes the mRNA from the virus, amplifies and quantifies the virus, explained Mr. Arokiyadoss.

The researchers then sought the support of Madurai Medical College officials, including the then Dean J. Shangumani, and the colleges Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, to test the kit. The college formed an ethical clearance board to approve the proposal.

We took 200 swab samples from COVID-19 infected patients to assess the performance of the kit. We were given 3 ml from the sample while another 3 ml went for the RT-PCR test. The results from both kits were similar, he said.

Mr. Arokiyadoss filed for a patent for his technology in India as well as in Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), Geneva. The PCT patent is pending approval. He has now signed an agreement with a Hyderabad-based private company that makes molecular diagnostics kits for manufacture and commercialisation of the device.

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What will your Christmas dinner look like in 2050? – The Conversation UK

Posted: at 10:00 am

In the Charles Dickens novel A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooges final transformation from miser to philanthropist is marked by the big juicy turkey that he orders for the struggling Cratchit family and which has inspired Christmas menus across Britain and North America ever since.

A family-sized turkey with all the trimmings, including mashed potatoes and stuffing, made for an impressive Christmas dinner centrepiece in Victorian households. Turkeys were also largely within economic reach for those on modest incomes compared with the grander cuts of venison and beef enjoyed by the upper classes meaning festive feasting could be celebrated by all.

Depending on your own personal traditions, it might be hard to imagine Christmas without a turkey. Yet festive menus in the UK looked very different before the 19th century. They often included a variety of meats, cakes and liquors, and there was little to distinguish Christmas food from that of other celebrations and holidays.

Two hundred years on from the Dickensian turkey boom, it seems our festive favourites might be due for another radical rethink. Slaughter-free meat and soilless vegetables are just some of the innovations that are predicted to revolutionise food production. Many of these technologies have emerged in response to turbulent times for traditional agriculture.

In the UK, turkey farmers are currently battling Brexit and COVID disruptions, plus a highly contagious outbreak of avian flu. Globally, meat and dairy producers face mounting pressures from the climate crisis, rising antimicrobial resistance and the growing popularity of plant-based alternatives. Even Christmas vegetables are threatened by drought, floods and the loss of agricultural land to soil erosion.

Weve watched enough sci-fi films to know that predicting exactly what the future will look like is a pretty futile task. Instead, weve served up a menu of possible food futures based on technologies that are currently in development.

According to culinary historian Cathy Kaufman, one of the legacies of A Christmas Carol was an awful slaughter of Christmas turkeys. Now, slaughter-free meat also known as cultured or cultivated meat is under development.

This approach uses animal cells to grow flesh outside the body in bioreactors (artificial systems supporting biological environments). Techniques like precision fermentation and genetic engineering are also being used to reprogramme yeast and bacteria cells to create cow-free milk and chicken-free eggs.

Cell-cultured turkeys probably wont be at the centre of Christmas tables for some time. The first cultured meat product to hit the market was a hybrid chicken nugget, made of a mixture of cultured cells and plant-based ingredients, in 2020. But we dont yet have the technical ability to create the more complex structures of larger joints of meat, though a lot of money is currently being thrown at this challenge.

Were already growing some of our fruit and veg in artificial, sustainable environments using soil-free hydroponic farms its a safe bet that the tomatoes in your fridge were grown hydroponically. This trend is set to continue, with brassicas like broccoli and Brussels sprouts now being grown without soil.

Yet many uncertainties remain over whether these technologies will be able to compete with industrial livestock production, or to deliver on the environmental and ethical leaps their advocates have promised.

Hybrid meat substitutes can offer meaty tastes and textures with a potentially smaller environmental footprint than conventional animal-based products. For a festive example, think hybrid pigs in blankets made from cultured pork and fat cells with added soy or pea proteins.

Hybrid products like these represent incremental steps in meat reduction rather than an immediate radical overhaul of the food system. Yet whether they provide a gateway for a long-term shift away from meat, or simply add to consumers options, remains to be seen.

If theres an overall reduction of meat production and consumption across the worlds biggest meat-eating nations like the UK and US, then high-quality real meat from smaller, climate-conscious producers could be reserved for celebratory occasions like Christmas. For the rest of the year, we could follow a menu of plant-based foods and meat alternatives. But a key challenge is whether people are willing to reduce meat to this extent.

The turkey dinner is, of course, only one version of many seasonal menus enjoyed by different cultures around the world meaning that we dont necessarily have to follow its formula when imagining future Christmas feasts.

We might be dining on insect-based Christmas pies with robot-harvested algae on the side, consuming festive-flavoured nutrient drinks, or eating imitation meats made from air-fed microbes.

Alternatively, we might ultimately reject conventional meat and ultra-processed protein products and embrace a meatless menu of vegetables and legumes as already enjoyed in some Christmas traditions across the world.

Many of these scenarios have far-reaching implications for the future of food and farming from changing agricultural livelihoods and landscapes, to deciding which industries are in control of our food systems.

