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Oct. 3, 2013 A study concerning the evolution of mitochondrial DNA, performed by researchers from the Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona (UAB), has allowed to determine the frequency and pattern of heteroplasmy in the complete mitochondrial genome using a representative sample of the European population. This phenomenon, which indicates the presence of different mitochondrial DNA types in a cell or an individual, can be found in more than half of the population. The data obtained indicates that many of the newly arising mutations found never reach fixation at the population level due to the effect of evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift or selection. The study, published in PLOS ONE, may open a new perspective on medical, evolutionary and forensic research.

The mitochondrial DNA copies of an individual are not necessarily identical. The presence of different types of mitochondrial DNA is known as heteroplasmy. This is an obligatory phase in the evolution of the mitochondrial DNA, an intermediate stage between the mutation origin and its fixation at cellular and individual level. The study of heteroplasmy is proving to be useful in the study of mutation patterns, the role of selection and the mitochondrial DNA recombination in mammals.

In this study, researchers Amanda Ramos, Cristina Santos and Maria Pilar Aluja, from the Unit of Biological Anthropology of the UAB, determined the frequency and pattern of heteroplasmy in the complete mitochondrial genome of 101 unrelated healthy individuals, which are representative of the European population. The results demonstrate a high frequency of mitochondrial heteroplasmy, being heteroplasmic a 61% of the individuals analysed.

"This is an important data. Until now no one had established these frequencies, probably due to methodological reasons -- we detected, with a sensitivity of 100%, mitochondrial DNA mixtures in which minority variants were present with a frequency of only 10% -- but also because for a long time the research carried out on heteroplasmy was associated with the study of mitochondrial diseases. Given the high frequency of heteroplasmy at population level, the research demonstrates that the presence of heteroplasmy is not necessarily associated with specific diseases; in fact, it is likely that most of us are heteroplasmic without affecting our health negatively," states Amanda Ramos, lead author of the article and the PhD thesis on which the research was based on.

Researchers determined how many heteroplasmic positions presented each analysed individual and in which positions of their mitochondrial genome were located. as well as the percentage of each of the genetic variants. With this information, they detected that several of these mutations in heteroplasmy had not been previously described at population level.

"Many of these mutations will probably not be fixed at population level. We detected the presence of heteroplasmy at highly stable positions of the mitochondrial genome. This suggest that some evolutionary forces may be acting to lower them at population level. Especially, those stable heteroplasmic positions that could have a negative effect on the individual, which suggest that purifying selection could be operating to prevent their fixation within individuals," says Cristina Santos, co-author of the article.

The present study represents an important advance in the research of the mitochondrial DNA. "By taking into account the large amount of data presented and the scarce information available up to date, we are convinced that it will open a new perspective in the research of mitochondrial DNA-related diseases, as well as in population studies, and evolutionary and forensic field," concludes research director Maria Pilar Aluja.

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New advances in the study of human mitochondrial DNA

BOCA RATON, Fla.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

DNA Brands, Inc.(OTCQB:DNAX), makers of DNA Energy Drink, the winner of the 2010 and 2012 Worlds Best Tasting Energy Drink title announced this week New Age Distributing, Inc. (New Age) located in Little Rock Arkansas has become the latest distributor to join the companys rapidly expanding list of prominent distributors.

"We are very excited to have been able to come to terms with such a respected distributor as New Age and having them add DNA energy drinks to their prestigious portfolio of products, said Eric Fowler, DNA's Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Having such a premier distributor offering our products to the thousands of locations they service throughout the state of Arkansas provides us with an excellent growth opportunity. The addition of New Age Distributing gives us full statewide coverage and fills a critical role in our expansion. We have shipped their initial order and anticipate product launch will begin on October 21, 2013 with their customer base, concluded Fowler.

Rick Davis, General Manager of New Age said, "We are extremely pleased to be adding DNA Energy Drink to our portfolio of quality beverages. In this new age of performance drinks, we feel DNA sets itself apart with award winning taste and appealing new can designs, the brand (DNA) has the consumer appeal necessary to compete in the energy drink category." Mr. Davis also went on to say "We are excited to present DNA's newly rebranded line of energy drinks to the thousands of retailers that we service."

About New Age Distributing, Inc. New Age Distributing in Little Rock, AR is a private company established in 2001 and is owned by the Frantz family. New Age is categorized as a non-alcoholic distributor employing in excess of 50 people. Its product portfolio consist of the complete 7up, Snapple and RC Cola lines along with numerous other beverages.

About Eric Fowler Eric Fowler has 30 years' experience in the beverage industry, serving in executive sales and marketing positions with several of the nation's beverage leaders including A&W Brands, Snapple, Cadbury Schweppes and Southeast Atlantic Beverage. Mr. Fowler assumed his position as Vice President of Sales and Marketing for DNA Brands in the beginning of the year. His responsibilities include managing our rebranding efforts and expanding sales and marketing.

About DNA Brands, Inc. DNA BRANDS, make DNA Energy Drink, the 2010 and 2012 winner of the best-tasting energy drink at the World Beverage Competition. DNA Energy Drink is a proprietary blend of quality ingredients in several delicious flavors. DNA is a proud sponsor of many action sport teams consisting of top athletes from Motorcross, Surf, Wakeboard and Skateboard, and has received tremendous TV and media coverage.

"Awarded the World's Best Tasting Energy Drink 2010 & 2012 respectively at the World Beverage Competition"

For more information about DNA Energy Drink, its athletes and sponsorships, please visit http://www.dnabrandsusa.com or contact Darren Marks, President (954) 970-3826

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DNA Brands Continues Southeast Expansion

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/fghrt4/global_dna) has announced the addition of the "Global DNA Vaccine Pipeline Analysis" report to their offering.

The global market for DNA vaccines is currently recording significant growth rates owing to the lesser side effects, ease of development, lesser cost and continued development in biotechnology arena. At present, not even a single DNA vaccine has been approved for human beings. However, around 100 products are under clinical trial for treating diseases like HIV infection, cancer and other infectious diseases. With regards to animal health, there are three DNA vaccines which have been approved. The first vaccine against West Nile Virus to be used in horses was approved in 2005.

Global DNA Vaccine Pipeline Analysis gives a comprehensive insight on the various DNA Vaccines being developed for the treatment of multiple diseases. Research report covers all the DNA Vaccines being developed in various development phases. Each DNA Vaccine profiles include detailed information like: Originator, Owner, Collaborator, Technology Provider, Licensee, Development Phase, Development Indications, Mechanism of Action, Country of Development and detailed analysis on the development process.

This report enables pharmaceutical companies, collaborators and other associated stake holders to identify and analyze the available investment opportunity in the DNA vaccine market based upon development process. Following parameters for each DNA Vaccine profile in development phase are covered in Global DNA Vaccine Pipeline Analysis research report:

Breakup of DNA Vaccine Pipeline by Clinical Phase:

Key Topics Covered:

1. Global DNA Vaccine Market Overview

2. DNA Vaccine Development Phase: Research

3. DNA Vaccine Development Phase: Preclinical

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Research and Markets: Global DNA Vaccine Pipeline Analysis