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Diagnostic odyssey: The lonely road walked by thousands of Coloradans with rare disorders – Colorado Springs Gazette
Posted: January 3, 2022 at 1:28 am
When Keegan Joines was born as a low-birthweight baby, his parents saw the rough start as a mere bump in the road.
He plumped up quickly and everything seemed fine, said his mom, Susan Joines, an elementary school assistant and pediatric nurse by trade who lives in Castle Rock.
But by the time he was a year and a half, the Joineses were noticing developmental delays, including in walking and speech. A year later he would be diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder that destroys the bodys ability to create insulin, a vital hormone that allows the body to use glucose for energy.
We noticed more global abnormalities and we always just kept thinking, Something is related here. These are not all separate instances occurring.
Little did they know that, half a decade later, Keegan would be diagnosed with a rare genetic disorder KCNJ11, which affects the pancreas and the brain, resulting in developmental delay and juvenile-onset diabetes; the diagnosis was one of only 30 identified cases in the world at the time similar to his.
Even with the diagnosis, the search for answers continues, as the Joineses await therapies that could unlock his potential, allowing him to develop beyond the kindergarten-to-first grade level he functions at as a 10-year-old or could have no effect at all.
Unfortunately we dont know what his future is and you never can, even with a well-researched disorder, his mom said. Of course, the skys the limit for these kids. But, without having much research, we just dont know what to expect.
Theres just not enough kids like him to know.
Diagnostic odyssey
Alone, rare disease can be isolating. The U.S. National Institutes of Health defines a rare disorder as one that affects fewer than 200,000 people nationwide a definition created by Congress in the 1983 Orphan Drug Act, which established financial incentives for drug companies to develop medications for such conditions.
Collectively, however, rare is common, with approximately 7,000 known diseases affecting an estimated 25 million-30 million Americans nearly 10% of the population, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. Worldwide,263 million to 446 million people are affected by rare disorders at any point in time between 3.5% and 6% of the global population, according to a 2019 article in the European Journal of Human Genetics.
With nearly 1 in 10 Americans and Coloradans affected by rare disorders, we likely encounter them daily at schools, at grocery shops, at places of worship, at workplaces. Some prefer to keep quiet, realizing the likelihood of being misunderstood is much greater than that of finding common ground. Others become vocal advocates, on a quest to raise awareness of a disease very few if any others have been diagnosed with. Others yet are oblivious to their disorders, on a quest for an answer to their health maladies that may never materialize.
The quest for a diagnosis the Joineses were on seemed foreign, rare, esoteric. But patients with rare disorders, on average, spent six to eight years and often untold thousands of dollars searching for an answer. While waiting, there's the uncertain no man's land of "undiagnosed," a label that can call into question one's symptoms and even one's sanity.
And when a diagnosis is finally received, it's not always the right one.
It's hard to diagnose people (with rare disorders) it takes a really long time, said Dr. Anne Pariser, director of the Office of Rare Diseases Research at the National Institutes of Healths National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
This happens so often in rare diseases. We call it the diagnostic odyssey.
Beyond frustration, accompanying the diagnostic odyssey are consequences that have the potential to take a toll on health and finances.
Being undiagnosed carries a substantial monetary and also human cost, Pariser said. People are treated for the wrong disease. They don't receive therapies that may be available, or there arent specific ways that we can intervene to lessen suffering.
Pariser cited a 2019 study by the EveryLife Foundation for Rare Diseases that estimated the economic cost of nearly 400 rare diseases in the U.S. that year at nearly $1 trillion, surpassing the estimated economic burdens for diabetes, heart disease and cancer among the costliest common chronic diseases.
Theres a mental cost, as well. Without a diagnosis, Susan Joines spent years attributing Keegans issues to pregnancy complications.
She blamed herself.
I had to go on beta blockers just for myself to survive because I wasnt profusing to him well, she said. He just wasnt thriving super well in my body. As we started seeing the gap widening between him and his peers, I was just like, I should have done better. That mom guilt just never goes away, because it always feels like you could do more. Even with your neurotypical kids, you always feel like youre not doing things well enough.
Its especially hard with a kiddo with extra needs because there's always so much you feel like you should or could be doing.
Complicating each patients search for answers is the reality that every rare-disease patient is unique. A patients symptoms can be caused by a single gene or chromosomal abnormality; multiple genetic errors; nongenetic factors; or a combination thereof. Even those considered to have the same disorder can have similar but distinct genetic errors that result in different presentations and health outcomes.
When we think about rare disease, each patient is essentially unique in their characteristics and that makes studying them, diagnosing them and understanding the public health impacts of rare disease patients very, very challenging, said Melissa Haendel, chief research informatics officer at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and director of the National Center for Data to Health.
Case in point: Youll find differing estimates of the number of rare diseases, depending on the source and the country the data originates in more than 7,000, according to the National Institutes of Health; between 5,000 and 8,000, according to the World Health Organization; more than 6,000, according to Rare Diseases Europe.
Why do we care about how many rare diseases there are? Despite having 10% of the population potentially having a rare disease, the inability to count them really underlies an inability to identify them in the first place,Haendel said.
Its not the count that we care about. The fact that we cant count them is an indication of our inability to understand and define them, to diagnose them, to treat them.
Zebras, not horses
For Elliott Wellnitz, 3, of Colorado Springs, the diagnostic odyssey was blessedly short seven or eight months, as his mom, Christine, recalls.
A few things were off during the pregnancy Christine had only one artery in her umbilical cord instead of two, and Elliott was born prematurely but we didnt know at the time we were going to have a special-needs kid, she recalls.
But soon medical providers began to point out other anomalies a widely spaced big toe, port wine stains under his lips, an abnormally large head.
A basic genetic test showed no abnormalities, nor did a more sophisticated test.
The Wellnitzs were sent home with a tank of oxygen, a myriad of specialist appointments and no answers.
Several months later they learned he had Megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome an exceedingly rare genetic syndrome involving developmental delay, intellectual disability, poor muscle tone, parts of the body that are larger than usual and epilepsy. The disorder places patients at risk of fluid buildup in the brain and of cancerous tumors.
For Christine, the diagnosis has meant wearing more hats than parents already wear those of honorary therapist and educator, and that of an actual nurse.