While turkeys may vote for many of these options, its important to understand who else is set to benefit or lose in each case and what other solutions might be missing from the table. Change in food systems is nothing new. Considering how that change is made is, however, essential if we are to serve up the most sustainable and equitable futures for all.

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In-depth Research on Biohacking Market Forecast Estimation & Approach 2021-2026 | Fitbit, Apple, Synbiota, THE ODIN, HVMN, Moodmetric, and more |…

Posted: at 10:00 am

The prime objective of the Biohacking market report is to provide insights on the post-COVID-19 impact which will help market players like Fitbit, Apple, Synbiota, THE ODIN, HVMN, Moodmetric, and more in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users, and geography (North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America). The Biohacking market is predicted to witness significant growth throughout the forecast from 2021 to 2027. It commits various factors affecting industry like market environment, various policies of the government, past data and market trends, technological advancements, upcoming innovations, market risk factors, market restraints, and challenges within the Biohacking industry.

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How to watch the best TV shows of 2021: From You to Reservation Dogs – Vox.com

Posted: at 9:56 am

I have been making best TV lists in one form or another since 2006, taking only one year off in that entire time. (It was 2020, because I did this instead.) And in those 15 years, my introductions to my lists have only grown more ambivalent about the nature of list-making, especially for a medium where theres so much stuff to consume.

So in making my 2021 list, I opted not to try to have a comprehensive survey of the best because Im increasingly convinced that no one person can watch enough television to reasonably say what the best even is. What I watched this year was completely arbitrary. I long ago gave up on trying to keep up with TV as a medium, and I really only watched shows in 2021 if I thought I would find them interesting. So consider this list even more idiosyncratic and personal than it normally would be.

But I really do think that even if I had watched literally every show on TV, my top show of the year would have remained the same. Ive known what my No. 1 would be since I screened it last spring, and nothing has really challenged it for the top spot. So heres the best TV show of 2021, then 12 other shows I loved a bunch.

Any given series being lost amid the never-ending onslaught of new releases is completely understandable. I get why director Barry Jenkinss astonishing adaptation of Colson Whiteheads Pulitzer Prize-winning novel seemingly evaporated the instant it was released. Theres too much stuff!

Yet the fact that Prime Video seemed almost to treat this tremendous work the best TV series Ive seen in years and years as an afterthought continues to frustrate me. Yes, a 10-episode miniseries about slavery and the ways it paints every single element of life in the United States with its poisoned brush to this day was always going to be a tough sell. But Prime Video didnt even seem to try. (Releasing the series all at once when it resists easy binge-watching also may have been an issue.)

So let me do their job for them: This miniseries is a titanic piece of television. It follows an escaped slave named Cora (Thuso Mbedu) as she flees north, through a series of communities that serve almost as expressionistic explorations of the Black American experience in the wake of the Civil War, as potential progress is destroyed by white supremacy at every turn. All the while, she is pursued by a slave catcher who aims to drag her back to the plantation.

The miniseriess most successful choice is to turn Whiteheads novel already episodic into a TV series that leans into that structure. Jenkins, primarily known for his work on films like Moonlight and If Beale Street Could Talk, intuitively understands how Underground Railroad could perhaps only work as a TV series. Every episode gives us a chance to adjust to some new horrifying normal, before it is ripped away by the arrival of the slave catcher. Its maybe not a series you would binge, but its storytelling choices mean watching it never feels like doing homework.

Its as gorgeous and alive as any TV show Ive ever seen, and it deserved so, so much better.

How to watch it: The Underground Railroad is streaming on Prime Video.

Possibly the wildest show on television right now, Evil is a series made up entirely of ideas that would get tossed out of most other TV shows for being too weird. A kind of more-religious X-Files, it follows a skeptical psychologist and a believer priest who investigate the supernatural. Its the kind of show that accepts as a given that arguing over whether demons are real is a worthwhile discussion to have. In its second season, it deepened its mythology and gleefully tore through horror tropes as though it were holding a chainsaw tied to a machete.

How to watch it: Evil is streaming on Paramount+. A third season is in production.

The second season of this alternate history space race drama improved by leaps and bounds over an already pretty great first season. In the world of For All Mankind, the main front of the Cold War in the 1980s is on the surface of the moon, and all eyes are on Mars as the next possibility for colonization. And yet the chief pleasure of this series is the dynamite character work, as showrunner Ron Moore and his writers explore a world where everything is different, but were still dealing with the same old shit.

How to watch it: For All Mankind is streaming on Apple TV+. A third season is in production.

Quite possibly TVs horniest show, The Great lets Elle Fanning and Nicholas Hoult fume, flirt, and other F-words at each other in 1800s Russia. As Catherine the Great (see what the title did there?), Fanning is delectably fun, and as her husband, Peter, Hoult somehow finds a way to play the archetypal disapproving wife from a CBS sitcom, while being a man and starring in a prestige dramedy about Russian nobility in the 19th century. Season two deepened an already-good show, revealing that Catherine and Peter are really human underneath it all.

How to watch it: The Great is streaming on Hulu. No decision has yet been made on a third season.

