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I was stunned to learn why my breast milk turned blue – New York Post
Posted: March 17, 2022 at 2:11 am
A mom has shared a video of her breast milk that turned blue which according to an expert, is completely normal.
Breast milkcan also turn pink, green or beige, which may come as a surprise tonew moms.
Crina-Natalie Worley, a 23-year-old mom-of-three, said she was amazed at the human body as she showed off thelightly blue-tingedliquid.
Posting toTikTok, the Aussie said her milk turned blue because my son is sick so my body is producing antibodies to fight it off.
Breast milkcontains antibodiesbelonging to the mom, which are passed to thebabyto give them immunity against an array of illnesses.
However, the blue tint is more likely to occur because of its fat content, an expert explained.
Piroska Cavell, who worked as an agency midwife at NHS trusts all over the UK, and in the private sector, told The Sun: Breast milk then changes as your baby grows it can change to a pale white even a blueish color.
The fore milk, which is the first part of the feed your baby receives, is designed to quench its thirst and is a paler blueish color.
The next part of the feed is the hind milk and it contains all the fats and nutrients for baby. This is what fills baby up and can range from white to cream to a pale tan color.
Your boobs and your body are so clever that when the temperature rises outside, your breast automatically provides more of the thirst quenching fore milk for the baby.
Fore milk is lower in fat, so its important the baby still gets enough of the hind milk.
Blue-tinged milk can also be a result of how it is stored after being pumped, according to Donna Murray, a registered nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Rutgers University.
She wrote forVerywell Family: When you pump and store breast milk, it can change a little bit. In the refrigerator, breast milk may separate into layers.
There may be a thick, white or yellow creamy layer on top, and a thinner clear or blue-tinted layer on the bottom.
You dont have to worry. Its normal, and it doesnt mean the milk went bad.
Its just that when it sits, the fat rises to the top. When youre ready to use it, you just have to mix the layers by gently swirling the bottle.
Piroska, who runs wellbeing clinicClinic Sese, in Whitstable, Kent, explained that breast milk changes in order to fit the babys needs.
She said: Breast milk is another example of how fantastically clever the human body is. Your boobs are brilliant!
Without consciously doing anything you can provide your baby with the exact amount of antibodies and the correct balance of carbohydrates, fats and proteins for it to thrive and develop as it should.
Breast milk automatically adapts to your babys needs. The amount created at each feed and the calorific and nutrient content is designed to exactly match the size of your babys stomach.
Breast milk can alter depending on what you eat, drink or take as medication.
Piroska said: A lot of green veg can give it a pale green hue.
Lots of fruit and berries and beetroot can give it a pinkish tint.
Some medications can also influence the color of your milk, so always check with your pharmacist or doctor that it is safe to take any prescribed medication, over-the-counter drugs or supplements whilst breastfeeding.
Colours of breast milk that warrant a check up by your midwife or doctor are bloodstained-this could be infection related or it could be from sore nipples. This is often easily resolved.
If it is dark orange or brown, seek medical advice. It could be an indication of a more severe issue or being given an unsuitable medication for you whilst breastfeeding.
If you are concerned about the color of your milk, any lumps or pain do not hesitate to get it checked out by your midwife or doctor.
The fluid produced by the breasts in the first few days after birth is called colostrum.
Its thick and usually a golden yellow color as it is very concentrated.
Piroska said: Before and shortly after birth breasts start to manufacture what is called colostrum.
This is what can surprise first time moms as your breasts can start to leak quite a while before baby is due.
Ask your midwife for some collection syringes and to show you how to collect it. Why? because this is invaluable if your baby arrives early or struggles to feed initially.
Your small syringes of colostrum will be able to support your baby through those early days and still provide all the building blocks and protection from disease it needs.
The color ranges formorangey/gold to creamy and it is quite a thick sticky consistency.
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How David Gilliland Racing worked quickly to achieve triumph amid tragedy at Phoenix – ARCA – arcaracing.com
Posted: at 2:11 am
On the morning of Tuesday, March 8, David Gilliland took a phone call no race team owner or human being ever wants to receive.
Three days later, he and his organization found themselves in Victory Lane at Phoenix Raceway after what Gilliland called the most special win (hes) ever been a part of in his motorsports career.
This is the result of an astonishingly concerted and heavy-hearted effort on the part of David Gilliland Racing in the wake of a traffic accident that took the life of team hauler driver Steven Stotts early that Tuesday morning. Stotts was transporting Taylor Grays No. 17 Ford and DGRs ARCA Menards Series equipment to Phoenix for the General Tire 150. Two more team members, John Zaverl and Michael Mizzelle, were injured in the accident.
Grays first ARCA Menards Series (national) victory Friday night was not a surprise in the context of the 16-year-old drivers talent and career trajectory; it also marked his fourth ARCA Menards Series West victory dating back to 2020 and his 17th ARCA Menards Series top-five finish. But the context of tragedy and a tight timeline made the triumph a remarkable feat.
Just a few hours after Gilliland received that phone call Tuesday morning, another DGR hauler was on its way to Phoenix loaded with equipment and another No. 17 Ford.
RELATED: Takeaways from General Tire 150 at Phoenix
Something like this happens, you dont have a lot of time, Gilliland explained. Everything happens fast especially in this situation. It was brought up to not go, but it was in everybodys hearts to go and honor Steven and his family.
Gilliland said he and team co-owner Johnny Gray (Taylors grandfather) were in communication in the immediate aftermath of their receiving news of the hauler accident. They quickly called a meeting with all available team members to brief them on the situation.
An important factor was gauging how Taylor Gray felt about racing so soon. Once the driver and crew chief Chad Johnston expressed their desire to honor Stotts by pushing forward and competing, the decision was made.
The question, then, was how.
The first step was to find out whether the hauler drivers who were still at the shop would be willing to drive to Phoenix on short notice. They agreed to do so and left the facility to pack bags and take naps before returning to drive that afternoon.
DGR, an operation that runs three NASCAR Camping World Truck Series teams, was fortunate to have plenty of equipment on-hand like additional tool boxes, gas cans and generators. With the Truck Series off on this particular week, the team was able to pack up the hauler that typically transports Hailie Deegans No. 1 Ford F-150.
The next step was Grays racing uniform, including his helmet, driving shoes, ear molds and seat liner. All had been packed in the original hauler. Gilliland said Simpson, a team partner, was able to quickly equip Gray with a new suit, a freshly wired helmet, a new HANS device, gloves and shoes.
Of course, DGR also needed to prepare a new car. Grays ride for the March 19 East Series race at Five Five Flags Speedway in Pensacola, Florida, had already been pulled down and was available to modify. Gordy Arbitter from Gear Tech called and offered drivetrain services, and he build a new rear end gear for Grays car on the spot. Likewise, Harry Reed drove straight to DGRs shop and built a new set of shocks for a Phoenix car.
We had about five hours to get it ready, Gilliland recalled.
Part of the car prep was peeling off logos. Gilliland said team agreed to run an all-black car given the circumstances: If we do go, how do we do it and make sure we honor Steven in the very best way we can? That was kind of what we came up with.
It was Gray himself, though, who came up with the idea to order new name decals to be placed above his doors. He would race at Phoenix with the names Steven Stotts, John Zaverl and Michael Mizzelle in place of his own.
Those names were the first things Gray saw when he climbed out of his car after winning the race. Parked near the start/finish line at Phoenix, the driver pointed to the sky, put his head down on Stotts name, and pointed to the sky again.
The reason were here today is because of Steven, Michael and John, Gray said in Victory Lane. We wouldnt be here if we thought they wouldnt want us to be here. This is for them. This is all for them.
Added Gilliland: I couldnt be more proud of our team and the heart they showed not only to be able to make it to the race track, but to be able to make it to the race track and perform at that level during these times.
We never go to the race track not to win, but we were racing for something very different on Friday night. We won and we got the trophy, but we didnt go there for the trophy. We went there for Steven. And to be able to win its one that I will absolutely never ever forget.