When we got out of the hospital, no one pointed me in the right direction, said Christine, a hospice nurse whose husband stays home and cares for their son. I kind of had to figure it all out on my own. To me, thats the most frustrating aspect of this journey.
Susan Joines ran a group for special needs families where she lived last, working as a parent liaison to the early childhood education system. She found that many parents of children with rare disorders are desperate for answers and support and help.
I feel like very rarely do we get all three of those or even two out of three of those from providers.
Shes encountered a wide variety of personality types in doctors over countless visits, from the kind who say, Wait, give it time, theyll be fine, and then theyre 16 and end up with an autism diagnosis to the ones who say, Here you go, heres your childs list of problems, and well see you later, completing writing a kid off.
The former have served as roadblocks, the latter sources of immense hurt and devastation.
A psychologist once administered an IQ test on Keegan without Susan's permission or understanding, then delivered dismal news.
"Essentially they just said he was in the bottom 15th percentile, so probably under 40," she said of his score. "Just basically, 'Here is his IQ, and most likely he'll never live alone, he'll never be able to have a job or live independently,' and they just kind of left it there. We were like, 'Should we follow up with you?' They were like, 'No, this is it.'
"I feel like they gave him a life sentence."
With myriad rare disorders and such fuzzy definitions of many, its often a struggle to find a provider equipped to diagnose, no less treat, a rare disorder.
The problem at least partially originates in medical schools, where doctors in training are taught that when you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras common things occur commonly. Dont give somebody a rare diagnosis if they probably have a common problem, Pariser said.
Providers need to be trained to look for zebra triggers, she said, invoking a symbol of the rare disease community: zebras, which each have a unique stripe pattern, as humans do fingerprints.
We want (doctors) to think of zebras, and we want them to think of zebras when they start seeing certain clusters of things: young age, high (medical system) utilization, multiple consults, having to travel great distances. Also, some of these what we call basket (medical) codes, like developmental delay or motor delay.
Rare diseases we have many, many diseases that affect small numbers of patients each and very few treatments. But when you consider this collectively, it really is a large public health problem.
How long is my child going to live?
Even with a diagnosis, the future is uncertain for Keegan.
Now 10, he performs in school three to four years behind grade level, even with extensive developmental services, Susan said.
Weve exhausted just about everything we think we can think to do for him. He struggles greatly with academics. He still cant write his name. He still isnt reading well," she said, adding that, regardless, Keegan is a joyful, humorous child who loves life, his family, school and friends.
To get him to recognize the word the thats a (school) goal for him, to have an 85% success rate on just recognizing that word. Hes in a severe special-needs program. We arent seeing progress like we hope. Just from the little bit we do know, early to late elementary school is typically, developmentally, where they see him maxing out."
For Christine Wellnitz, receiving a diagnosis was comfortingbut it didnt come with a road map of what to expect.
It was definitely a huge relief when there was actually a name for what he had, she said. I cried. But there wasnt a whole lot of information, even on life expectancy.
How long is my child going to live?
A Facebook group Christine joined, for those affected and their families, has a couple of older patients in their 30s and 40s, and that makes me happy.
But beyond that, we dont really know, and thats pretty scary. I always tell my husband, 'Right now were doing pretty good, and things are going pretty well, but I never hold my breath,' because every time I think that, something else pops up, or we need to see another specialist.
Elliotts pediatrician is supportive but doesnt have much to offer in the way of specialized knowledge.
Our pediatric doctor basically just goes with whatever I want, Christine said. If I call and say, I think I need this, she usually does it. I think part of it is because Im a nurse. I love our pediatric doctor, but I feel like there should be more specialists in town.
I really have no idea exactly where my child is when it comes to development. "I just know that hes somewhat delayed.
When it comes to enrolling her child in school and ensuring he receives proper education and support, I dont even know what the next steps are. I hear the school districts arent great when it comes to working with special needs children, and that just puts fear in my heart.
"I havent heard of one good district in this town, unfortunately."
For Susan Joines, looking to the future is equally tough.
My husband and I frequently think we might be forever-nesters, she said. Theres such a grieving process we will never put a cap on him, of course, but it is a process of this potential grief of maybe not achieving the life we hope for him. He may never drive. He may never graduate. He may never have a job. He may never get married. We may never see grandkids from him.
"Maybe we will," she added hopefully.
Susan leans on her personal faith in the fact that God made her son for a purpose and has plans for him.
"But its definitely not without grief," she said. "Its the heaviest and hardest thing we deal with on a regular basis."
Continued here:
Diagnostic odyssey: The lonely road walked by thousands of Coloradans with rare disorders - Colorado Springs Gazette
Posted in Human Genetics
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RedChIP identifies noncoding RNAs associated with genomic sites occupied by Polycomb and CTCF proteins – pnas.org
Posted: at 1:28 am
Abstract
Nuclear noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and chromatin organization. The progress in studying nuclear ncRNAs depends on the ability to identify the genome-wide spectrum of contacts of ncRNAs with chromatin. To address this question, a panel of RNADNA proximity ligation techniques has been developed. However, neither of these techniques examines proteins involved in RNAchromatin interactions. Here, we introduce RedChIP, a technique combining RNADNA proximity ligation and chromatin immunoprecipitation for identifying RNAchromatin interactions mediated by a particular protein. Using antibodies against architectural protein CTCF and the EZH2 subunit of the Polycomb repressive complex 2, we identify a spectrum of cis- and trans-acting ncRNAs enriched at Polycomb- and CTCF-binding sites in human cells, which may be involved in Polycomb-mediated gene repression and CTCF-dependent chromatin looping. By providing a protein-centric view of RNADNA interactions, RedChIP represents an important tool for studies of nuclear ncRNAs.
The majority of the eukaryotic genome is transcribed into coding and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs fulfill various functions both in the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. Nuclear ncRNAs are attracted to different genomic regions and mediate the activation or repression of genes located in these regions and are also implicated in the genome three-dimensional organization (1, 2). In particular, recent studies indicate that RNA is essential for the chromatin targeting of Polycomb repressive complexes (3) and the organization of CTCF-dependent chromatin loops (4). However, these studies do not show which particular RNAs are involved.
Helpful in studying nuclear functions of ncRNAs are methods that map the sites of ncRNA associations with the genome. Initially developed for probing genomic interactions of one particular RNA, these methods are now available in an all-vs.-all version allowing simultaneous detection of the sites of chromosomal locations for all RNA molecules present in the nucleus (reviewed in ref. 1). An important drawback of these techniques, however, is that they do not disclose the proteins involved in RNADNA interactions.