The pinnacle of horror auteur Mike Flanagans recent run of limited series on Netflix, this horror tale of Catholicism and vampires is a piercing examination of the allure and toxicity inherent in any tradition that insists it has all the answers. Hamish Linklater is tremendous as a priest who leads his flock toward a brutal, bloody truth that will ravage their little town. There have been lots of horror stories about death cults destroying the world in the name of controlling it in recent years. This is one of the best.

How to watch it: Midnight Mass is streaming on Netflix.

As you know if youve been reading my work for any amount of time, I hate joy, and my year-end lists always skew heavily toward drama. But this Apple TV+ comedy is so funny and so winning that it bypassed my defenses. The second season dug into the unlikely working relationship between pompous Ian (Rob McElhenney) and frazzled Poppy (Charlotte Nicdao) as they attempt to build a better video game at the studio they both work for. Every actor in this show is amazing, but Nicdao gave maybe my favorite TV performance of the year.

How to watch it: Mythic Quest is streaming on Apple TV+. A third season has been ordered.

If Nicdao didnt give my favorite performance, then that honor goes to Reservation Dogs Devery Jacobs, as Elora, a young woman trying like hell to escape the reservation on which she grew up. Sterlin Harjos series (co-created with Taika Waititi) takes viewers inside the lives of Elora and her friends as they pull off small-scale crimes in the name of funding an escape from Oklahoma to California. Reservation Dogs is a series that very slowly reveals what its really about, but across its eight episodes, its also incredibly funny and inventive.

How to watch it: Reservation Dogs is streaming on Hulu. Season two is in production.

The end of the world feels downright inviting in HBO Maxs unfortunately timed Station Eleven. Set in a world where a pandemic killed 999 out of every 1,000 people, Station Eleven had the bad luck to begin production right before Covid-19 swept the world, then the worse luck to launch the exact week everybody got obsessed with the omicron variant. Look beyond the premise to see a series that finds the human heart at the end of all things. This shows sense of people caring for each other after all is lost can be deeply restorative.

How to watch it: Station Eleven is streaming on HBO Max. New episodes debut every Thursday through January 13.

Kind of the consensus TV show we* all care about at this moment, Successions third season was a grand and glorious thing, beginning with father pitted against son and then somehow finding an even more gutting place to take its characters by its season finale. Endlessly witty and effortlessly of the moment, Succession is the only TV show that winds together the twin strands of familial abuse and toxic capitalism designed solely to benefit the people at the very tippy-top. A masterpiece? A masterpiece. *people who write about TV online

How to watch it: Succession is streaming on HBO Max. A fourth season is in production.

Just six episodes long, this British import made a good case for the continued existence of so many new streaming services. If Peacock didnt exist, I likely wouldnt have ever seen this amazing comedy about an all-lady, all-Muslim punk band named Lady Parts. I am especially taken with the deftly sketched frenemies relationship between Lady Parts lead guitarist Amina (Anjana Vasan) and lead singer Saira (Sarah Kameela Impey), who have a real Lennon-McCartney spark. They hate each other; they make amazing music together.

How to watch it: We Are Lady Parts is streaming on Peacock. A second season has been ordered.

What might be TVs queerest show is also one of the best shows about aging. Chicago-based comedian Abby McEnany stars as a semi-autobiographical version of herself in this comedy that effortlessly explores the intersections of gender and sexuality that make this moment in queerness so dizzying and so complicated. Even more potent, though, is the series depiction of what happens when you realize you have to just keep living the life youve made for yourself. None other than Lilly Wachowski co-wrote and directed several episodes.

How to watch it: Work in Progress is streaming on Showtime Anytime. No decision has been made on a third season.

The new drama Yellowjackets had me in its first 30 seconds. A girl runs through the snowy woods. Strange, eerie cries surround her. She falls through the snow into a trap and is impaled by spikes. Then a mysterious figure shrouded in animal furs strings the dead girl up to collect her meat. Teen girl cannibals in the woods? I love it! Im also struck by how smart this series is about how minor slights in adolescence ripple into dissociative episodes in adulthood. A lot of shows claim to be about trauma; this is one of the few that actually is.

How to watch it: Season one is airing on Showtime and Showtime Anytime on Sundays through January 16. A second season has been ordered.

I dont know how the team behind You got three seasons of TV out of the premise you have to hang out in the perspective of a stalker man all the time. I also dont know how the third season was the shows best. Murderous serial killer Joe (Penn Badgley) has found his perfect match in fellow serial killer Love (Victoria Pedretti), and a series already laced with razor-sharp satire found its best target yet in Silicon Valley tech culture. A poison apple of a show. (Co-creator Sera Gamble is a friend of mine, but I liked the show before I knew her.)

How to watch it: You is streaming on Netflix. A fourth season is in production.

Here are five other shows I had great fun with, this time presented in reverse alphabetical order because there are no rules! If your favorite show isnt on this list, assume that either I didnt see it or I completely forgot about it. My taste and yours are exactly the same, I promise.

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