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Human Rights Council Holds Separate Interactive Dialogues with the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights while Countering…
Posted: at 2:11 am
15 March 2022Morning
The Human Rights Council this morning held separate interactive dialogues with the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, Fionnuala N Aolin, and with the Independent Expert on the human rights of persons with albinism, Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond.
Fionnuala N Aolin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, said her report drew a clear and sustained line between the torture and extraordinary rendition that accompanied the so-called war on terror to contemporary practices of mass arbitrary detention and torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in Xinjiang China and northeast Syria. It was precisely the lack of access, transparency, accountability and remedy that had enabled and sustained a permissive environment for contemporary large-scale detention and harm to individuals. To date, none of the detention sites had been made fully accessible to independent human rights. They were all dark stains on the worlds collective conscience. She spoke of her country visit to Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan spoke as a country concerned.
In the ensuing discussion, speakers highlighted the importance of fighting terrorism while respecting human rights. The gender impact of countering terrorism was noted. Concerns were expressed that thousands of women and girls remained detained and subjected to conditions that met the threshold of torture and degrading treatments. Other speakers regretted that it was mainly men and boys that were at risk of wrongful arrest and detention, as the result of policies based on race, skin colour and religious discrimination. State practice related to secret detention continued to evolve the lack of accountability for States and had created a culture of impunity. Terrorism in all of its forms was a dangerous threat to peace and security, it was an epidemic that undermined the safety of all countries, a direct attack on freedom and enjoyment of human rights. Terrorism needed to be fought but not in a symmetrical way: a violation of the law did not justify the violation of human right; a crime did not justify a crime.
Speaking in the dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on protecting human rights whilst countering terrorism were the European Union, Mexico on behalf of a group of countries, UN Women, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Libya, Iraq, Cuba, Venezuela, France, Maldives, Syria, Senegal, Luxemburg, Burkina Faso, India, China, Armenia, Netherlands, Cameroon, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Indonesia, Benin, Panama, Yemen, Ireland, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, United Kingdom, Azerbaijan, Greece, Botswana, Georgia, Spain, Cyprus, Iran, Belarus, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Bolivia and Switzerland.
Also speaking were Amnesty International, World Organization Against Torture, Conectas Direitos Humanos, Al-Haq Law in the Service of Man, Families of Victims of Involuntary Disappearances, Rencontres africaines pour la defense des droits de lhomme, Article 19- International Centre against Censorship, International Commission of Jurists, Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, and Lawyers Rights Watch Canada.
The Council then held an interactive dialogue with the Independent Expert on the human rights of persons with albinism.
Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond, Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism, said she had focused her report on harmful practices and hate crimes against persons with albinism. Egregious violations against persons with albinism could qualify as hate crimes since hate crimes were crimes carried out with a bias motive: the person committing the crime had a bias against an actual or perceived characteristic of a victims identity. She stated that unfortunately, many people were still unaware that it was not just in Africa where the rights of persons with albinism had to be protected. Persons with albinism remained invisible in too many discussions that were important to their human and personal development. They were even invisible in discussions about human rights defenders. Such invisibility led to exclusion and exclusion ultimately led to violations of rights.
In the ensuing discussion, speakers thanked the Expert for focusing on hate crimes and explaining what constituted a hate crime and shared her view on the importance of addressing misunderstanding on the subject, even more in mass media. The importance of education and awareness raising was highlighted, as well as the need for the development of critical thinking. Education and awareness raising as well as working with social media companies to limit hateful rhetoric was necessary. Speakers were concerned about the fact that people with albinism were experiencing multiple discriminations. These violations stemmed largely from ignorance, prejudice and stigma. The intersectional form of discriminations that women and girls with albinism faced was highlighted. Deep concerns were expressed that children with albinism were targeted and the enjoyment of their human rights undermined. Speakers were appalled by the abduction of children with albinism and the idea that using their body parts would bring good fortune and luck.
Speaking in the interactive dialogue with the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism were Finland on behalf of the Nordic- Baltic countries, European Union, Egypt, Israel, Djibouti, United Nations Childrens Fund, Malaysia, Venezuela, Kenya, China, Lesotho, South Africa, United States, Portugal, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Panama and Namibia.
Also speaking were: Rencontres africaines pour la defense des droits de lhomme, Mother of Hope Cameroon Common Initiative Group, World Barua Organisation, International Humanist and Ethical Union, World Jewish Congress, China Society for Human Rights Studies, Under the Same Sun Fund and Association pour la dfense des droits de lhomme et des revendications dmocratiques/culturelles du people Azerbaidjanais-Iran.
The webcast of the Human Rights Council meetings can be found here. All meeting summaries can be found here. Documents and reports related to the Human Rights Councils forty-ninth regular session can be found here.
The Human Rights Council will next meet at 3 p.m. to begin the interactive dialogue with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, followed by the interactive dialogue with the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral on Children and Armed Conflict.
Interactive Dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism
Documentation
The Council has before it (A/HRC/49/45), the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, Fionnuala N Aolin, entitled follow-up report on the Joint Study (2010) on Global Practices in Relation to Secret Detention in the Context of Countering Terrorism, as well as her report on her visit to Uzbekistan.
Presentation of Reports
FIONNUALA N AOLIN, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, raised concerns that counter terrorism and countering violent extremism law and policy were being used to target, constrain, and attack civil society across the globe. The Special Rapporteur said she had conducted two working level visits to Washington D.C and thanked the Government of the United States for the constructive and sustained dialogue on a range of issues related to counter terrorism and human rights. She had also carried out a country visit to Uzbekistan in November/December 2021. She commended the comprehensive approach taken by Uzbekistan, the humane approach taken by its Government and the emphasis on meaningful integration and acceptance of returnees with clear provision for their medical, psycho-social, educational and economic needs. Other countries that had systematically failed to return their nationals had a great deal to learn from the approach being pioneered by Uzbekistan.
Ms. N Aolin said that in 2010, four Special Procedure mandate holders had produced a unique joint study on global practices of secret detention in the context of countering terrorism. She had determined that a follow-up report was urgently needed. Her report drew a clear and sustained line between the torture and extraordinary rendition that accompanied the so-called war on terror to contemporary practices of mass arbitrary detention and torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in Xinjiang China and northeast Syria. It was precisely the lack of access, transparency, accountability and remedy that had enabled and sustained a permissive environment for contemporary large-scale detention and harm to individuals.
The most important part of her report was its annex, Ms. N Aolin said, as it listed the names of every single individual identified who was subject to secret detention. Counter terrorism discourse, law and practice justified the most egregious of human dignity violations. The practice of waterboarding (simulated drowning) was legally justified and brutally carried out in black sites controlled by the United States. Detainees were placed in coffin-like structures for extended periods of time. They were kept in solitary confinement, many for months at a time. They were subjected to anal penetration by objects, actions which amounted to sexual violation and appeared to reach the threshold for rape as set out under the International Criminal Court Statute. The report further identified grave concerns about practices of arbitrary mass and secret detention with other serious violations of international law directed at the Uighurs and other ethnic groups in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region that had been the subject of multiple communications by multiple Special Procedure mechanisms and experts of the Human Rights Council, justified under the banner of re-education.
Her mandate continued to highlight the scale of human rights and humanitarian law violations that followed from holding thousands of men, women and children in a situation of mass arbitrary detention in northeast Syria. The conditions in these camps met the threshold of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment under international law. Repatriation was the only international law compliant solution to the existence of these camps and sites of detention. No humane or decent society should accept leaving their children in a situation of cradle to grave arbitrary detention.
In conclusion, Ms. N Aolin said that not a single individual who was subject to extraordinary rendition and torture had received an adequate remedy. There was a clear obligation to provide adequate remedy to individuals and their families who experienced these profound violations. Persons who were transferred from black sites and from Guantanamo Bay also continued to live in legal limbo lacking remedy, legal status or rehabilitation in countries of resettlement or countries of origin. There was no statute of limitations on these grave violations of international law. Moreover, those who planned, executed, or colluded in such grave violations must be held accountable, despite the desire to engage in a process of collective forgetting and a compact of comfortable amnesia on torture and rendition. She closed by pointing out that to date, none of these detention sites black sites, Guantanamo Bay Cuba, Xinjiang, or camps in northeast Syria had been made fully accessible to independent human rights oversight able to assess the harms experienced within them. They were all dark stains on the worlds collective conscience.
