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Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics Announce Acceptance of Late-Breaking Abstract for CTX001 at the 2022 Annual European Hematology Association (EHA)…

Posted: June 3, 2022 at 11:59 am

BOSTON & ZUG, Switzerland & CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Nasdaq: VRTX) and CRISPR Therapeutics (NASDAQ: CRSP) today announced new late-breaking clinical data accepted for oral presentation at the 2022 European Hematology Association (EHA) Congress. Vertex also announced three abstracts accepted for poster presentation at EHA.

Late-breaking abstract #LB2367 entitled Efficacy and Safety of A Single Dose of CTX001 For Transfusion-Dependent eta-Thalassemia and Severe Sickle Cell Disease, will be an oral presentation on Sunday, June 12 at 09:4511:15 CEST. The abstract from Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics includes data on patients treated in CLIMB111 and CLIMB121 and followed in CLIMB131 with CTX001, now known as exagamglogene autotemcel (exa-cel). This abstract has been selected for the media briefing program and is therefore embargoed until Saturday, June 11 at 09:00 am CEST.

In addition, three real-world evidence and health economics abstracts from Vertex have been accepted for poster presentation.

The accepted abstracts are now available online on the EHA website.

Exacel is being investigated in multiple ongoing clinical trials as a potential one-time therapy for patients with either TDT or SCD.

About exagamglogene autotemcel (exa-cel)

Exacel, formerly known as CTX001, is an investigational, autologous, ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 geneedited therapy that is being evaluated for patients with TDT or SCD characterized by recurrent VOCs, in which a patients own hematopoietic stem cells are edited to produce high levels of fetal hemoglobin (HbF; hemoglobin F) in red blood cells. HbF is the form of the oxygencarrying hemoglobin that is naturally present during fetal development, which then switches to the adult form of hemoglobin after birth. The elevation of HbF by exacel has the potential to alleviate transfusion requirements for patients with TDT and reduce painful and debilitating sickle crises for patients with SCD. Earlier results from these ongoing trials were published in The New England Journal of Medicine in January of 2021.

Based on progress in this program to date, exacel has been granted Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy (RMAT), Fast Track, Orphan Drug, and Rare Pediatric Disease designations from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for both TDT and SCD. Exa-cel has also been granted Orphan Drug Designation from the European Commission, as well as Priority Medicines (PRIME) designation from the European Medicines Agency (EMA), for both TDT and SCD.

Among geneediting approaches being evaluated for TDT and SCD, exacel is the furthest advanced in clinical development.

About CLIMB111 and CLIMB121

The ongoing Phase 1/2/3 openlabel trials, CLIMB111 and CLIMB121, are designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a single dose of exacel in patients ages 12 to 35 years with TDT or with SCD, characterized by recurrent VOCs, respectively. The trials are now closed for enrollment. Patients will be followed for approximately two years after exacel infusion. Each patient will be asked to participate in CLIMB131, a longterm followup trial.

About CLIMB-131

This is a longterm, openlabel trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of exacel in patients who received exacel in CLIMB111, CLIMB121, CLIMB141 or CLIMB151. The trial is designed to follow participants for up to 15 years after exacel infusion.

About CLIMB141 and CLIMB151

The ongoing Phase 3 open-label trials, CLIMB141 and CLIMB151, are designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a single dose of exacel in patients ages 2 to 11 years with TDT or with SCD, characterized by recurrent VOCs, respectively. The trials are now open for enrollment and currently enrolling patients ages 5 to 11 years of age and will plan to extend to ages 2 to less than 5 years of age at a later date. Each trial will enroll up to 12 patients. Patients will be followed for approximately two years after infusion. Each patient will be asked to participate in CLIMB-131, a longterm followup trial.

About the GeneEditing Process in These Trials

Patients who enroll in these trials will have their own hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells collected from peripheral blood. The patients cells will be edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The edited cells, exacel, will then be infused back into the patient as part of an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), a process which involves a patient being treated with myeloablative busulfan conditioning. Patients undergoing HSCT may also encounter side effects (ranging from mild to severe) that are unrelated to the administration of exacel. Patients will initially be monitored to determine when the edited cells begin to produce mature blood cells, a process known as engraftment. After engraftment, patients will continue to be monitored to track the impact of exacel on multiple measures of disease and for safety.

About the VertexCRISPR Collaboration

Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics entered into a strategic research collaboration in 2015 focused on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to discover and develop potential new treatments aimed at the underlying genetic causes of human disease. Exacel represents the first potential treatment to emerge from the joint research program. Under an amended collaboration agreement, Vertex now leads global development, manufacturing and commercialization of exacel and splits program costs and profits worldwide 60/40 with CRISPR Therapeutics.