To identify RNAs that could be involved in the functioning of DNA-bound proteins, we developed a hybrid approachRedChIPcombining an RNADNA proximity ligation technique [Red-C (5)] with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Using antibodies against CTCF and EZH2, we identified various ncRNAs interacting with DNA at the sites of deposition of the above-mentioned proteins.
The RedChIP experimental procedure is analogous to HiChIP used for protein-centric mapping of DNADNA interactions (6), with the difference being that RNADNA interactions are analyzed instead of DNADNA interactions. Briefly, RNAproteinDNA complexes are cross-linked in living cells, and RNA and DNA fragments are ligated in situ using a bridge adapter. Ligated complexes are solubilized by sonication and subjected to IP using antibodies against a protein of interest. RNADNA chimeric molecules are then purified and sequenced, thus reporting RNADNA interactions that may be mediated by a particular protein and proteinDNA interactions that may be mediated by various RNAs (Fig. 1A). An aliquot of the material (input fraction) is processed without an IP step to record the total set of RNADNA interactions mediated by any proteins, as in a regular Red-C experiment.
RedChIP technique. (A) Outline of the experimental procedure. (B) A region of Chr17 encompassing Hoxb genes showing distribution of DNA and RNA portions in IP (RedChIP) and input (RedC) fractions from experiments with EZH2 and CTCF antibodies. Shown alongside are ChIP-seq peaks of EZH2 in H1-hESCs (human embryonic stem cells) and ChIP-seq peaks of CTCF in K562 cells as well as total RNA-seq profiles for H1-hESCs and K562 cells (from ENCODE). (C) Distribution of DNA portions around EZH2 peaks in hESCs and CTCF peaks in K562. (D) Ratio of the number of RNA contacts detected in different chromatin types in IP fraction to the number of RNA contacts detected in the same chromatin types in input fraction.
We used antibodies against EZH2, a catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, to study the Polycomb-dependent RNADNA interactome in human embryonic stem cells. We also used antibodies against CTCF to study the CTCF-dependent RNADNA interactome in human K562 cells. DNA portions of the chimeric molecules showed a clear preference for the binding sites of corresponding proteins in the IP fraction (Fig.1 B and C), indicating successful IP. Accordingly, we observed an enrichment of DNA portions in chromatin types typical for poised promoters and Polycomb-repressed regions in the IP fraction from the EZH2 experiment and an enrichment of DNA portions in chromatin types typical for insulators and promoters in the IP fraction from the CTCF experiment (Fig. 1D). Meanwhile, RNA portions of the chimeric molecules showed correlation with RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) profiles both in IP and input fractions (Fig. 1B), reflecting the origination of RNA portions from various transcripts. We combined the contacts of RNA portions originating from a single gene, thus obtaining a whole-genome contact profile for each annotated RNA.
We then focused on the analysis of contacts of individual RNAs in the experiment with EZH2 antibodies. We first aimed to identify cis-acting RNAs that fulfill their functions in the vicinity of an encoding gene. For each RNA, we selected a fraction of cis contacts established with DNA regions surrounding the gene (1 Mb of gene boundaries including the gene) and compared the number of cis contacts between EZH2-precipitated and input fractions. We found that the degree of enrichment in the IP fraction correlated with the percentage of contacts detected in Polycomb-specific and poised promoter-specific chromatin types but not any other chromatin types in the area under study (Fig. 2A). We identified 10 long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) with a fold enrichment of >1.3 in both replicates (Fig. 2C). Among the identified RNAs is Kcnq1ot1 (fold change = 1.5), a well-known example of antisense lincRNA involved in the Polycomb-mediated silencing of several genes in the same locus (7). High fold enrichment was also observed for AC078778, antisense lincRNAs from the HOXC locus. Notably, antisense RNAs, on average, demonstrate higher fold enrichment than other lincRNAs and mRNAs of protein-coding genes (Fig. 2G), indicating the enrichment of the group of antisense RNAs with RNAs that may mediate Polycomb targeting.
Identification of ncRNAs associated with genomic regions occupied by EZH2 in hESCs and by CTCF in K562 cells. (A) Ratio of the number of cis contacts of individual RNAs between EZH2-precipitated and input fractions (x axis) vs. the percentage of cis contacts detected in different chromatin types in EZH2-precipitated fraction (y axis). (B) The same as A for CTCF-precipitated fraction. (C and D) Ratio of the number of cis (C) or trans (D) contacts of individual RNAs between EZH2-precipitated and input fractions for rep1 and rep2. (E and F) Ratio of the number of cis (E) or trans (F) contacts of individual RNAs between CTCF-precipitated and input fractions for rep1 and rep2. (G) Distribution of fold changes from C for different RNA biotypes (antisense, n = 44; linc, n = 162; protein coding, n = 4,184). *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. (H) Intersection of RNAs enriched in RedChIP and fRIP-seq.
At the final step of the analysis, we searched for trans-acting RNAs that could participate in Polycomb functioning genome-wide. We compared the number of trans contacts (contacts with nonparental chromosomes) for each RNA between EZH2-precipitated and input fractions and looked for RNAs showing an elevated number of contacts in the IP fraction. The highest enrichment was observed for antisense RNA KIF5C-AS1, snRNA RNU5B-1, and SNORD3a RNA (Fig. 2D). These RNAs are good candidates to act as global mediators of Polycomb activity.
The above types of analysis were then performed for the data from the experiment with CTCF antibodies. In the analysis of cis-acting RNAs, we observed a correlation of RNA enrichment in the CTCF-precipitated fraction with the percentage of contacts detected in promoter-, enhancer-, and insulator-specific chromatin type (Fig. 2B). We identified seven lincRNAs with a fold enrichment of >1.3 in both replicates (Fig. 2E). These lincRNAs might participate in loading CTCF to its DNA sites and organization of promoter-enhancer specific and other chromatin loops within genomic loci from where lincRNAs are produced. In the analysis of trans-acting RNAs, the highest fold enrichment was observed for snRNA RNU12 (Fig. 2F). Notably, U12 RNA is the second top by the total number of contacts among all RNAs in K562 cells (1.1% of all contacts). The potential involvement of RNU12 RNA in the functions of CTCF requires further experimental evidence.