Statement by Country Concerned
AKMAL SAIDOV, Director of the National Human Rights Centre of Uzbekistan and First Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan, said the Uzbek Government welcomed the Special Rapporteurs report on her visit to Uzbekistan, despite the ongoing global pandemic. The country had made significant progress in its relationship with the United Nations Special Procedures in a relatively short period of time, and all mandate holders had an open invitation. The visit was considered an important step in constructive cooperation in building human rights whilst countering terrorism. The Special Rapporteurs positive assessment of Uzbekistans approach to building a democratic and just society was appreciated. She recognised Uzbekistans world leadership in sustained repatriation of civilians from conflict zones. A total of 500 civilians had been repatriated from armed conflict zones. Uzbekistan was firmly committed to its international human rights obligations, and understood that it was only at the beginning of this path, and counted on the support of its international partners, including the Human Rights Council and the Special Rapporteurs.
Discussion
In the ensuing discussion, speakers highlighted the importance of respecting human rights while fighting terrorism. They paid tribute to the report and welcomed its gender mainstreaming. The gender impact of countering terrorism was noted. Concerns were expressed that thousands of women and girls remained detained and subjected to conditions that met the threshold of torture and degrading treatments. Some speakers regretted that it was mainly men and boys that were at risk of wrongful arrest and detention, as a result of policies based on race, skin colour and religious discrimination. The post 9/11 mushroom had grown and was enabling illegal practices. State practice related to secret detention continued to evolve and the lack of accountability for States had created a culture of impunity. Calls were made for the immediate release of all children detained in the context of countering terrorism.
It was important to end impunity and the fight against terrorism required joint international efforts. The appearance of new forms of terrorist threats had resulted in new measures to protect the population from those threats. It was necessary to pay attention to countering terrorism actions that prevented the enjoyment of human rights. Terrorism in all of its forms was a dangerous threat to peace and security, it was an epidemic that undermined the safety of all countries, a direct attack on freedom and enjoyment of human rights. Terrorism needed to be fought but not in a symmetrical way: a violation of the law did not justify the violation of human rights; a crime did not justify a crime. All people had the right to their mental and physical integrity. Speakers supported the call to repatriate foreign terrorists and hold them accountable for the crimes they committed.
Speakers further affirmed that States alone were responsible for the protection of human rights and States had the right to implement policies that they saw fit to combat terrorists and terrorism. They encouraged the Special Rapporteur not to echo false information, and looked forward to her paying more attention to the victims of terrorism.
Interim Remarks
FIONNUALA N AOLIN, Special Rapporteur on protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms whilst countering terrorism, acknowledged the support of the European Union in the work of the mandate, as well as that of Mexico with regard to transfers. The situation of boys as a category for harm in counter-terrorism was noted, and boys should be recognised as children - their gender did not make them terrorists, and they should be treated under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Good practice and cooperation with the mandate by Spain and Oman last year had been very positive and complemented the strengthening of the fourth pillar and civil society. Armenia was thanked for emphasising the importance of civil society in fighting terrorism - when civil society was targeted, this created the conditions for conflict and terrorism. The Conference in Malaga being hosted by the Government of Spain followed on from their commitment to the issue.
On the effects of terrorism, Ms. N Aolin said that in her last report she had given particular attention to this issue, with a particular focus on the victims of terrorism. On what could be done for victims, they were tired of the platitudes of support from the international community - they required legal measures protecting their rights at the national level, and should have a rights-based protection for the harms they had faced. All should ensure that national legislation was compatible with international law, and many countries should focus on the opportunity to review and revise national law that was not compatible.
Discussion
Speakers took note of the conclusions of the report, including the insufficient implementation by States of the Special Rapporteurs recommendations. Speakers condemned acts of torture unconditionally and shared concerns on extrajudicial transfer and enforced disappearances. Countering terrorism should never serve as a reason for human rights violations. Countries with extra territorial detention centres should be held accountable for human rights violations. Some speakers noted that some references to specific countries in her report singled out activities that were not done in the context of countering terrorism and regretted that this mistake had been made. They denounced what they called a politicised campaign orchestrated by western counties and stated that until today, not a single European country participating in the programme of secret CIA prisons had respected human rights. The questions about prosecuting perpetrators and ensuring justice for victims of such perpetrators was highlighted. Speakers further regretted that the Special Rapporteur did not demonstrate a principled approach and urged her to be more diligent so as to not multiply fake news.
Concluding Remarks
FIONNUALA N AOLIN, Special Rapporteur on protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms whilst countering terrorism, said there should be no impunity for terrorist acts, and there should be pursuit of core acts, not just for membership in terrorist organizations. The draft comprehensive Convention on Terrorism should move past the stalemate it was in and be concluded, as without it the fight was disadvantaged. The ongoing constructive dialogue with China should continue, and the mandate was impartial and neutral. On the issue of the impact of counter-terrorism measures on the freedom of expression, this was a consistent trend that needed to be addressed by States. There was a long way to go both at the national and regional level to ensure that they played the oversight role they could play in the fight for human rights whilst countering terrorism.
The critical issue of the profiling and discrimination of certain communities, in particular Muslim men, should not be ignored, and should be considered and discussed on the ground. The international community must make particular efforts for all victims of rendition to be compensated for the harm they had suffered. There was an accelerated trend for citizenship stripping, and there should be a moratorium on this, as it had led to statelessness, in particular for children. There was a profound obligation by the international community for the victims of terrorism in Afghanistan. Without human rights, neither counter terrorism nor protection were carried out well. Deep concern was expressed for the obliteration of the entirety of Palestinian society in the framework of counter terrorism. The Council should support accountability, seek transparency, and have zero tolerance for the violation of human rights in the context of counter terrorism. She hoped to continue her highly engaged interaction with Uzbekistan.
Interactive Dialogue with the Independent Expert on the Enjoyment of Human Rights by Persons with Albinism
Documentation
The Council has before it (A/HRC/49/56 ) report of the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism, Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond entitled harmful practices and hate crimes targeting persons with albinism.
Presentation of Report
MULUKA-ANNE MITI-DRUMMOND, Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism, said she had focused her report on harmful practices and hate crimes against persons with albinism. Egregious violations against persons with albinism could qualify as hate crimes since hate crimes were crimes carried out with a bias motive: the person committing the crime had a bias against an actual or perceived characteristic of a victims identity. In the case of albinism, they were perpetrated on the basis of the colouring and physical appearance of this people group. Having specific hate crime laws in which persons with albinism could be recognised as victims with protected characteristics would not only condemn the bias motive in the crimes against them, but could prompt further investigations and impact the way victims were treated, how they were interviewed and the seriousness of sentences given to offenders.
Ms. Miti-Drummond identified good practices in relation to harmful practices and hate crimes, including the European Unions strong common response to tackle hate crimes through its Framework Decision 2008/913, as well as the establishment of mechanisms for the reporting of hate crimes in different countries. These mechanisms must recognise that attacks against persons with albinism almost always constituted hate crimes. The African Unions Plan of Action to End Attacks and other Human Rights Violations Targeting Persons with Albinism (2021 to 2031) was another valuable initiative. She urged the implementation of this Plan of Action.
In conclusion, Ms. Miti-Drummond stated that unfortunately, many people were still unaware that it was not just in Africa where the rights of persons with albinism had to be protected. Persons with albinism remained invisible in too many discussions that were important to their human and personal development. They were even invisible in discussions about human rights defenders. Such invisibility led to exclusion and exclusion ultimately led to violations of rights. This was even more so the case with smaller groups of people. It was therefore her vision to ensure that persons with albinism, and their voices, were mainstreamed in these areas.
