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Image Caption: The drought crippling California is by some measures the worst in the state's history. Credit: NOAA

National Science Foundation

The atmospheric conditions associated with the unprecedented drought currently afflicting California are very likely linked to human-caused climate change, Stanford scientists say.

In a new study, a team led by Stanford climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh used a novel combination of computer simulations and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure hovering over the Pacific Ocean that diverted storms away from California was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.

The research, published on Sept. 29 as a supplement to this months issue of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is one of the most comprehensive studies to investigate the link between climate change and Californias ongoing drought.

Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this regionwhich is strongly linked to unusually low precipitation in Californiais much more likely to occur today than prior to the human emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, said Diffenbaugh, associate professor of Environmental Earth System Science at Stanford and a senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.

The exceptional drought currently crippling California is by some metrics the worst in state history. Combined with unusually warm temperatures and stagnant air conditions, the lack of precipitation has triggered a dangerous increase in wildfires and incidents of air pollution across the state. A recent report estimated that the water shortage would result in direct and indirect agricultural losses of at least $2.2 billion, and lead to the loss of more than 17,000 seasonal and part-time jobs in 2014 alone. Such impacts prompted California Governor Jerry Brown to declare a drought emergency, and the federal government to designate all 58 California counties as natural disaster areas.

Scientists agree that the immediate cause of the drought is a particularly stubborn blocking ridge over the northeastern Pacific popularly known as the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, or Triple Rthat prevented winter storms from reaching California during the 2013 and 2014 rainy seasons.

Blocking ridges are regions of high atmospheric pressure that disrupt typical wind patterns in the atmosphere. Winds respond to the spatial distribution of atmospheric pressure, said Daniel Swain, a graduate student in Diffenbaughs lab and lead author of the study. We have seen this amazingly persistent region of high pressure over the northeastern Pacific for many months now, which has substantially altered atmospheric flow and kept California largely dry.

Blocking ridges occur periodically at temperature latitudes, but the Triple R was exceptional for both its size and longevity. While it dissipated briefly during the summer months of 2013, it returned even stronger by fall 2013 and persisted through much of the winter, which is normally Californias wet season. At its peak in January 2014, the Triple R extended from the subtropical Pacific between California and Hawaii to the coast of the Arctic Ocean north of Alaska, said Swain, who coined the term ridiculously resilient ridge last fall to highlight the unusually persistent nature of the offshore blocking ridge.

See the article here:
Causes Of California Drought Linked To Human-caused Climate Change

The future is grey. The world's population is ageing, and we aren't prepared for it.

That is the upshot of the Global AgeWatch Index, an assessment of quality of life for people of 60 and over, based on income security, health and living environment from the HelpAge International network.

Ageing is widely seen as a rich-world phenomenon, but it is a global issue. It is a concern because old people tend to have a worse quality of life in poor countries. The index predicts that as the poor world ages, millions face a bleak old age. Afghanistan is the worst place among those surveyed to be old, followed by Mozambique and the Palestinian territories. Norway is the most age-friendly, then Sweden and Switzerland.

Worldwide, life expectancy has doubled in the past half century to 66years. A century ago, Britons could only expect to live to 47; now fewer than a dozen nations do worse than that. Costa Ricans, Taiwanese and Cubans can expect to live as long as Americans.

Some countries with increasing wealth ignore their older citizens. Being old in booming Turkey is as bad as it is in Cambodia. Whereas Mexico, a poorer nation than Turkey but with superior pension provision, is now a better place to be old than Italy or Portugal.

Much of the global longevity revolution is down to falling infant death rates. But the future lifespan of those who make it to 60 is also rising fast in poor nations as much as rich ones. "On average a woman aged 60 today can expect to live until she is 82," says the report. Men can expect to reach 79 years.

China already has more old people than any other country, and will probably have 150 million people over 75 by mid-century.

As the poor world ages, hundreds of millions face a bleak old age, and will be dependent on their children, says Asghar Zaidi of the Centre for Research on Ageing at the University of Southampton, UK, who compiled the index. In low- and middle-income countries, only one in four people over 65 receives a pension. And despite living longer, women are less likely to get a pension than men.

This neglect leaves ageing populations vulnerable, dependent and far less able to contribute to society than they might otherwise be. A recent German study found that, properly looked after, the old could be a boon to societies a source of wisdom and experience in the workplace, and even reduce carbon emissions.

Read more:
The best and worst countries in the world to be old in

Washington DC - infoZine - Climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh of Stanford University and colleagues used a novel combination of computer simulations and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure over the Pacific Ocean--one that diverted storms away from California--was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.

The result, published today in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, is one of the most comprehensive studies to investigate the link between climate change and California's ongoing drought.

"Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this region--which is strongly linked to unusually low precipitation in California--is much more likely to occur today than prior to the emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s," says Diffenbaugh.

The exceptional drought crippling California is by some measures the worst in state history.

The water shortage could result in direct and indirect agricultural losses of at least $2.2 billion and lead to the loss of more than 17,000 seasonal and part-time jobs in 2014 alone.

Such effects have prompted a drought emergency in the state; the federal government has designated all 58 California counties as natural disaster areas.

"In the face of severe drought, decision-makers are facing tough choices about the allocation of water resources for urban, agricultural and other crucial needs," says Anjuli Bamzai, program director in the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, which funded the research.

"This study places the current drought in historical perspective and provides valuable scientific information for dealing with this grave situation. "

Scientists agree that the immediate cause of the drought is a particularly tenacious "blocking ridge" over the northeastern Pacific--popularly known as the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, or "Triple R"--that prevented winter storms from reaching California during the 2013 and 2014 rainy seasons.

Blocking ridges are regions of high atmospheric pressure that disrupt typical wind patterns in the atmosphere.

Original post:
California Drought Linked to Climate Change