About Vertex

Vertex is a global biotechnology company that invests in scientific innovation to create transformative medicines for people with serious diseases. The company has multiple approved medicines that treat the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis (CF) a rare, life-threatening genetic disease and has several ongoing clinical and research programs in CF. Beyond CF, Vertex has a robust pipeline of investigational small molecule, cell and genetic therapies in other serious diseases where it has deep insight into causal human biology, including sickle cell disease, beta thalassemia, APOL1mediated kidney disease, pain, type 1 diabetes, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Founded in 1989 in Cambridge, Mass., Vertex's global headquarters is now located in Boston's Innovation District and its international headquarters is in London. Additionally, the company has research and development sites and commercial offices in North America, Europe, Australia and Latin America. Vertex is consistently recognized as one of the industry's top places to work, including 12 consecutive years on Science magazine's Top Employers list and one of the 2021 Seramount (formerly Working Mother Media) 100 Best Companies. For company updates and to learn more about Vertex's history of innovation, visit http://www.vrtx.com or follow us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Instagram.

(VRTX-GEN)

Vertex Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, including, without limitation, our plans and expectations to present clinical data from the ongoing exa-cel clinical trials during the EHA Congress, expectations regarding the abstracts that will be made available on the virtual platform and the clinical data that will be presented during the EHA Congress, including anticipated projections and estimates related to the various economic impacts of SCD and TDT, the potential benefits, efficacy, and safety of exa-cel, including the potentially transformative nature of the therapy and the potential of the treatment for patients, our plans and expectations for our clinical trials and pipeline products, the status of our clinical trials of our product candidates under development by us and our collaborators, including activities at the clinical trial sites, patient enrollment and expectations regarding clinical trial follow-up. While Vertex believes the forward-looking statements contained in this press release are accurate, these forward-looking statements represent the company's beliefs only as of the date of this press release and there are a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Those risks and uncertainties include, among other things, that data from a limited number of patients may not be indicative of final clinical trial results, that data from the company's development programs, including its programs with its collaborators, may not support registration or further development of its compounds due to safety and/or efficacy, or other reasons, that internal or external factors that could delay, divert, or change our plans and objectives with respect to our research and development programs, that future competitive or other market factors may adversely affect the commercial potential for exa-cel, and other risks listed under the heading Risk Factors in Vertex's most recent annual report and subsequent quarterly reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and available through the company's website at http://www.vrtx.com and on the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov. You should not place undue reliance on these statements or the scientific data presented. Vertex disclaims any obligation to update the information contained in this press release as new information becomes available.

(CRSP-GEN)

About CRISPR Therapeutics

CRISPR Therapeutics is a leading gene editing company focused on developing transformative gene-based medicines for serious diseases using its proprietary CRISPR/Cas9 platform. CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing technology that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA. CRISPR Therapeutics has established a portfolio of therapeutic programs across a broad range of disease areas including hemoglobinopathies, oncology, regenerative medicine and rare diseases. To accelerate and expand its efforts, CRISPR Therapeutics has established strategic collaborations with leading companies including Bayer, Vertex Pharmaceuticals and ViaCyte, Inc. CRISPR Therapeutics AG is headquartered in Zug, Switzerland, with its wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, CRISPR Therapeutics, Inc., and R&D operations based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and business offices in San Francisco, California and London, United Kingdom. For more information, please visit http://www.crisprtx.com.

CRISPR Therapeutics Forward-Looking Statement

This press release may contain a number of forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, as well as statements regarding CRISPR Therapeutics expectations about any or all of the following: i) the safety, efficacy and clinical progress of the ongoing exa-cel clinical trials, including expectations regarding the abstract that will be made available on the virtual platform and our plans to present and the clinical data that are being presented during the EHA Congress; and (ii) the therapeutic value, development, and commercial potential of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technologies and therapies. Without limiting the foregoing, the words believes, anticipates, plans, expects and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned that forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain. Although CRISPR Therapeutics believes that such statements are based on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its knowledge of its business and operations, existing and prospective investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain, are neither promises nor guarantees and not to place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Actual performance and results may differ materially from those projected or suggested in the forward-looking statements due to various risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, among others: the potential for initial and preliminary data from any clinical trial and initial data from a limited number of patients (as is the case with exa-cel at this time) not to be indicative of final or future trial results; the potential that the exa-cel clinical trial results may not be favorable or may not support registration or further development; that future competitive or other market factors may adversely affect the commercial potential for exa-cel; CRISPR Therapeutics may not realize the potential benefits of its collaboration with Vertex; potential impacts due to the coronavirus pandemic, such as to the timing and progress of clinical trials; uncertainties regarding the intellectual property protection for CRISPR Therapeutics technology and intellectual property belonging to third parties; and those risks and uncertainties described under the heading Risk Factors in CRISPR Therapeutics most recent annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly report on Form 10-Q, and in any other subsequent filings made by CRISPR Therapeutics with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, which are available on the SEC's website at http://www.sec.gov. CRISPR Therapeutics disclaims any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this press release, other than to the extent required by law.