Discussion
In the ensuing discussion, speakers welcomed the Independent Experts first report as well as the presentation of her thematic vision and took note of her recommendations. They were looking forward to working with the Expert and recognised the challenges of the fight against discrimination against persons with albinism. They commended the recognition by the Human Rights Council of harmful practices related to practices of witchcraft as the root causes of the human rights violation of persons with albinism. Discrimination against any minorities impacted all persons. The terrible effects of stereotypes and prejudices were denounced. Speakers thanked the Expert for focusing on hate crimes and explaining what constituted a hate crime and shared her view on the importance of addressing misunderstanding on the subject, even more in mass media. The importance of education and awareness raising was highlighted, as well as the need for the development of critical thinking. Education and awareness raising as well as working with social media companies to limit hateful rhetoric was necessary.
Speakers said they were committed to the promotion and protection of the human rights of persons with albinism. They denounced the trafficking and killing of persons with albinism and greeted the adoption of Security Council resolution 478. Massive support to combat hate crimes was expressed. Speakers were concerned about the fact that people with albinism were experiencing multiple discriminations. These violations stemmed largely from ignorance, prejudice and stigma. Fighting those discriminations required concerted efforts. The intersectional form of discriminations that women and girls with albinism faced was highlighted. Deep concerns were expressed that children with albinism were targeted and the enjoyment of their human rights undermined. The impact on their mental health was noted. Speakers were appalled by the abduction of children with albinism and the idea that using their body parts would bring good fortune and luck. They urged all communities to fulfil the human rights of all persons with albinism and provide necessary support. Calls were made for authorities to ensure the rights and freedom of persons with albinism and for States to take appropriate measures to protect them without discriminations.
Concluding Remarks
MULUKA-ANNE MITI-DRUMMOND, Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism, wished to thank everybody for their comments and input, and noted that almost everyone had echoed support for the mandate, and she looked forward to going forward with them in the future. She looked forward to discussing a potential country visit to Egypt. One of the best ways to ensure continued dialogue and open channels of discussions were country visits. The exchange of information and best practices, as well as challenges faced by the Governments in protecting persons with albinism were also important. The data on the number of persons with albinism remained opaque, and such information should be disaggregated so that the situation of persons with albinism throughout the globe could be determined. African countries should develop national action plans and implement the African Union Plan of Action. It was essential for the Independent Expert to continue to work closely with persons with albinism, and she committed to do this, to seek their input, understand their challenges, and work closely with Governments in developing standards for the rights of persons with albinism.
Governments should adopt coordinated responses with regard to albinism, including the justice sector, migration and education. Her work would also adopt this coordinated response, and would continue to work with the public sector, including geneticists and health professionals. Dispelling myths about albinism was vital, as it was these that prompted attacks on persons with albinism. Albinism should be mainstreamed, as in many cases, persons with albinism were invisible, which led to exclusion and violations of human rights, and she intended to make sure they were involved in all discussions. On capacity building, she would continue the work on this, and understanding the human rights framework around persons with albinism, as well as the health conditions of persons with albinism. It was difficult for many people to understand what were the channels for access to justice, to witness protection, and legal aid, and States should help remedy these. Governments should support persons with albinism and associations aiding them financially and in developing plans of action. Governments must ensure that they included and consulted persons with albinism from the designing phase to the implementation phase. Human rights organizations should also include the issue of persons with albinism at all levels of their work.
___________
Produced by the United Nations Information Service in Geneva for use of the information media;not an official record. English and French versions of our releases are different as they are the product of two separate coverage teams that work independently.
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Ukrainian influencers bring the frontlines to TikTok – The Verge
Posted: at 2:11 am
Weeks ago, Ukraine-based influencer Kristina Korbans TikTok was a steady stream of gym motivation and personal finance tips punctuated by trending audio. In bold title text, she told her followers to STAY CONSISTENT and DO WHAT MAKES YOU HAPPY! Aside from one lighthearted reference to the escalating situation with Russia, Korbans page stayed on message: YOU CAN BE AN INVESTOR.
Then, on February 23rd, the facade of normalcy fell apart. In a video thats been viewed more than 9 million times, the Kyiv-based influencer recorded herself from bed, describing explosions in the distance that rattled her home. This might be the beginning of something serious, she says.
For weeks, TikTok users have watched Russian troops and military vehicles on the move through bite-sized clips often lacking context or verification. When Russian President Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion, TikTok feeds were littered with bogus live streams with siren and gunshot audio dubbed over. The White House has attempted to intervene too, even hosting a background briefing with popular TikTokkers during which officials answered questions and shared White House talking points, according to audio obtained by the Washington Post.
Now, along with misinformation researchers and war correspondents, influencers with Ukrainian ties are becoming a go-to source for war updates. The sudden shift from travel blogging, crypto advice, and anime cosplay to frontline dispatch is jarring to observe. But the dynamics between influencer, followers, and content flow are as familiar as ever.
Since her first update post, Kristina Korbans TikTok has transformed into a firsthand view of the countrys capital during wartime, sandwiched on the For You page between makeup tutorials and celebrity fancam clips. She posts and goes live daily to her more than half a million TikTok followers, updating viewers on everything from her familys food inventory and grocery store lines to air raid sirens in the city.
I believe there is a lot of chaos when people receive wrong information, so I do my best to be as honest and factual as I can with the knowledge that I possess and learn as we go through this day by day, Korban tells The Verge, communicating over WhatsApp. I aim to provide at least a little bit of clarity for those that trust in me. I feel it is my duty.
Korbans videos about the war have become a go-to source for people outside of Ukraine who didnt know much if anything about the country until a few weeks ago. Every hour of the day, someone is asking Korban if she and her family are safe.
This week, followers feared the worst when Korban didnt post any TikTok updates for over a day. In fact, @moneykristina had been blocked from posting new TikToks after multiple videos were found to be in violation of community guidelines. (Ever the professional, Korban had already set up a backup account to use if she got banned, where she continued to post updates).
In one video shared with The Verge, Korban is filming in the dark, visibly scared and crying, as explosions echo in the distance; Korban says the clip was removed for graphic content. In another video, Korban jokingly celebrates International Womens Day: what Ukrainian women really want is tanks, bullets, and fighter jets. Korban says TikTok removed the video without an explanation. (According to TikTok spokesperson Jamie Favazza, @moneykristinas ability to post new videos is back as of Monday, and three videos that were incorrectly removed by a moderator have since been restored.)
One of Korbans more than 600,000 TikTok followers is Katie Callaway, a stay-at-home mom in Massachusetts. She didnt know much about Ukraine before the war began a cultural blindspot she now deeply regrets. But since following Korban at the beginning of the invasion, Callaway says her eyes have been opened.
Its beautiful, she says of Ukraine. I had no idea, and that really saddens me that I didnt even know anything about the country before. Now all of this insane craziness is going on.
Though Callaway has only followed Korban for a few weeks, she speaks of her like shes known her for years. Theyre both mothers, for one, and Callaway thinks of the unfathomable strength that must be required to stay steady for your child in times of stress. She finds Korban to be intelligent, endearing, and real, and she worries and prays for her like you might a friend in other words, something very close to a traditional influencer-follower relationship.
Its just so stressful, Callaway says, fighting back tears. I feel so much for her and this country and the people, and its just so heartbreaking, and I hate whats going on.
Korbans years of experience creating content for social media platforms has, in a morbid way, served her well in this inadvertent role as an unconventional war correspondent. Her videos are shot selfie-style, mimicking the intimacy of a one-to-one video call, and rarely show her surroundings as if Korban is there to talk just to you. She regularly goes on TikTok Live with family members, answering questions, cracking jokes, and hanging out with viewers. Even when discussing curfews and going into hiding, she uses popular audio clips, hashtags, and filters that can make it easier for people to find her content. Shes made merch, too: Korban has sold nearly 2,000 pro-Ukraine T-shirts and hoodies that fans can sport to show whose side theyre on. (They say fuck off in Ukrainian, a reference to signs and words of defiance by Ukrainian soldiers.) Korban says profits will benefit Ukrainians affected by the war.