Remarkably, the set of RNAs enriched in RedChIP significantly intersects the set of RNAs enriched in RNA IP (formaldehyde RNA IP-sequencing, fRIP-seq) experiments (Fig. 2H). Importantly, 18 of 22 ncRNAs overrepresented in CTCF- and EZH2-RedChIP samples are fRIP-positive, indicating these ncRNAs indeed interact with the studied proteins.
Collectively, the present study results demonstrate the utility of the RedChIP protocol for identifying RNAs that may target nonhistone proteins to various locations on chromosomes or mediate interactions of these proteins with DNA. The identification of RNAs that are known to target Polycomb complexes to repressed genomic domains strongly supports the validity of the experimental approach, whereas identifying a set of RNAs possessing similar characteristics will stimulate studies of their possible role in Polycomb and CTCF functioning. The RedChIP technique can be used for identifying RNAs associated with genomic regions occupied by any protein of interest.
Cells are fixed with formaldehyde, DNA is fragmented with NlaIII restriction enzyme, and the ends are blunted and A-tailed. RNA 3 ends are ligated to a biotinylated bridge adapter followed by ligation of the opposite ends of the bridges with DNA ends in spatial proximity. Ligated complexes are solubilized by sonication, immunoprecipitated, and washed. RNADNA chimeras are purified, and DNA is digested with MmeI restriction enzyme. After biotin pull-down, reverse transcription is initiated from the bridge with template switching at the RNA 5 end, allowing for the incorporation of an Illumina adapter. Another Illumina adapter is ligated to DNA ends, and the chimeras are amplified and paired-end sequenced. The detailed protocol and sequencing data processing are described in SI Appendix. For sample processing statistics, refer to Dataset S1. For read processing statistics, refer to Dataset S2.
Raw fastq reads and processed TSV files with contacts are available at Gene Expression Omnibus (accession no. GSE174474). The code for read processing is available as RedClib on GitHub: https://github.com/agalitsyna/RedClib.
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (21-64-00001) and by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (075-15-2021-1062).
Author contributions: A.A. Gavrilov, E.L.A., and S.V.R. designed research; A.A. Gavrilov and E.B.D. performed research; A.A. Gavrilov, R.I.S., M.D.M., and A.A. Galitsyna analyzed data; and A.A. Gavrilov and S.V.R. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no competing interest.
This article contains supporting information online at https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2116222119/-/DCSupplemental.
Posted in Human Genetics
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LifeBank Chain (LBC) Focuses on Research and Development in the Field of Genetics and Cell Science – Markets Herald
Posted: at 1:28 am
GENE & CELL MEDICINE LTD located in Israel and Singapore started a new project:LifeBank Chain (LBC). The project LBC plans to build a genetic and cell data collaboration platform.
Genetic research seeks to understand the process of trait inheritance from parents to offspring.Human genetic research is revealing the nature of human bioinformatics and giving scientists a powerful approach to study various health issues of human life.
Cell research focuses on stem cell and immune cell therapies, which are an extremely promising approach for the treatment of many diseases with an immune component including cancer, autoimmune disease, and chronic inflammation.
The wide applications of these new biological technologies in the medical field greatly reshaped the traditional pharmaceutical industry, whose focus was not only put on the treatment of disease as before but also on gene diagnosis and prevention, which opened the door to the world of a personalized and precise medicine.
Blockchain is an emerging technology that has attracted increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners. The functionalities of blockchain technology and smart contracts provide an opportunity over the large gene and cell data to support genetic and cell data integrity and security while giving patients control over their own data.
LBC plans to build a genetic and cell data collaboration platform incorporating an extensible cross-chain service system based on individual and institutional nodes. The platform product service layer abstracts all typical kinds of gene and cell blockchain applications and provides the full functions and implementation framework of typical applications.
The goal ofLifeBank Chain (LBC) is to establish a global-level service platform for sharing and utilizing human genetic and cell data through secured blockchain technologies.The LBC blockchain is designed to provide genetic and cell research industry partners with enterprise-level blockchain infrastructure, industry solutions, and secure, reliable, and flexible blockchain services. LBC will work together with medical practitioners to provide full-solution ancillary reagent services and provide flexible and pioneering tools to simplify therapy workflow at every step of the medical process.
LBC will form a professional and shared social organization LBC Life Alliance inviting life technology companies, scientific research institutes, medical institutions, etc. to jointly solve medical, health, disease, and public health problems, and jointly build the application standards of gene and stem cell medical technology on the blockchain, and contribute to the cause of human health.
LifeBank Chain enables healthcare professionals to manage the medical data and do research in an auditable, transparent, and secure way on LBCs distributed network. LBC continues to closely monitor the evolution of genetics and cell therapy in different medical subspecialties around the world.
Posted in Human Genetics
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LifeBank Chain Announces Upcoming Gene and Cell Collaboration Platform With Disrupt Blockchain Technologies – Yahoo Finance
Posted: at 1:22 am
LifeBank Chain (LBC) focuses on research and development in the field of genetics and cell science, with the purposes of furthering human longevity and expanding access to genetics and cell treatments through cutting-edge technologies.
Gene and Cell Technology
JERUSALEM, Dec. 31, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- GENE & CELL MEDICINE LTD located in Israel and Singapore started a new project : LifeBank Chain (LBC). The project LBC plans to build a genetic and cell data collaboration platform.
Genetic research seeks to understand the process of trait inheritance from parents to offspring. The human genetic research is revealing the nature of human bioinformatics and giving scientists a powerful approach to study various health issues of human life.
Cell research focuses on stem cell and immune cell therapies, which are an extremely promising approach for the treatment of many diseases with an immune component including cancer, autoimmune disease, and chronic inflammation.
The wide applications of these new biological technologies in the medical field greatly reshaped the traditional pharmaceutical industry, whose focus was not only put on the treatment of disease as before but also on gene diagnosis and prevention, which opened the door to the world of personalized and precise medicine.
Blockchain is an emerging technology that has attracted increasing attention from both researchers and practitioners. The functionalities of blockchain technology and smart contracts provide an opportunity over large gene and cell data to support genetic and cell data integrity and security while giving patients control over their own data.