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Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics Announce Acceptance of Late-Breaking Abstract for CTX001 at the 2022 Annual European Hematology Association (EHA)...

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Winship receives $11 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to improve immunotherapy for lung cancer – EurekAlert

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image:A P01 program project grant from the National Cancer Institute will provide nearly $11 million dollars over five years to a team of Winship researchers led by Haian Fu, PhD, (left) and Suresh Ramalingam, MD. view more

Credit: Winship Cancer Institute

Atlanta, Georgia (June 1, 2022) Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University has been awarded a P01 program project grant from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to support research aimed at improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy for lung cancer in patients with a mutation of the LKB1 gene, a group for whom the present immunotherapy options do not provide robust benefit. The award will provide nearly $11 million dollars over 5 years to a team of Winship researchers led by Haian Fu, PhD, and Suresh Ramalingam, MD.

Approximately 250,000 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States. More than 60% of these patients present with advanced stage disease, rendering them unable to benefit from curative treatment approaches, such as surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery and radiation therapy. Because advanced stage disease is more difficult to treat, the five-year survival rate is only about 15% in the US, and even less worldwide.

The most common type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for about 85% of cases, and half of NSCLC cases are lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Despite a decline in lung cancer incidence overall, the incidence of LUAD has been on the rise for the past few decades, posing an increased therapeutic challenge and urgent medical needs.

Major scientific and clinical advances have led to personalized therapies tailored to the tumors genomic background and immunotherapies that target the immune system. Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of cancer, including LUAD. Immune checkpoint inhibitors enable immune cells to attack tumor cells by blocking immune checkpoints from preventing an anticancer response. However, the innate and acquired resistance of tumors to the current generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors poses a major challenge for broad clinical gains.

In approximately 20% of patients with LUAD, the LKB1 gene is mutated (a mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of genes that causes cancer cells to grow and spread). While it is unclear what causes the mutation, it has been linked with lack of response to immunotherapy.

The P01 grant will help to understand the reasons behind resistance to immunotherapy in patients with LKB1 mutation and seek to develop novel treatment approaches to improve efficacy, says the program projects principal investigator, Haian Fu, leader of Winships Discovery and Developmental Therapeutics Program, the Winship Partner in Research Endowed Chair and professor and chair of the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology at the Emory University School of Medicine. Specifically, we will examine the intricate interplay between LKB1-mutant status and cancer metabolism, immunity and invasion to gain mechanistic insights needed to accelerate conceptual advances.

Fu and a team of Winship researchers will lead three integrated projects aimed at first understanding the role of LKB1 mutations and LUADs resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and then translating these insights into a clinical trial testing new anti-cancer therapeutic strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

Despite the success of immunotherapy, its long-term benefits are limited to only 20% of patients with lung cancer; so extending the benefits to broader patient populations is a goal for our researchers, says principal investigator of the project and Winships executive director, Suresh Ramalingam, who also is the Roberto C. Goizueta Distinguished Chair for Cancer Research and a professor of hematology and medical oncology at the Emory University School of Medicine. Improving the effectiveness of immunotherapy for patients with LKB1 mutation will have a major impact on lung cancer outcomes.

The Winship lung cancer P01 program team project and core leaders include Winship members Sumin Kang, PhD, associate professor in the Emory Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Kavita Dhodapkar, MBBS, professor in the Emory Department of Pediatrics and director of the Pediatric Immuno-Oncology Program at the Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; Madhav Dhodapkar, MBBS, leader of Winships Cancer Immunology Research Program, director of Winships Center for Cancer Immunology, professor and Anise McDaniel Brock Chair in the Emory Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Adam Marcus, PhD, Winships deputy director, scientific director of Winships Integrated Cellular Imaging Shared Resource and Winship 5K Research Professor in the Emory Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Wei Zhou, PhD, leader of Winships Cell and Molecular Biology Research Program and professor in the Emory Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; Frank Schneider, MD, director of Winships Cancer Tissue and Pathology Shared Resource and associate professor in the Emory Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Yuan Liu, PhD, MS, research associate professor in Winships Biostatistics Shared Resource and in the Emory Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics; Madhusmita Behera, PhD, Winship chief informatics and data officer and director of the Winship Data and Technology Applications; and Andrey Ivanov, PhD, assistant professor in the Emory Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.

About Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University

As the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center for the state of Georgia, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University discovers, develops, delivers and teaches some of the worlds most effective ways to prevent, detect, diagnose and treat each patients unique cancer. Winship leverages the depth and breadth of Emory University and collaborates with other NCI-designated Cancer Centers and leading cancer organizations to advance cancer science and care. Winship has more than 500 faculty members who together received $80 million in cancer research funding in 2020, $33 million of that from NCI. Also, in 2020, Winship enrolled more than 900 patients and volunteers in its 300 cancer clinical trials. For more information, visit winshipcancer.emory.edu

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Expression Patterns and Corepressor Function of Retinoic Acid-induced 2 in Prostate Cancer – DocWire News

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This article was originally published here

Clin Chem. 2022 Jun 2:hvac073. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac073. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Revealing molecular mechanisms linked to androgen receptor activity can help to improve diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Retinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) protein is thought to act as a transcriptional coregulator involved in hormonal responses and epithelial differentiation. We evaluated the clinical relevance and biological function of the RAI2 protein in prostate cancer.

METHODS: We assessed RAI2 gene expression in the Cancer Genome Atlas prostate adenocarcinoma PanCancer cohort and protein expression in primary tumors (n = 199) by immunohistochemistry. We studied RAI2 gene expression as part of a multimarker panel in an enriched circulating tumor cell population isolated from blood samples (n = 38) of patients with metastatic prostate cancer. In prostate cancer cell lines, we analyzed the consequences of androgen receptor inhibition on RAI2 protein expression and the consequences of RAI2 depletion on the expression of the androgen receptor and selected target genes.

RESULTS: Abundance of the RAI2 protein in adenocarcinomas correlated with the androgen receptor; keratins 8, 18, and 19; and E-cadherin as well as with an early biochemical recurrence. In circulating tumor cells, detection of RAI2 mRNA significantly correlated with gene expression of FOLH1, KLK3, RAI2, AR, and AR-V7. In VCaP and LNCaP cell lines, sustained inhibition of hormone receptor activity induced the RAI2 protein, whereas RAI2 depletion augmented the expression of MME, STEAP4, and WIPI1.

CONCLUSIONS: The RAI2 protein functions as a transcriptional coregulator of the androgen response in prostate cancer cells. Detection of RAI2 gene expression in blood samples from patients with metastatic prostate cancer indicated the presence of circulating tumor cells.

PMID:35652463 | DOI:10.1093/clinchem/hvac073

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Expression Patterns and Corepressor Function of Retinoic Acid-induced 2 in Prostate Cancer - DocWire News

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Illumina to showcase the transformational impact of comprehensive genomic profiling in unlocking precision medicine for cancer patients, at ASCO -…

Posted: at 11:59 am

SAN DIEGO, June 2, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Illumina, Inc. (NASDAQ: ILMN), a global leader in DNA sequencing and array-based technologies, today announced the acceptance of seven key oncology research abstracts authored in collaboration with Illumina at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting taking place June 3 June 7 in Chicago. In addition, Illumina will host a related event, "Unlocking Precision Medicine: The Transformational Impact of Comprehensive Genomic Profiling," featuring Chief Medical Officer, Phil Febbo, MD; Kevin Keegan, Vice President and General Manager, Oncology; and a panel of leading oncologists from select community and academic programs.

"At Illumina, we are seeingincreased adoption of comprehensive genomic profiling in both in-house pathology labs and centralized labs to inform and enhance patient care," said Keegan. "Through our involvement in this year's ASCO, we look forward to learning more about and exploring the comprehensive genomic profiling experiences of leading oncology researchers to help inform this important work moving forward."

Illumina's mission in oncology is to save lives by enabling personalized cancer care through genomics. This includes increasing enablement for pathology labs to perform comprehensive genomic profiling for cancer tumors.

Comprehensive genomic profiling is a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach that uses a single test to assess hundreds of genes including relevant cancer biomarkers, as established in medical guidelines and clinical trials, for solid tumor therapy guidance. CGP is being increasingly adopted by pathologists and oncologists to enhance their abilities to identify actionable biomarkers, which can lead to better matches between patients and precision therapies and clinical trials.Studies show that patients who receive a genomic match to biomarker-driven targeted therapies or immunotherapies experience improved clinical outcomes.

"For a physician, the priority is finding the best course of therapy for the patient as quickly as possible," said Dr. Febbo. "With a rapidly growing catalogue of targeted drugs and immunotherapies for many cancer types we are increasingly able to prescribe more and more personalized treatments. In addition, pan cancer markers identify an important group of patients that benefit from targeted therapy regardless of their tumor's tissue of origin."

Abstracts accepted at ASCO

Collaborations across the oncology field are vital to increasing clinical utility evidence for comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP). Illumina is proud to present the following results of joint studies at ASCO:

Identification of Clinically Actionable Biomarkers via Routine CGP Across a Large Community Health System,is an abstract summarizing data from a joint study between Illumina and Providence Health System. The results show the improvement inidentification of clinically actionable biomarkers via routine CGP versus conventional testing methods (clinical actionability: 45% CGP vs. 19% small panel, p

Pathogenic fusion detection in solid malignancies utilizing RNA-DNA based CGP testingis a poster presentation, also a result of the collaboration between Illumina and Providence Health System. The results show that the 523-gene, combined DNA and RNA assay used at Providence Health System identified actionable fusion targets across tumor types in 7% (N=216) of patients. Of the patients with pathogenic fusions, 29% were actionable to a targeted therapy, and 31% eligible for 1 of 3 basket clinical trials.Conventional testing methods, namely FISH and DNA-only targeted panels, have technical limitations that prevent the detection of all relevant fusion partners. This potentially leads to false negatives, which would leave these patients without eligibility to highly effective therapies in absence of a combined DNA- and RNA-based CGP assay.