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WILLOW, Frank Carter, Poppy and more join Reading & Leeds 2022 – Kerrang!
Posted: at 2:11 am
Speaking to Kerrang! about Bring Me The Horizon's highly-anticipated and much-deserved R&L headline set, Jordan Fish enthused, Weve actually been in conversations with Reading & Leeds for a couple of years. Its something Ive wanted so badly that its become this sort of nearly thing where its like, Is it ever going to happen?! But just this past year we released a record and it started to feel like it was less a matter of if than when. Im only really starting to believe that its real now that Im doing interviews about it...
He continued, Its surreal, amazing, unbelievable, really. There are no words. For me, personally, this has been a lifelong dream. I live 20 minutes from the site for Reading. I first went when I was 14 back in 2000. Rage Against The Machine were actually one of the bands playing that day, touring The Battle Of Los Angeles. This year, we did the song Lets Get The Party Started with [RATM guitarist] Tom Morello, and next year well be headlining Reading & Leeds alongside them!
When asked if the band will have a new record out in time for the shows, Jordan responded: I would hope so! Id hoped to have all four Post Human records out in the space of a year, but thats proven to be absolute fantasy. We 100 per cent need to have this out by the time we get to Reading & Leeds, though. Theyll make us (laughs)!
Read this: 10 bands from the 90s who have kept their original line-up together
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WILLOW, Frank Carter, Poppy and more join Reading & Leeds 2022 - Kerrang!
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Durham quantum computing startup Polarisqb inks deal to …
Posted: March 15, 2022 at 6:18 am
DURHAM Durham quantum computing biotechnology startup Polarisqb has inked a collaboration agreement with Allosteric Bioscience, a newly formed company, to develop novel pharmaceuticals.
The companies announced the deal in a statement.
The purpose: Improving human aging and longevity.
Improved Aging, Longevity and Aging related diseases is a lead program at Allosteric Bioscience and the focus of this agreement, supported by an investment in Polarisqb, the statement reads.
The joint program will use quantum computing and artificial intelligence to create an inhibitor of a key protein involved in Aging that could have benefits for health representing a multibillion-dollar market, the companies said.
Quantum Computing technology is coming of age, allowing us to revolutionize drug discovery timelines, while improving the overall profile of the designed drugs, said Dr. Shahar Keinan, CEO of Polarisqb. The application of Quantum Computers to solving these complex questions is extraordinary.
Polarisqb raised funds in 2020, according to SEC filings.
Durham quantum-computing startup launches drug discovery platform it says is much faster
Durham startup with quantum-based drug platform raises more cash
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Impact of Biological and Lifestyle Factors on Cognitive Aging and Work Ability in the Dortmund Vital Study: Protocol of an Interdisciplinary,…
Posted: at 6:18 am
JMIR Res Protoc. 2022 Mar 14;11(3):e32352. doi: 10.2196/32352.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Previous research revealed several biological and environmental factors modulating cognitive functioning over a humans lifespan. However, the relationships and interactions between biological factors (eg, genetic polymorphisms, immunological parameters, metabolic products, or infectious diseases) and environmental factors (eg, lifestyle, physical activity, nutrition, and work type or stress at work) as well as their impact on cognitive functions across the lifespan are still poorly understood with respect to their complexity.
OBJECTIVE: The goal of the Dortmund Vital Study is to validate previous hypotheses as well as generate and validate new hypotheses about the relationships among aging, working conditions, genetic makeup, stress, metabolic functions, the cardiovascular system, the immune system, and mental performance over the human lifespan with a focus on healthy working adults. The Dortmund Vital Study is a multidisciplinary study involving the Departments of Ergonomics, Immunology, Psychology and Neurosciences, and Toxicology at the Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo) in Germany, as well as several national and international partners.
METHODS: The Dortmund Vital Study is designed as a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Approximately 600 healthy subjects aged between 20 and 70 years will participate. A wide range of demographic, psychological, behavioral, sensory, cardiovascular, immunological, and biochemical data, a comprehensive electroencephalography (EEG)-based cognitive test battery as well as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been included in the study.
RESULTS: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IfADo in October 2015. The baseline testing was conducted between 2016 and 2021 and will be repeated every 5 years (3 follow-up measures until 2035). As of March 2020 (until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic), 593 participants have been enrolled. Some results from the cross-sectional part of the study were already published, further results will be published soon. Longitudinal data will be analyzed and published by 2025.
CONCLUSIONS: We anticipate that the study will shed light on sources of interindividual differences in the alterations of cognitive functioning with increasing age and reveal biological and lifestyle markers contributing to work ability, longevity, and healthy aging on the one hand, and to risk factors for cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or even dementia on the other hand.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05155397; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/32352.
PMID:35285810 | DOI:10.2196/32352
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Strength Training Supports Longer Life, Maybe More Than Cardio – Everyday Health
Posted: at 6:18 am
Does strength training deserve a bit more credit for its role in long-term health? Evidence continues to point to the benefits of muscle-building exercise, and a new meta-analysis has concluded that people who do strength-training are less likely to die prematurely than those who dont even when they dont do any aerobic workouts.
Past research has similarly pointed to the long-term health benefits of strength training, but the new analysis, published February 28 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, considered more recent data, up to June 2021.
The data suggests that 30 minutes to a full hour of weekly strength training was the amount linked with the most benefit in terms of longevity before the advantage plateaued (and with longer amounts of weekly strength training, it did actually start to decrease).
This provides a potential optimal dose of muscle-strengthening activities, says the lead study author,Haruki Momma, PhD, a lecturer in the department of medicine and science in sports and exercise at the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan.
Current U.S. exercise guidelines recommend muscle-strengthening workouts twice a week but dont specify how long these workouts should be. Dr. Momma and others say the new data doesnt warrant a time-based recommendation for strength training to update to current physical activity guidelines, but its a step toward doing so.
For the study, Momma and colleagues examined data pooled from 16 earlier studies to get a clearer picture of how muscle-strengthening and aerobic exercise might influence longevity and the risk of death from several common health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Many of these smaller studies followed participants for several decades to see how physical activity influenced their life span. The studies ranged in size from about 3,800 to 478,000 participants ages 18 to 98.
Participants who did any type or amount of muscle-strengthening exercise had a 15 percent lower risk of premature death from all causes, the study found. Weight training was linked to a 10 to 17 percent lower chance of early death from diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
But more weight training didnt necessarily lead to the biggest benefit. Researchers found that the most benefit a 10 to 20 percent reduction in the risk of early death from all causes and from cancer and heart disease specifically occurred when people did approximately 30 to 60 minutes of muscle-building workouts per week. After that first hour, there was a slight benefit for roughly one more hour per week. But beyond two hours, more weight training each week was actually associated with an increased chance of dying young.
Unsurprisingly, adding aerobic exercise to weekly strength training yielded the biggest longevity benefit. Compared with being inactive, doing both aerobic exercise and strength training on a weekly basis was associated with 40 percent lower odds of premature death from all causes, the study found. This combination of workouts was also linked to a 46 percent lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease and a 28 percent lower risk of cancer death.
There are some caveats to these findings. The study shows a link between these different types of exercise and mortality, but doesnt prove that one necessarily causes the other. Factors that werent controlled for in the studies could be at play. And, the analysis was based on self-reported exercise habits, rather than workouts objectively measured by fitness trackers or other gadgets, making it possible people misrepresented their physical activity levels.
The results from this new review largely align with other data on the question of how much strength training is linked with long-term health benefits. A study published in 2020 in the journal Preventing Chronic Disease, for example, examined longevity and exercise data for more than 72,000 adults. That study found a 10 to 12 percent lower risk of premature death from all causes with weight training up to two hours per week; no benefit was seen with more time.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommend muscle-strengthening exercises for all the major muscle groups at least twice per week (which could include lifting weights, using resistance bands, doing exercises like push-ups or sit-ups, or practicing some types of yoga). The guidelines also call for adults to get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (like walking or biking) or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity (like running or lap swimming) each week.