LBC plans to build a genetic and cell data collaboration platform incorporating an extensible cross-chain service system based on individual and institutional nodes. The platform product service layer abstracts all typical kinds of gene and cell blockchain applications and provides the full functions and implementation framework of typical applications.
Story continues
The goal of LifeBank Chain (LBC) is to establish a global-level service platform for sharing and utilizing human genetic and cell data through secured blockchain technologies. The LBC blockchain is designed to provide genetic and cell research industry partners with enterprise-level blockchain infrastructure, industry solutions, and secure, reliable, and flexible blockchain services. LBC will work together with medical practitioners to provide full-solution ancillary reagent services and provide flexible and pioneering tools to simplify therapy workflow at every step of the medical process.
LBC will form a professional and shared social organization -- LBC Life Alliance -- inviting life technology companies, scientific research institutes, medical institutions, etc. to jointly solve medical, health, disease, and public health problems, and jointly build the application standards of gene and stem cell medical technology on the blockchain, and contribute to the cause of human health.
LifeBank Chain enables healthcare professionals to manage the medical data and do research in an auditable, transparent and secure way on LBC's distributed network. LBC continues to closely monitor the evolution of genetics and cell therapy in different medical subspecialties around the world.
LifeBank Chain:
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Prediction For 2022: Plant-Based Foods Will Surge – CleanTechnica
Posted: at 1:22 am
Another January has arrived, and with so much traditional fat-and-sugar-infused eating behind you, you might be hearing the voice of conscience reminding you that you are what you eat. And, as you meander through errands and warm and welcoming cafes to start the new year, it might seem as if plant-based foods are everywhere. A whole new range of consumers has discovered plant-based items, with appealing selections appearing on grocery stores shelves, restaurant menus, bakeries, pizza places, delis, coffee shops, and burger joints. So, lets make a prediction for 2022: plant-based foods will not only transcend their current path leading to mainstream acceptance theyll become preferred, for lots of reasons.
Its clear now that production of animal-based proteins has many limitations environmental degradation, animal welfare, cultural considerations, and health constraints. The replacement of meat by alternative ingredients is fast becoming a norm in many countries around the world, with the numbers and varieties of alternative meat products expanding annually.
People are adopting lots of plant-based foods as part of their regular diets. Infusing plant-based foods is easier, more appealing, and compelling than ever before. Although such products remain a relatively small segment of the $585 billion US packaged food and beverage industry, demand is increasingly annually. Many factors will contribute to this plant-based foods awakening in 2022. Lets look at some of them and see the evidence in support of the prediction that plant-based eating will surge in 2022.
To maximize what longevity experts call healthspan, at least 50% of protein should come from vegetable sources. People like you are starting to assess the corresponding benefits/damages of plant-based eating for human health and the environment. Your personalized diet solutions are likely to point to a middle ground where you identify trade-offs and substitutions you are willing to make; for example, you might decide to eat less processed meat and more seafood.
In fact, the rapid growth of the alternative protein market is posing a threat to the conventional meat industry. Thats because a totality of what you eat on a daily basis combines to determine your health outcomes whether positive overall health attributes or nutrient deficiencies. In fact, alternative meats are often considered a bridge to other non-animal protein sources. Edamame, tofu, and tempeh are examples of whole-soy products that offer protein and fiber. Across history, beans and rice have combined to produce a complete protein.
How you eat and what you eat can have a real impact on your intake of nutrients as well as your carbon footprint. How can you adapt your meat-focused diets so you and the Earth are healthier?
The UN says that industrial meat production is one of the most destructive ways in which humans leave their footprint on the planet. Industrial meat is one of the biggest causes of deforestation globally, with the UNs Food and Agricultural Organization finding that, over the past 25 years, forests have been cleared from an area the size of India for cattle ranching. Such alterations of agriculture and forest systems are affecting our current ecosystems and their services and potentially threaten our overall food, water, and livelihood security.
When you follow a climatarian diet, youre conscious how the foods you eat alter the planet. To do your part to reduce carbon emissions, you can choose lower-carbon, environmentally-friendly options. It means considering the carbon footprint and the emission level of the food youre buying and about to consume.
A climatarian diet focused on whole plant-based foods can also reduce the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, autoimmune diseases, and obesity. 60% of the calories people in the US consume come from processed food products, providing enormous amounts of calories and huge corporate profits but virtually no nutrition. Instead, eating a climatarian diet can increase your overall vitality, mental health, and longevity.
Yeah, its hard for the guys out there to hear, butmens meat-heavy diets are responsible for40% more climate-heating emissions than those of women. Meat-eating in rich countries must be sharply reduced in order to tackle the climate crisis, largely caused by the methane and deforestation associated with cattle. That goal can be aided significantly if more men open up their minds and hearts to flexitarian food selections with more plant-based items. And its happening! The Beet says that plant-based diets are increasing in popularity among men who are looking to lead a healthier lifestyle, lose weight, or maximum muscle gains.
Lots of male celebs are promoting plant-based eating. Powerlifting record holder Patrik Baboumian, Olympic silver medalist Dotsie Bausch, ultra-marathoner Scott Jurek, and 7-time Mr. Olympia champion Arnold Schwarzenegger are backing a plant-based way of life on screen, and the case for swapping turkey with tofu has never been quite so compelling. Since 2018s Netflix show The Game Changers, Tour de France champion Chris Froome, Rocky star Dolph Lundgren, and professional bodybuilder Kai Greene have all switched to a plant based diet.
Men who make the move to plant-based eating need to learn to pay particular attention to their vitamins (B12, D) and minerals (calcium, zinc, iron), protein, and fiber when consuming only plants.
It became increasingly clear in 2021 that the largest human impact to the Earth has been thebillions of tons of chemicals that we emit and circulate through our normal daily and industrial activities. Those activities include the foods we eat. Consumers like you are more likely than ever to choose products that are toxin-free, lessening the chemical influx in the food chain, water supply, air, and wider environment through informed consumer choice.
Last year, people in the US spent almost $9 billion on pesticides for agricultural use. Widespread pesticide use seriously threatens the health of fish and aquatic life, insects, and mammals, including many endangered species. Instead, agroecology can model a future where farming responds to the climate crisis by phasing out pesticides and maintaining vital biodiversity. It is the integration of ecology in agriculture and agri-food systems, encompassing ecological, economic, and social dimensions. It provides sufficient and healthy diets for a growing population without chemical inputs and with and not against nature.