Blood-based CGP analysis is an emerging area of growth and interest as a complement to tissue-based tumor profiling or other alternatives when tissue is unavailable. In a poster session at ASCO, The National Cancer Institute will present data generated in collaboration with Illumina. The abstract is entitledBlood-based detection of actionable alterations from NCI-MATCH patients with no tissue results. As part of The Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (NCI-MATCH) study, it evaluatedtheblood-based detection of actionable alterations from NCI-MATCH patients with no tissue results. Pathologists observed variants in the blood samples consistent with what was reported in tumor tissue samples from the larger NCI-MATCH study cohort. Using liquid biopsy provided valuable mutation information for these patients and could have resulted in up to an additional 75 patients being eligible for treatment selection based on their mutation profile.

In addition to these, the following abstracts, authored in collaboration with Illumina, will be published.

Effective biomarker testing rates in a large U.S. oncology practice-Abstract presents data from real-world clinical utility study of CGP testing with Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute.

Assessing homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in ovarian cancer- Optimizing concordance of the regulatory-approved companion diagnostic and a next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay kit-Study data resulting from collaboration with Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Merck, AstraZeneca and Myriad Genetics.

Prototype precision oncology learning ecosystem: Norwegian precision cancer medicine implementation initiative-Data resulting from national CGP trial in Norway - IMPRESS (Improving public cancer care by implementing precision medicine in Norway).

Actionability of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) compared to single-gene and small panels in patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC): A real-world study-Illumina in partnership with Syapse are presenting an abstract from a study assessing advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (aNSCLC) patients.

Recently announced CGP collaborations

Illumina continues to expand its broad portfolio of oncology partnershipswith industry leaders, aimed at advancing cancer diagnostics and precision medicine. Most recently, in collaboration with Bayer, Illumina launched the first companion diagnostic claim for the TruSightTM Oncology Comprehensive (EU) test enabling targeted therapy with Bayer's VITRAKVI (larotrectinib) for patients with NTRK fusion cancer. Also recently announced was a collaboration with Allegheny Health Network to evaluate the impact of in-house comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) to enhance patient care.

"There is growing engagement and awareness around CGP and we will work with our partners to continue expanding the evidence to help broaden reimbursement and drive awareness across provider communities for this testing," said Dr. Febbo. "We are fully committed to improving outcomes by enabling personalized cancer care through genomics."

About Illumina

Illumina is improving human health by unlocking the power of the genome. Our focus on innovation has established us as a global leader in DNA sequencing and array-based technologies, serving customers in the research, clinical and applied markets. Our products are used for applications in the life sciences, oncology, reproductive health, agriculture and other emerging segments. To learn more,visitwww.illumina.comand connect with us onTwitter,Facebook,LinkedIn,Instagram, andYouTube.

Investors:Salli Schwartz858.291.6421[emailprotected]

Media:Adi Raval US: 202.629.8172[emailprotected]

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Gene Editing Service Market Report 2022-2028 | Keyplayers- Caribou Biosciences, CRISPR Therapeutics, Merck KGa, Editas Medicine The Greater…

Posted: at 11:59 am

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About Gene Editing Service Market Size & Share:-

Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism.This report contains market size and forecasts of Gene Editing Service in Global, including the following market information:Global Gene Editing Service Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions).Global top five companies in 2021 (%).The global Gene Editing Service market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.

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Global Gene Editing Service Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ millions)

Global Gene Editing Service Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)

Global Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)

Global Gene Editing Service Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ millions)

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Gene Editing Service Market Report 2022-2028 | Keyplayers- Caribou Biosciences, CRISPR Therapeutics, Merck KGa, Editas Medicine The Greater...

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Why Neil deGrasse Tyson Is Skeptical About Mars Colonization

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A study published in "Earth-Science Reviews"revealed in October 2020 that lava tubes on Mars and the moon could be used to build safe habitats that protect humans from radiation. The study recognizes that the existence of lava tubes on the moon and Mars are not scientifically proven facts, and have been a "matter of debate for more than 50 years." However, when scientists compared the lava tube features on the moon and Mars, they found strong resemblances with the morphological characteristics of lava tubes on Earth.