The new study adds to the evidence from earlier research suggesting there may be an optimal amount of weight training to do regardless of how much aerobic exercise people get.
But it would be premature to change the guidelines, says I-Min Lee, MD, ScD, a professor of epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston who studies exercise and disease prevention.
I think it is too early to have time-based guidelines; we need more research, says Dr. Lee, who wasnt involved in the new analysis. But she adds that two 30-minute strength workouts per week would align with the current guidelines if youre targeting all the major muscle groups in those workouts.
Muscle-strengthening exercises lead to increased muscle mass and muscle strength, which help improve physical functioning, Lee says. Such exercises also improve glucose metabolism, enhance maintenance of healthy body weight, and help improve cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure. ... All these factors lead to lower risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, which lowers mortality risk.
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How the lymphatic system is our ‘secret river’ of longevity – The Canberra Times
Posted: at 6:18 am
life-style, life, wellness, Lymph & Longevity, the Untapped Secret to Health, Dr Gerald Lemole, lymphatic system
I never cease to be amazed at the rich inner life of the human body. Me too. I'm still freaked out that trillions of microorganisms inhabit my intestines. I'm wondering if I should RSVP for my entire microbiome next time I attend a party. True, but today the gut can step aside. We're talking about another internal system that's revealing itself to be just as crucial to our wellbeing. Sheesh. How many systems can one body hold? It's feeling crowded in here. Prepare to discover the lymphatic system - your "secret river" and star of a new book, Lymph & Longevity, the Untapped Secret to Health, by cardiothoracic surgeon Dr Gerald Lemole. He believes the lymphatic system is as important as your blood circulatory system, and we need to take much better care of it. What does this "secret river" do? It's a network of vessels carrying colourless lymphatic fluid throughout your body, delivering important messages to your brain and organs, and connecting to your lymph nodes, which trap and destroy all kinds of health-harming nasties. Lymph fluid also transports waste and toxins to your liver and kidneys, which in turn act as the body's bouncers, ejecting many undesirables. Wow. I'm home to an industrial canal network. Indeed. And if it's sluggish, the nasties can build up and cause inflammation and joint pain. Plus, your lymph system carries the immune cells that battle big baddies like cancer. You don't want to slow down those little battleships. So how do we free up our flow? Loving your lymph is fun! Relaxing in a sauna or hot bath improves circulation and widens vessels to promote good lymphatic flow. Monthly massages are a lymphatic lifeline. Delicious spices such as cayenne, cinnamon, oregano, basil and turmeric deliver compounds that relax your lymph vessels and improve overall flow. Bouncing on a trampoline also keeps that current strong, as does lots of water and sleep. And here's my favourite: singing or humming. What? The lymph system loves music? Dr Lemole says that when you hum, sing or chant, your lymph vessels dilate, allowing increased flow. He recommends that we hum throughout the day. Wow. Karaoke just became medicine. It's sing-along-a lymph time! Take me to the river and watch me flow.
/images/transform/v1/crop/frm/jess.wallace/31691088-6080-4224-9d69-67dcd53151e0.jpg/r3_153_2999_1846_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg
WELLNESS
March 12 2022 - 10:00AM
I never cease to be amazed at the rich inner life of the human body.
Me too. I'm still freaked out that trillions of microorganisms inhabit my intestines. I'm wondering if I should RSVP for my entire microbiome next time I attend a party.
True, but today the gut can step aside. We're talking about another internal system that's revealing itself to be just as crucial to our wellbeing.
Sheesh. How many systems can one body hold? It's feeling crowded in here.
Prepare to discover the lymphatic system - your "secret river" and star of a new book,Lymph & Longevity, the Untapped Secret to Health, by cardiothoracic surgeon Dr Gerald Lemole. He believes the lymphatic system is as important as your blood circulatory system, and we need to take much better care of it.
What does this "secret river" do?
It's a network of vessels carrying colourless lymphatic fluid throughout your body, delivering important messages to your brain and organs, and connecting to your lymph nodes, which trap and destroy all kinds of health-harming nasties.
Lymph fluid also transports waste and toxins to your liver and kidneys, which in turn act as the body's bouncers, ejecting many undesirables.
Wow. I'm home to an industrial canal network.
Indeed. And if it's sluggish, the nasties can build up and cause inflammation and joint pain. Plus, your lymph system carries the immune cells that battle big baddies like cancer. You don't want to slow down those little battleships.
So how do we free up our flow?
Loving your lymph is fun! Relaxing in a sauna or hot bath improves circulation and widens vessels to promote good lymphatic flow. Monthly massages are a lymphatic lifeline.
Delicious spices such as cayenne, cinnamon, oregano, basil and turmeric deliver compounds that relax your lymph vessels and improve overall flow. Bouncing on a trampoline also keeps that current strong, as does lots of water and sleep.
And here's my favourite: singing or humming.
What? The lymph system loves music?
Dr Lemole says that when you hum, sing or chant, your lymph vessels dilate, allowing increased flow. He recommends that we hum throughout the day.
Wow. Karaoke just became medicine. It's sing-along-a lymph time!
Take me to the river and watch me flow.
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How the lymphatic system is our 'secret river' of longevity - The Canberra Times
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Prosthetics of the future are focused on boosting the able-bodied – Quartz
Posted: at 6:18 am
This is a full transcript of the seventh episode of the Quartz Obsession podcast season two on prosthetics. Heres a lightly edited transcript if you prefer.
Listen on:Apple Podcasts|Spotify|Google|Stitcher
Kira Bindrim: Every morning, before I start work, before I make my coffee, before I even get out of bed, I put on my prosthesis. Its not a metal leg, or robotic hand, but it is a device that restores the normal function of an underperforming body part.
My prosthetics are my glasses. And with these eyes, I cannot function without them.
When most people think of prosthetics, they think about artificial arms or feet, or maybe the carbon fiber legs used by Olympic runner Oscar Pistorius. But if we factor in any mechanical enhancement of human ability, prosthetics actually have a much richer history, and a much broader future. One of the earliest known examples was a big toe made out of wood and leather, dating back to 1,000 BC. One of the most recent examples, from 2016, is a brain implant that made it possible for a paralyzed man to move a robotic arm with his mind.
Already, there are hints of a future in which prosthetics enhance human abilities, rather than struggling to match them. But that future also invites a lot of questions, like: What does it mean to be a natural human? And when no one is one anymore, who gets left behind?
This is the Quartz Obsession, a podcast that explores the fascinating backstories behind everyday ideas, and what they tell us about the global economy. Im your host, Kira Bindrim. Today: prosthetics, the human upgrade.
I am joined now by Samanth Subramanian, who is based in London. Samanth is a senior reporter with Quartz who is focused on the future of capitalism, so I would argue he is very familiar with questions about how to upgrade humanity. But first, Samanth, I have to go back to something important that I just mentioned, because I know the listener is just dying to know more and I cannot leave them in suspense. What is the story with this prosthetic toe?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, I mean, one of the earliest things that have been described as a prosthetic was actually a fake eye. It was made of bitumen paste, so its kind of like tar, and covered in gold. And it was found in a tomb in ancient Iran, from around 3000 BC. But that isnt really a prosthetic, Id argue, because theres no functionality to it, you cant really see out of it. So the earliest true prosthetic we know was this wooden big toe that you spoke about. It dates to around 1000 BC, it was found attached to the right foot of a mummified Egyptian woman whod lost that big toe. And we dont know why she had it. One theory is that she had gangrene and it had to be amputated. But the big toe is so crucial to how we walk and maintain balance, that there was a need for a prosthetic and this must have been remarkably effective. So was essentially just tied on to the remainder of the foot. And she would have sort of walked on that until the day she died.
Kira Bindrim: I feel like Im just gonna look at my big toe differently every day for the rest of my life. But what I really take away from this is that there is evidence of humans using some form of prosthetic for at least 3000 years. This is going back millennia.