By building organic matter into soils, regenerative agriculture produces stronger yields and nutrient-rich crops. It leads to resiliency diminishing erosion and runoff, improving water quality on and off the farm, and helping to better withstand climate change impacts like flooding and drought. The transition to agroecology implies development and use of innovations to allow responding to real user needs via new technologies. Agroecology needs your support.
Scientists have found that limiting global warming will be impossible without significant changes to how the world eats. Achieving a food future that has low environmental impacts, contributes to food and nutrition stability, and offers a healthy life for present and future generations is an urgent matter that depends on global collaborative efforts.
Responding to the devastating climate crisis, many companies are working to reduce the significant climate footprint of the animal-farmed meat industry by innovating ways to move to plant-based meat products.A grant from Beyond Foods, a distributor of plant-based meat alternatives, compared the effect of consuming plant-based alternative meat as opposed to animal meat on health factors. Researchers looked at outcomes such as concentration of TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide), a gut-flora metabolite that indicates risk for cardiovascular disease, LDL cholesterol, and body weight. All 3 improved with the plant-based alternative foods.
In a recent study, more than half 52% of US consumers are eating more plant-based foods and beverages. The number rises to two-thirds 65% globally. Almost 60% of respondents said that their change to plant-based food was permanent, or they hoped it was permanent.
How about you? Whats your prediction about plant-based eating for 2022?
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The Secrets to Successful Aging in 2022 – The New York Times
Posted: at 1:22 am
Looking for ways to grow old gracefully? Over the past year, Wells columnists have reported on how to keep your mind and body healthy over time. Here are some of their top insights from the most popular stories published in 2021.
So said Jane Brody, our Personal Health columnist, after she turned 80 this spring. Inspired by Steven Petrows book, Stupid Things I Wont Do When I Get Old, Ms. Brody took an inventory of her own life and decided what she no longer needed to do (color her hair; talk about aches and pains to anyone who will listen) and what she is unwilling to give up (walking her dog in the woods). Sooner or later, we all must recognize what is no longer possible and find alternatives, Ms. Brody wrote. In her case, that has meant giving up ice skating, but still taking 10-mile bike rides.
You may be able to predict your likelihood of living a long life by analyzing the trillions of bacteria, viruses and fungi that inhabit your intestinal tract, Anahad OConnor reported, citing a promising study.
The findings suggest that a gut microbiome that continually transforms as you get older is a sign of healthy aging. People who had the most changes in their microbial compositions tended to have better health and longer life spans, Mr. OConnor wrote. They had higher vitamin D levels and lower levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood. They needed fewer medications, and they had better physical health, with faster walking speeds and greater mobility.
Ms. Brody reported on a study out of the Netherlands that focused on cognitive super-agers people who approach the end of the human life span with brains that function as if they were 30 years younger. By studying centenarians, researchers hope to identify reliable characteristics and develop treatments that would result in healthy cognitive aging for most of us. Meanwhile, Ms. Brody reported, there is much we can do now to keep our brains in tiptop condition. These centenarians tend to maintain good vision and hearing, and past research has revealed lifestyle factors that contribute to resilience such as obtaining a high level of quality education; holding occupations that deal with complex facts and data; consuming a Mediterranean-style diet; engaging in leisure activities; socializing with other people; and exercising regularly, Ms. Brody wrote.
To increase our chances for a long life, we probably should take at least 7,000 steps a day or engage in sports such as tennis, cycling, swimming, jogging or badminton for more than 2.5 hours per week, Gretchen Reynolds reported, based on two large studies.
Accumulate and measure your activities in whatever way works for you, a professor who led one of the studies told Ms. Reynolds. Step counting may work well for someone who does not have the time to fit in a longer bout of exercise. But if a single bout of exercise fits best with your lifestyle and motivations, that is great as well. The idea is just to move more.
Older people are increasingly partnering and re-partnering in various forms, Francine Russo wrote, but for women in particular, theres a fear that a romantic attachment in later life will shortly lead to full-time caregiving. One solution may be living apart together (L.A.T.), meaning you can maintain a long-term committed romantic relationship without sharing, or intending to share, a home.
I have friends who say they never want to meet anybody unless theyre 10 or 15 years younger, because they see it as having to move in and be the sole caretaker, one 81-year-old woman practicing living apart together told Ms. Russo. I wasnt about to do that. I think I have the best of two worlds.
Who better to share tips for aging well than an 81-year-old who has dedicated his career to public health? Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, who has led the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for 37 years spoke to Ms. Brody when she joined the octogenarians club this year about staying fit and focused. His tips:
Take care of yourself, get some reasonable sleep, dont get overcome by stress, a good diet. Enjoy life, but dont do things in excess. Exercise is really important. I think that the fact that Ive been a marathon and 10K runner for the last multiple decades has been very important in my staying fit, looking fit and feeling fit.
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10 amazing health stories you may have missed in 2021 – Livescience.com
Posted: at 1:22 am
For a second year, the COVID-19 pandemic has dominated health news headlines, and for good reason. But amid all the talk of viral variants and vaccine boosters, you may have missed some of this year's most amazing medical cases and breakthroughs. In 2021, scientists made great strides in the world of organ transplants, cancer treatment trials and gut microbiome research, and doctors shared some amazing treatment success stories.
Here are 10 cool medical stories you may have missed this year.
Curtis Means and his twin, C'Asya, were born only 21 weeks and 1 day into their gestation, meaning they were about 19 weeks premature. C'Asya did not respond to treatment and died shortly after birth, but Curtis' vitals steadily began to improve. Even so, doctors estimated that he had only a 1% chance of survival. Over the following months, he received constant care to maintain his breathing and body temperature, and to take in adequate nutrition. He was able to come off his ventilator at 3 months old, and he was discharged from the hospital at 9 months. After six months at home, Curtis and his family received a Guinness World Record certificate acknowledging Curtis as the most premature baby in the world to survive.
Read more: Baby born at 21 weeks survives, breaks world record
With human organs in short supply for transplant surgeries, scientists have long been working to make animal-to-human transplants safe, feasible and widely available. This year, in a watershed experiment, doctors connected a pig kidney to a human and watched as it effectively filtered waste from the body and produced urine. The experiment was conducted in a brain-dead patient who was a registered organ donor and whose family granted permission for the procedure. The team used a kidney from a genetically modified pig that lacked the gene for alpha-gal, a type of sugar that can trigger an intense immune reaction in humans. The successful experiment could signal a big step forward for animal-to-human transplants, but many questions remain.