More than 300 "skylights," or "cave entrances," have been identified on the moon, and more than 1,000 of them have been found on Mars by NASA orbiters. The study calls for robotic technologies to examine the tubes and collect data. "Intact, open segments of lava tubes could provide stable shelters for human habitats shielded by cosmic radiation and micrometeorite impacts," the study claims. Lava tubes could also provide better access to resources, including water trapped as ice in caves. Additionally, the dimensions of lava tubes are "suitable for permanent housing design," the study says. Lava tube skylights could also provide easy access to the surface.

While missions to Mars are undeniable and probably inevitable, and while NASA, ESA, and other space actors will continue to develop the technology necessary to make trips to the moon and Mars safe for astronauts, a city on Mars where millions of normal citizens live a "normal" life is highly unlikely. If a base on Mars is ever constructed, it will probably be an underground facility dedicated to scientific, and perhaps industrial, activities with an intense deployment of Mars robotics to do most of the jobs.

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Bitcoin And The Great Filter – Bitcoin Magazine

Posted: at 11:58 am

This article originally appeared in Bitcoin Magazine's "Moon Issue." To get a copy, visit our store.

Energy money is the catalyst and tip of the spear for an intelligent sentient species transition from a Type 0 into a Type 1 civilization on the Kardashev scale, which measures the energy and technological mastery of a society.

ALL intelligent sentient species are on this path, whether consciously or unconsciously, and must reach this point before they are eliminated by:

This is known as the Great Filter. Energy money initiates a step change in how organic intelligence can operate and forms a critical step on the journey beyond the Great Filter.

Enrico Fermi was a mid-20th century physicist and Nobel laureate who, upon reflecting on the vastness of the cosmos, famously asked, Where are they?

With the practically infinite number of stars and planets in the universe, it seemed like there should be other intelligent species or civilizations capable of developing radio astronomy or interstellar travel, yet to this day, no evidence actually exists.

The Fermi paradox is the term used to describe this lack of evidence for extraterrestrial life in the face of a universe that should be, by the numbers, bursting with it.

While many have proposed solutions as to why this paradox exists, in the 1990s, Robin Hanson postulated a theory that has become known as the Great Filter.

The Great Filter theory suggests that intelligent sentient lifeforms must realize a series of critical steps on their way to becoming an interstellar race and at least one of them must be highly improbable, or their interrelated, path-dependent nature means that they must occur in a particular order and must all happen before a major cataclysm.

Hanson suggested some basic hurdles (or steps) paraphrased below:

But I believe that he was missing crucial elements. I believe that the discovery of energy money is the prerequisite for this grand goal. Energy money initiates a step change in how organic intelligence can operate, because the map truly represents the territory, in high fidelity.

Bitcoin is our energy money. It is our zero-to-one moment. An incorruptible scorecard in the grand game of life. A time and energy superconductor enhancing economic (human action) and behavioral feedback loops, enabling coordination across time and space in a way never before achieved.

It is our tool to get through the Great Filter and we need to remember that so we dont get lost in the minutia.

Ive taken the liberty of adapting Hansons work into what I believe is more accurate, with an emphasis on what Ive added to his general list.

I am convinced step 12 is not only the one most missing from any analysis by physicists all throughout history, but it is the most important and difficult to achieve in light of the technological advancements of an intelligent species and its propensity to want to control the uncontrollable.

Physicists have mastered the empirical study of matter and, through that success, have forgotten to account for the very real and very significant complex, random process of life; humanity perhaps being at the tip of this process.

As a result, they blindly believe that we can just fit reality into a series of models or equations, and as such, engineer our way through the Great Filter without accounting for the complex nature of human consciousness and intersubjective reality. Along this path, they sanitize the very life out of life.

In our dimension and in our timeline, weve had warnings from both sides of the academic spectrum, from Newton to Einstein, Huxley to Orwell, Nietzsche to Rand and Schopenhauer to Oppenheimer. Theyve all reminded us that false actions, arrogance and flying with wax wings can only lead to disaster.

Unfortunately, modernitys vanity and desire for comfort and control, all which stem from its collective fear, have conspired to drown out those voices of reason and replace them with a never-ending stream of meaningless noise designed to conform its constituents by numbing them into submission.

In a bid to control everything, fearful humans and the institutions they make up seek to sterilize the variance and randomness out of life so they can reduce it to a set of repeatable empirical processes. They abstract everything to the point that things are neither physical nor metaphysical, and everything is relative. Only then can they feel empty enough to be comfortable. Huxley explores this phenomenon in Brave New World Revisited, a series of essays written 27 years after his seminal novel by the same name.

The blind pursuit of sterile empirical ends at the expense of life, at the hands of collectivist megalomaniacs, is humanitys greatest threat and the only way to fix that is to reintroduce consequence to human action. To fix this, the map must accurately represent the territory so were all playing the same game, by the same rules.