Samanth Subramanian: Yeah, I mean, its interesting to think about this continuity of human need, that our bodies are essentially frail, liable to break down, and that physical malfunctions happen and theyve been with us forever. But around the time of this big toe, around 1000 BC, we see the start, the rudiments of the human effort to overcome these malfunctions with things we can makewith prosthetics.
Kira Bindrim: Are there any other examples of, lets call them prosthetics of historical significance? Like prosthetics in history that we know of?
Samanth Subramanian: Yeah, I mean, from these older periods, artificial limbs are usually the most common. Herodotus, the Greek historian, had a story of a soldier who cut off his foot to escape his captors and who replaced it with a wooden foot. The Roman general Marcus Sergius had his right hand cut off in battle, so he had an iron prosthetic attached to his body in a way that it could hold a shield. I mean, its not just limbs, rightaround the 17th century, people started using ear trumpets to hear better if they were hard of hearing. You know, in the 13th century, you have eyeglasses, you know of the kind you wear every morning, of the kind of wearing now. But mostly, prosthetics were replacement for limbs. They were made to look like limbs, like a leg or an arm. And they had some kind of rough functionality. Think of Long John Silvers peg leg or Captain Hooks, well, hooktheyre kind of useful when theres no arm or leg there at all, but theyre very basic in the physicality of how they function.
Kira Bindrim:When did we start to see less basic prosthetics and prosthetics more like we see today? What started the next era of prosthetics?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, with the caveat that maybe any so-called start to an era is probably going to be entirely arbitrary, Im going to be bold and Im going to say that the age of prosthetic enhancement started on a lake in Arizona in the summer of 1976. And so that day, there was a guy named Van Phillips, he was a 21-year-old student at the University of Arizona at the time. And he was waterskiing when a really terrible accident happened: A passing motorboat cut off his left leg six inches below the knee. And he had to wear a clumsy prosthetic, which he described as a pink foot attached to an aluminum tube. But Phillips was so sort of discontent and dissatisfied with this, that he became a biomechanical engineer himself, and he started trying to design a better leg. And that was really the pivot, or the start of a new era. A couple of things happen in the 1980s, when Van Phillips and a few others are working in this field. So one is that materials start to get a lot more sophisticated. You know, the aerospace industry in particular had these refined carbon fiber composites. And they were making lighter and stronger materials out of carbon fiber. And Van Phillips came up with this idea that a prosthetic foot didnt have to look like a human foot. So instead, he looked to the shape of a cheetahs hind leg, to that curved sort of L-shape that you can see on the back of a cheetah. And so when the animal lands on the ground at 50 miles an hour, Phillips in one interview, that long tendon is being stretched like a catapult. Its the long tendinous fibers that propelled the animal forward. So this was really his big insight. The foot he designed, which he called the Flex-Foot, that was really the precursor to the kinds of prosthetics we see now, for example, in the Paralympics. Its the kind that Oscar Pistorius, the Blade Runner, wore. And the reason we can start to talk about it as enhancement rather than just replacement is because of how advanced these prosthetics have become. So theres a company called ssur in Iceland, which is also incidentally founded by a guy who lost part of his leg when he was young, theyve been around for 50 years now, they make so many of these prosthetics that you see at the Paralympicsthese running blades that are made out of really thin layers of carbon all sandwiched and compressed together. And they test it so thoroughly. I mean, the one statistic that I have for this podcast is that every running blade goes through 2 million cycles of tests, and each test is with a 300 kilogram weight on top of the blade. So its the equivalent of running a marathon a week for a year. Thats the kind of stringency and testing that you see now in the prosthetic field.
Kira Bindrim: I want to pause in the present for a second because I kind of want to bring in another idea, which is: Weve talked about the mechanical enhancement of human faculties, and weve talked about that getting to a place where were going into an enhancement versus just substituting. But then at the same time over the last, lets say, 50 years, we have technology encroaching on our lives in a certain way. And so Im thinking about my smartphone, Im thinking about my VR headset, or even my headphones that Im wearing right now. These are things that are also enhancing our ability to sort of exist in the world, or our human faculties in a way. Would you consider those, in our loose definitions here, prosthetics of a type?
Samanth Subramanian: I think so. I mean, you know, the notion of the prosthetic is that its with you all the time. And its enhancing your abilities, which is why actually, I would argue that our smartphones are prosthetics as well, in a way: Theyre with us every waking second, theyre basically extensions of our hands that are augmenting our mental capacities. There was a point back in 1998, when a couple of philosophers argue just this, the technologies that extend our minds become a part of us, in no different way than the old Egyptian wooden toe.
Kira Bindrim: Thinking about my smartphone as a prosthetic for my memory is so fascinating. Because Im thinking about, like, our ability to document everything in photos, our ability to look up anything at any time, like it is very much that.
Samanth Subramanian: Were sort of downloading our brains into the computer, so to speak, right? I mean, we dont remember phone numbers anymore, or birthdays. And these are things that people used to remember back in the day. And so whether you want to think of the mind as the storage drive of a computer, and you want to think about the mind freeing up space to do other things, thats really a kind of enhancement and augmentation as well. Now, scientists of the mind will tell you that the mind doesnt really work that way. You dont really free up space, you just kind of have different parts of the brain allocated for different things. But its definitely sort of a relief sometimes to not have to remember some of these other trivial details. The other kind of obvious related enhancement that we sort of flirted with as a species for a while was Google Glass, which is really the phone, but sort of up close and personal in your spectacles for people who dont need spectacles. And the idea was, again, a sort of visual and mental augmentation enhancement. It was a way to bring this kind of computerized enhancement to the everyday experience of seeing, but also to the everyday experience of recalling and remembering. And while in its time Google Glass was sort of derided, it really seems to be the obvious transition point for a computer to then sort of get even closer to us than it already is.
Kira Bindrim: After the break the future of prosthetics.
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Kira Bindrim: Okay, so weve talked about historical prosthetics that were really focused on substitution for a body part or an ability. And weve talked about what we are loosely categorizing as enhancements. And weve talked a little bit about the simultaneous normalization of everyday improvements, like glasses, and hearing aids, and now our smartphones. So all of this stuff has come together. Now, what is the future of the prosthetic?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, the future of the prosthetic is really neural, I think. Its a way in which we can hook up our brains and nerves with our prosthetics to be able to control them with our thoughts, with our minds, the way we control our own limbs. And, of course, the most outlandish example of this right now thats imaginable, which is a computer inside the brain, is also the kind that Elon Musk is pursuing. Naturally, I mean, thats just what he does. So he set up a company called Neuralink, and he put $100 million into it. And just a few days ago, Kira, before you and I are speaking, he said that the Neuralink implant technology is very close to human trials. And obviously, scientists are really worried about this, about what it means for health and privacy, about what it means for this sort of technology becoming yet another consumer product. But there also seems to be a consensus right now from scientists that a full-fledged computer sitting in your brain, putting the equivalent of the internet at your mental command, at your mental fingertips, is a long way away.
Kira Bindrim: Paint me a picture of the the utopia Elon Musk is envisioning. Like, its very easy to imagine this not going well, right? Putting computers in our brains. So Im curious, if Im not thinking about the dystopian sci-fi that Im writing in my head, what is the good version of this? What would people be doing with their Neuralinks all day?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, what good Elon Musk wants to do in general is open to, you know, fair question and argument.
Kira Bindrim:Fair enough.
Samanth Subramanian: But with this one, I imagine he is so wedded to the culture of the computer. And he thinks that the internet and the computer and digital enhancements in general are so much of a good thing that it seems to him to be an automatic step to try to integrate that with the human brain itself. I think he sees the human brain as fallible, I think he sees it as frail, and I think he sees it at the same time as infinitely more creative if only it could process more, or if only it could have more information at its disposal. And so I would imagine the good that he wants to do is he wants to unlock some of this capacity that he sees in the human brain, and he wants to do it with the computer sitting in the brain. Whether that is actually feasible or realistic is another question altogether. And I think a lot of scientists have very severe doubts about this.