Read more: Pig kidney successfully hooked up to human patient in watershed experiment
Immunotherapies theoretically rally the immune system against cancer cells, but they don't work for all cancer patients. Only about 40% of patients with advanced melanoma, for instance, reap long-term benefits from immunotherapy drugs. But a small study published in February in the journal Science hints that tweaking cancer patients' gut bacteria can help boost the drugs' effectiveness.
In the study, scientists collected stool from melanoma patients who responded well to immunotherapy and then transplanted the patients' feces which was chock-full of microbes into the guts of 15 patients who had never responded to the drugs. After the transplant, six of the 15 patients responded to immunotherapy for the first time, showing either tumor reduction or disease stabilization that lasted more than a year. Looking forward, the scientists plan to investigate exactly why the poop transplant helped these six patients and why the other nine patients didn't seem to benefit.
Read more: Cancer patients weren't responding to therapy. Then they got a poop transplant.
A study conducted in lab dishes and mice hints at a new way to take down drug-resistant bacteria. This new weapon could make existing antibiotics more effective, thus reducing the need to formulate brand-new antibiotic medications. In the study, published in June in the journal Science, scientists ran experiments with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bacteria that show pervasive resistance to multiple drugs and rank among the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections. These so-called superbugs use a specific enzyme to shield themselves from harm by antibiotics, so the team searched for molecules that could block the enzyme and leave the bugs defenseless. The molecules the scientists identified made antibiotics two- to 15-fold more potent against the microbes, depending on the antibiotic being used and the bacterial strain being targeted. Now, they'll have to see if the same strategy can work in humans.
Read more: New discovery could help take down drug-resistant bacteria
A woman now known as the Esperanza Patient was diagnosed with HIV, the virus that can cause AIDS, in 2013. But as of this year, doctors can find no trace of the virus in her body. The woman received neither a bone marrow transplant nor any drug intervention; her immune system has apparently eliminated HIV from her system on its own. This had happened once before, in a California woman named Loreen Willenberg. And although the two women are anomalies, their cases give scientists hope of finding a cure for HIV/AIDS.
Read more: Patient's immune system 'naturally' cures HIV in the second case of its kind
An experimental "cancer vaccine" works by training immune cells to better recognize and attack cancer cells in the body, without harming healthy cells. In a small trial of eight patients with advanced melanoma, the vaccine helped prevent the patients' tumors from growing for years after vaccination. By the end of the four-year follow-up period, all eight patients were alive and six out of eight showed no signs of active disease. Two had experienced cancer recurrence and received additional treatments called "checkpoint blockades," which essentially rip the brakes off of immune cells known as T cells. In combination with the T cell-targeting cancer vaccine, these checkpoint blockades were highly effective. This hints that such vaccines could serve as a very important therapy, to be used in tandem with other cancer treatments, but more and larger trials are still needed to know for sure.
Read more: Cancer vaccine helped keep melanoma under control for years in small study
A new dietary supplement helped malnourished children put on weight and gain height at a faster rate than children who were given a standard "ready-to-use supplementary food." What made the difference? The new supplement helped to restore the kids' gut bacteria so they more closely resembled the gut bacteria of healthy children.
Malnourishment leaves kids' gut microbes "stunted," as the microbes don't have adequate fuel to grow and multiply. Through exhaustive animal studies and a small pilot trial with human children, a team of scientists came up with a formula to both deliver kids the calories they need and help restore their gut bacteria. In a larger trial, published in April in The New England Journal of Medicine, they found that the supplement not only helped kids grow faster but also increased the concentrations of key proteins in their blood, including those involved in bone growth and nerve and brain development.
Read more: Tweaking the gut bacteria of malnourished kids could help them grow
The first in-human trials of a new HIV vaccine stirred up excitement about the experimental shot, as it showed 97% success at stimulating a rare set of immune cells that play a key role in fighting the virus.
The human immunodeficiency virus poses a huge challenge for vaccine developers because it mutates so quickly, but in this case, the researchers targeted the pathogen using a unique approach: They designed their vaccine to target a specific subset of B cells, a kind of immune cell that produces "broadly neutralizing antibodies," proteins that can latch onto a key protein on HIV and stop the virus from infecting cells. In a trial of 48 people, the vaccine was safe and induced neutralizing antibody production in 97% of the participants. Although this hints that the vaccine may work well, the trial didn't directly test whether the vaccine prevented HIV infection; that will be the next step in development.
Read more: HIV vaccine stimulates 'rare immune cells' in early human trials
People who live to age 100 and beyond may partially have their gut bacteria to thank, according to a study published in July in the journal Nature. In the study, researchers examined the communities of gut microbes, or microbiota, living in 160 centenarians, who were, on average, 107 years old. The researchers compared the centenarians' gut microbiota to those of 112 people ages 85 to 89, and 47 people ages 21 to 55. The centenarians showed a distinct gut microbe "signature," meaning specific microbes appeared in higher or lower abundance than in the younger groups. In addition, they had significantly higher levels of so-called secondary bile acids, a fluid produced by the liver and released into the intestine. In particular, they produced high concentrations of the secondary bile acid isoalloLCA, which the researchers found to have potent antimicrobial properties that may inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the gut.
More research is needed to know if and how the centenarians' gut bugs help them survive to such advanced ages and whether this knowledge could be used to boost other people's longevity.
Read more: People who live to 100 have unique gut bacteria signatures
A recent study found that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has reduced the number of cervical cancer cases by 87% among women in the U.K. Using cancer registry data gathered between 2006 and 2019, researchers compared the cervical cancer rates among women who were vaccinated with the HPV vaccine Cervarix when they were young, between the ages of 12 and 13, with the cervical cancer rates of women who received the vaccine slightly later and with the rates of those who did not receive the vaccine at all.
The researchers found that the vaccine was most effective when given to the youngest cohort; women who had been vaccinated with Cervarix between the ages of 12 and 13 had 87% fewer cases of cervical cancer compared with those who weren't vaccinated. There was a 62% reduction in cases among women who had been vaccinated between the ages of 14 and 16, and a 34% reduction in cases in women vaccinated between 16 and 18, compared to the unvaccinated population.