When you finally become powerful enough to enslave, obsolete or blow yourself up, perhaps an asteroid is the universes way of pressing the cosmic reset button.

The discovery of energy money marks the point at which the science of matter is able to speak to the study of what matters. In this way, it enables, if not a unification, at least a direct relationship between physics and metaphysics.

I call it energy money not because its some literal battery thats storing energy in containers full of miners. I call it energy money because its the only form of scorecard (money) whose validity is priced in actual energy expenditure. The feedback loops between the cost of validation, the risk of fraud, and the demand in the market by humans seeking to cooperate on a functional standard all tie into work.

When resources, energy expenditure and the input of time are tethered to something that cannot be faked, co-opted or cheated, intersubjective value can be accurately measured and market signals, that is, prices become real. We begin to discover once again what things actually cost, and as such we as individuals and societies can make more accurate value judgements.

The behavior at the level of individual realigns toward natural order (arguably the definition of morality) and, at scale, results in functional, useful coordination among members of a society.

Without something like Bitcoin, intelligent sentient species cannot utilize their resources effectively or efficiently enough to become a meaningfully spacefaring species before wiping themselves out!

They cannot reach the point of energy mastery required to actually reach for the stars because 99% of what they do is wasted.

Reconciling physics and metaphysics means an intelligent, sentient species can make accurate value judgments and thus precisely measure and use the scarce resources it has toward maximizing energy output and minimizing time wastage.

Without such a high-fidelity transmission mechanism, the quantum wastage is not only too high but completely unknown. As a result, the road to serfdom via the incessant fear of loss and the knee-jerk reaction to control it all will prevail.

Bitcoin fixes this.

Many, including myself, have called Bitcoin the second Renaissance. As I wrote in a previous article for Bitcoin Magazine, "Bitcoin, Chaos and Order":

By tying the physical to the metaphysical, Bitcoin reunites matter to what matters. As such, it has the capacity to heal the world in the most deep and meaningful of ways.

This is both right and wrong.

Rightbecause Bitcoin will do this, and we will experience a renaissance of thinking, creativity, science, art, exploration, philosophy and more.

Wrongbecause it diminishes the magnitude of this discovery. It implies that it is another cyclical event similar to the Renaissance of yore. The reality is far more grandiose.

I would venture to say that every major enlightenment event along our timechain of human history was a pre-echo of sorts, culminating in Bitcoin.

Whether its the legends of Atlantis, the philosophy of the ancients, the gods of Egypt, the rise of Christianity, the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment or the Industrial Revolution, they all represent life reaching for this point of Aufklrung, through the vessel of humanity.

This may be the first or millionth attempt at crossing the Great Filter and I cannot but find myself in awe of the sheer gravity of this moment.

An incorruptible, fixed supply of money is as close to perfect not because of the number of transactions per second it enables, but because of how closely it resembles or embodies the physical laws of nature and the universe.

By enabling humans to effectively measure, manage and transact the product of their labor, it means value can be created, transformed and transmitted with minimal distortion, and it trends toward the elimination of waste and falsehoods.

One cannot celebrate fake facts in the face of an economic reality tied to the physical laws of thermodynamics.

Bitcoin permits maximum fidelity in human action to permeate society,and as a result, feedback loops are shortened so that trade-offs are more evident, consequences are inescapable, and risk can no longer be hidden and subsequent losses socialized (moral hazard). Everyones skin is now in the game, and we all play by the same rules.

This framework unifies matter and what matters because the lies necessary to separate the two can no longer exist.

The study of what matters, the pursuit of truth, of principles and of meaning can once again be anchored to reality, and vice versa. The study and evolution of matter can operate within the framework and toward the ends that matter.

This will have profound implications for humanity and marks what may be the most important fork in the road since Homo sapiens separated from other hominids.

Bitcoin fixes this means we fix the money, to fix human behavior, to fix the world in time to progress beyond the Great Filter.

On a sound foundation, we can know what things truly cost and we can make accurate value judgments in order to engineer and innovate our way forward.

With Bitcoin, the next chapter in humanitys timeline can truly commence.

As Scarface wouldve said, had he been a Bitcoiner: First we fix the money. Then we fix the world. Then we get the galaxy.

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Art Attack: Where to Find Art on First Friday Weekend in Denver – Westword

Posted: at 11:58 am

First Friday is jam-packed in June. Thats the bottom line for planning your itinerary, and while we definitely recommend the various grand-opening celebrations in 40 West, there are other options.

You can follow the rhinos during RiNos Rhino Week festivitieswhile hitting art events at the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver, Alto and Dateline galleries, Lane Meyer Projects and (on Saturday) the Globeville Riverfront Arts Center. Or you can just follow your heart and visit your favorite Denver art haunts.

Heres some help:

Jody Guralnick, Noetics, 2022, oil and acrylic on panel.