Kira Bindrim: How inevitable do you think some version of that future is? Like you just said, its pretty far off, it seems not anytime soon. But if we are moving towards a world where enhancement is more common, certainly how we interact with computers is more ubiquitous than ever, is it inevitable that in some way, we will all be more enhanced in the future?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, I mean, the Neuralink, as I said, is sort of fantasy at the moment. I think much closer are the kinds of enhancements that we call exoskeletons right now. These are sort of prosthetic frames that fit onto our limbs or our bodies that we can control with neural commands, possibly, and that gives us enhanced physical abilities. The two immediate uses that people are talking about for war and consumerism, which says a lot about our society, I guess. So soldiers are supposed to be able to use exoskeletons to become super soldiers and warehouse workers might end up using exoskeletons to lift heavier pallets and shipments. Then theres things like artificial organs, which we might be able to swap into our bodies when it feels like our kidneys or heart are failing, or even if they arent failing. I mean, these would be prosthetic enhancements as well. You know, so outside of the Neuralink sphere, theres a number of dominant players in this right. I mean, theres a company called Ekso Bionics, which is based in California, which does exoskeletons, and thats listed on NASDAQ. Theres a big company like Lockheed that is also experimenting with exoskeletons. There are small companies, startups like Jarvik Heart and Bivacor that talk about building artificial hearts. And surely, I mean, theres stuff going on in the Department of Defense that we dont know about. Theres a couple of companies in China, theres a couple of companies in Japan. Its worth saying at the moment that a lot of these companies, Musk aside, are still talking about using prosthetics to help the differently-abled or the infirm or the elderly. But there is a parallel future thats easy to envision here in the adoption of prosthetics by the able-bodied human.
Kira Bindrim: Do you think theres a risk that at some point, that second future overtakes the interests of the first? Like if the market for prosthetics is changing, will the types of prosthetics being developed change also? Could we see an ironic future where there isnt enough development of prosthetics for people who actually need them, versus could use them to enhance themselves?
Samanth Subramanian: Yeah, I mean, I think the problem is exemplified by Neuralink. I think one of the problems that people are talking about with this is they worry that the kind of funding and research attention that a Neuralink gets is actually distracting from a lot of other things that our differently-abled need. And some of that stuff can be really basicit can be city infrastructure for people who find it difficult to get around the city. But it can also be finding ways to just get basic prosthetics or even advanced prosthetics to people who need them. When I was talking to somebody at ssur, they made this point that was extremely insightful, which is that what they really want is to be able to give regular people who are differently abled a way to have an everyday leg and then a way to also have a sprinting or a running leg, the kind that athletes use. And they cant do that right now because insurance companies will not cover, you know, an athletic prosthetic, so to speak. But its important, its important for people to be able to want to run and to be able to exercise and, you know, these are the kinds of problems that are there in the here and now. And the drive to create prosthetic enhancements for able-bodied humans, Id argue, is actually sort of distracting from some of these other present problems that people already have.
Kira Bindrim: You know, often when we do these episodes, the big picture question can be kind of elusive, or thats the point, that were talking about something quite small, andsurprise!its about something much bigger. Here, it feels like the big-picture questions are right there. You know, were really talking about the future of humanity and theres a lot of potential inequity I could see here. If were moving towards a world where in some way everyone is enhanced, or considering the possibility of being enhanced, whatever that looks like, what do you see as the big-picture implications? What conversations do you think we will, in 50 years, be thinking, Oh, we should have had that conversation 50 years ago, we didnt anticipate that outcome?
Samanth Subramanian: Well, I think, you know, as is always the case with human society, I think we will wish that we had thought a little bit more about regulation and ethics, Im guessing. I mean, its the same with genetic engineering, in a way. These scientific changes may overtake us before we are ready for them from a systemic point of view. And at that point, well be forced to play catch up and to frame rules and codes for them, and well be presented with the prospect that the wealthy, who are already advantaged, will augment their privilege by buying these enhancements. And whether its some Neuralink or genetic improvement, you can imagine what that does to the inequities in society that already exist.
Kira Bindrim: Are there any other ethical considerations that youre starting to see, or could see emerging in the future?
Samanth Subramanian: I think the question of accesses is incredibly useful. I think, you know, what weve established here in this sort of long 3,000-year narrative of prosthetics is that its already gone, or is in the process of going from being something that helps people who are missing a human ability, to helping people who have all their faculties with them, but want to perform at some kind of super level, whether its for a competitive sport, or whether its for, you know, labor and society, or whether its for war. And I think the the danger here is that this will become yet another kind of consumer technology that you can just sort of buy off the shelf. And the minute that happens, theres all sorts of problems that creep in in terms of whos going to be designing prosthetics for the people who genuinely need them.
Kira Bindrim: So this is gonna come out as a sort of cynical question. When we first started talking, I really thought that what it means to be a natural human was sort of the central thrust, or like the most important question. And now Im wondering if its almost a red herring, that theres all these quite practical inequities or things that could go wrong that are easier to think about before our natural humanity. Do you think well care the same way, you know, we dont necessarily care that were attached to our smartphones all the time now? I dont know, just throwing that thought out.
Samanth Subramanian: Yeah. I mean, its a good question, because, I think in one sense, the idea of a natural human is not a useful one. I mean, we stopped being natural humans when we discovered agriculture, you could argue, when we started being able to control nature. And suddenly, we are not natural humans now, given how we can correct our vision, cure our diseases, ward of cancer for a while, extend our longevity. But certainly we arent integrated physically into machines yet, into computers, that is. I think maybe that might be a watershed moment, when computers move from outside the human body to some kind of integration with the body, whether its through electrodes or microprocessors in our brain that can control bionic limbs, or whether its through a Neuralink implant. You know, when that happens, that will really put a gulf between the humans who came before and the humans who came after.
Kira Bindrim: Okay, weve been talking about a lot of heavy potential applications. So I want to give you a final question that is a lighter one, which is I just want to hear a fun fact of a prosthetics. Something that youve discovered in the course of your research that is just so fascinating, other than the toe, that you cannot stop thinking about it.
Samanth Subramanian: Oh, my favorite example is not strictly a prosthetic because it isnt functional, but its so intriguing I have to mention it. So there was a really famous 16th century Danish astronomer called Tycho Brahe. And when he was young and drunk, he lost a part of his nose in a duel. And so he had a false nose made of brass, which he painted in flesh tones and he attached to his face, to the nasal cavity, with putty. And he had to sort of carry this putty around in a little pot with him everywhere because it was liable to come unstuck and then you have to sort of paste it back on. And when he died, the nose was supposedly buried with him. Recently, they found his grave and they kind of looked in his coffin, and there was no nose. No trace of Tycho Brahes famous nose. And so the question of what happened to it and where it went is, is its the ultimate missing prosthetic mystery.
Kira Bindrim: Yeah, the curious case of the missing brass nose. Its on someones desk somewhere as a paperweight, I guarantee you.
Samanth Subramanian: Or its on somebodys face, you know, painted in flesh tones and attached with putty. You never know.
Kira Bindrim: I really want to believe I would be able to identify a brass nose. But
Samanth Subramanian: Its so great. I mean, theres paintings of Tycho Brahe, obviously, from his time, and theyve been carefully painted to make it seem as if his nose is real. And so, you know, theres the question of sort of why he cared so much about the fact that he was missing a part of his nose is you know, its a really sort of nice insight into this towering 16th century intellectual.
Kira Bindrim: At the time youre getting all these paintings made of yourself, you really just want to look your best. Thank you, Samanth, this was fascinating.
Samanth Subramanian: Thank you so much. So glad to be here.
Kira Bindrim: Thats our Obsession for the week. This episode was produced by Katie Jane Fernelius. Our sound engineer is George Drake and our executive producer is Alex Ossola. The theme music is by Taka Yasuzawa and Alex Suguira. Special thanks to Samanth Subramanian in London.
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Prosthetics of the future are focused on boosting the able-bodied - Quartz
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