Read more: HPV vaccine slashes cervical cancer rates by 87% among women in the UK
Originally published on Live Science.
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‘Happy to be here’: Wayne mayor, a cancer survivor, sworn in to fourth term – NorthJersey.com
Posted: at 1:22 am
City of Passaic prepares for New Year's Eve piata drop
Passaic gives New Year's Eve piata a test run ahead of the festivities on Friday.
Anne-Marie Caruso, NorthJersey.com
WAYNE Mayor Christopher Vergano startedanotherterm Saturday, telling guests at the municipal reorganization that he felt happy to be reelected and lucky to be alive.
The long-reigning mayor, who had a bone marrowtransplant in June, was sworn in with his wife, Deneen,andchildren by his side. Butfirst, he shareda moment with the judge who administered his oath of office.
"Judge Weiss and I have done this on multiple occasions," Vergano said, hinting at their longevity.
Yes, the magistrate agreed, "But with different-color hair."
Such was the positivevibeas the governing bodykicked off the new year. The township attorney andauditor were reappointedwithout incident, andCouncilman Franco Mazzei, of the 3rd Ward, was selected unanimously to be Township Council president.
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"Most of you know that I had a very long summer," the mayor said after taking the oath. "But I'm here today, and I'm happy to be here today."
Vergano, 62, vice president of human resources and sales for Hishi Plastics U.S.A. Inc. in Lincoln Park, served on the Board of Educationand council before becoming mayor in 2008. He took over for Scott Rumana, who resigned to assume a positionin the state General Assembly.
He was diagnosed with multiple myeloma a cancer that attacks plasma cells in August 2019. His surgical procedure was followed by extended stays at Hackensack University Medical Center.
Vergano's cancer was in remission by November, when he garnered more than 70% of the vote in a sound defeat of Arlene Sullivan, a Democrat.
"Battling what I did made me even stronger than I was before," the Republican mayor said at the reorganization meeting.
Vergano thanked all of his supporters, promising that he and his administration "will not let you down."
"To the 5,576 people who chose not to vote for me," the mayorsaid, "we'll work harder to take care of you and the people of Wayne."
Also taking oaths Saturday were council members Jill Sasso and David Varano, each returning for asecond term, and Councilman Jason DeStefano, embarking on his first.
DeStefano, 34, is the youngest member of the governing body 53 years the junior of the man he was elected to replace. Former Councilman Joseph Schweighardt stepped down at the end of the year after five terms and a total of 3 decades ofpublic service.
"Joe certainly leftbig shoes for me to fill," DeStefano said, "but I look forward to the challenge of filling them."
Philip DeVencentisis a local reporter forNorthJersey.com. For unlimited access to the most important news from your local community,please subscribe or activate your digital account today.
Email:devencentis@northjersey.com
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Genomic Biomarker Market Overview by Industry Dynamics, Regional Analysis and Forecast 2021 to 2026 Industrial IT – Industrial IT
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People Magazines Premature Cover Toasts Betty Whites 100th Birthday – The New York Times
Posted: at 1:22 am
For months, editors at People magazine had been zeroing in on Betty White for an end-of-year cover article. Her 100th birthday was coming up on Jan. 17, and readers always seemed to warm to her self-deprecating, slightly naughty observations. As the toast of social media in recent years, Ms. White appealed to old and young.
By mid-December, Liz McNeil, a 29-year-veteran of the magazine, and a new colleague, Dory Jackson, were collaborating on the piece, with Ms. White responding to questions via email, according to Wendy Naugle, Peoples deputy editor. On Dec. 23, editors closed the issue. It hit newsstands on Wednesday and began arriving in subscriber mailboxes on Friday.
Next to a glossy photograph of Ms. White, her eyes twinkling, the People trumpets sounded: Betty White Turns 100!
Ms. White died on Friday morning. She was 99.
As tributes began to wash across Twitter, with fans celebrating Ms. Whites comedic performances on The Golden Girls and The Mary Tyler Moore Show, People also began to trend. Some fans blamed the magazine for jinxing Ms. White. (In addition to its weekly issue, People also marked her impending centennial with a commemorative issue entirely devoted to her seven-decade career.)
Others were pleased that Ms. White, known for her devilish sense of humor and impeccable comedic timing, had seemed to have pulled off one last laugh.
Dan Wakeford, Peoples editor, was in London when he got the word that Ms. White had died, turning his cover into a Hall of Fame example of the risk of reporting something that hasnt quite happened yet. (The most infamous example remains the Chicago Daily Tribunes decision in 1948 to mistakenly announce that Dewey Defeats Truman.)
Perhaps adding insult to injury, a competing celebrity news outlet, TMZ.com, broke the news of Ms. Whites death, citing anonymous law enforcement sources.
Still, People was able to get the first official confirmation from her agent, Jeff Witjas, who had helped arrange the interview. Even though Betty was about to be 100, I thought she would live forever, Mr. Witjas told the magazine. I will miss her terribly and so will the animal world that she loved so much.
People then posted a comment from Mr. Wakeford on its Twitter account. We are deeply saddened by the news of Betty Whites passing, he said. We are honored that she recently chose to work with People to celebrate her extraordinary life and career.
Speaking by phone, Ms. Naugle said she and other staffers were all in shock. Ms. White, she noted, on Tuesday had shared an image of her 100th-birthday cover with her 1.3 million Twitter followers. People Magazine is celebrating with me! the post read.
It turned out to be Ms. Whites last post. In one from Dec. 15, she promoted a documentary, Betty White: 100 Years Young, which was scheduled to be shown in theaters on Jan. 17. Im going BIG for my birthday right to the BIG SCREEN! Ms. White had said.
The films producers, Steve Boettcher and Mike Trinklein, said the film will come out as scheduled. Betty always said she was the luckiest broad on two feet to have had a career as long as she did, they said in a statement. And honestly, we were the lucky ones to have had her for so long.
Asked to reconcile the sadness of Ms. Whites death with the whoops of the cover, Ms. Naugle looked on the bright side. I think fans will be touched to know that she was funny and in good spirits right until the end, she said.
Ms. White had quipped to People, for instance, that her longevity could be attributed, in part, to her diet. I try to avoid anything green, she said. I think its working.
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