Jody Guralnick, Michael Warren Contemporary

DeMarcio Slaughter holds down the main stage at Denver PrideFest.

Courtesy of DeMarcio Slaughter

Tara Kelley-Cruz and Ashton Lacy Jones make mischief at D'art Gallery.

Courtesy of D'art Gallery

Michael Hedges and Karine Lger Space Gallery, 400 Santa Fe DriveFriday, June 3, through August 20Opening Reception: Friday, June 3, 6 to 9 p.m.Space Gallery presents a summer run by gallery artists Michael Hedges, whose work corrals blasts of color in rapidly painted marks that leave a lasting impression of movement, and Karine Lger, a collage artist who defies the rectangle by joining subtly colored shapes into changeable compositions.

Belgin Yucelen, Power of Harmony, 2016, bronze.

Belgin Yucelen, courtesy of BMoCA

Guadalupe Maravilla, Disease Thrower #17, 2021, gong, steel, wood, cotton, glue mixture, plastic, loofah, and objects collected from a ritual of retracing the artist's original migration route.

Courtesy of Guadalupe Maravilla and P.P.O.W, New York

Brazilian artist Clarrisa Tossin looks upward, leaving Candianis sounds of the earth far behind, propelling into space to explore the desire to groom the moon or the planet Mars for colonization. "The 8th Continent," a trio of large-scale tapestries representing mineable resource areas on the moon, lends a focal point to Falling From Earth, which also includes commissioned works of sculpture incorporating repurposed industrial materials and meteorite powder, NASA satellite images, tree bark and clay. Finally, the 62-foot-long silicone sculpture "Death by Heat Wave (Acer pseudoplatanus, Mulhouse Forest)" basically mourns the slow death of precious trees.

Finally, Salvadoran Guadalupe Maravilla wrestles with the issues of migration and the harm it can bring to the mind, body and sense of belonging. Central to Purring Monsters With Mirrors on Their Backs is a trio of what Maravilla calls "Disease Throwers," sculptures that compris metal tubing, gongs and plastic representations of human organs that reference his own battle with colon cancer. Accenting the overall narrative of the exhibition are a Tripa Chuca mural (meaning dirty guts, after a childhood game played in El Salvador) and a retablo painting.

Luca Rodrguez, Untitled III, 2019, oil on panel.

Luca Rodrguez

Speaks hangs new art from the streets at Dateline Gallery.

Devin "Speaks" Urioste

John Lake, Juan Fuentes and Colby Deal hang together at Lane Meyer Projects.

Lane Meyer Projects

40 West Colfax Art Crawl/The Hub Grand Opening Celebration 40 West Arts District, West Colfax Avenue Corridor, from Lamar Street to Wadsworth Boulevard, and the Hub at 40 West Arts, 6501 West Colfax Avenue, LakewoodFriday, June 3, 6 to 11 p.m.If you have to choose one place to park yourself on First Friday, head to 40 West, where an orchestrated game of musical chairs has placed numerous art-district galleries in new homes, making way for others to also move into the area.

The biggest celebration is at the new Hub at 40 West Arts, a former Denver Drumstick restaurant in the shadow of Casa Bonita thats been renovated as a home to multiple galleries, including 40 West, Core, Edge, Kanon, Next and Lakewood Arts. Meanwhile, 40 Wests former building now welcomes the Chicano Humanities and Arts Council, ending that gallerys long search for a new home after being priced out on Santa Fe Drive. 40 West enlisted professional party planners the Fantastic Hosts to dress up the district with DJs, art acts, aerial dancers and more for this evening. Pirate, by the way, isnt moving anywhere, but there will be live music there, at 7130 West 16th Avenue. More on the moving galleries below.

Aloria Weaver, Integrity, Piercing the Veil of Obscuration, a portrait of Alicia Cardenas.

Aloria Weaver

Demeri Flowers sees through a child's eyes for Trips Around the Sun.

Demeri Flowers

Eric Havelock-Bailie, "Abandoned."

Eric Havelock-Bailie

Kym Bloom pixelates Prince at Kanon Collective.

Kym Bloom

Dona Laurita, Blue Angel.

Dona Laurita

Dairy Block Summer First Friday Art WalkDairy Block Alley, 1800 Wazee StreetFriday, June 3, 5 to 9 p.m.The Dairy Block brings back open-air First Friday Art Walks in the alley for the summer, with changing group art exhibitions curated by Inside Her Studio. Artists for June include Richelle Cripe, Jessie Blisle and Emily Christyansen. Summer First Friday Art Walks continue monthly through August.

Gregory Forber, Louise, mixed media on canvas.

Gregory Forber

Doug Karhoff, Dirty, mixed media

Doug Karhoff

Out There Art Fest 2022Globeville Riverfront Arts Center (GRACe), 888 East 50th AvenueSaturday, June 4, 3 to 9 p.m.GRACe, the Globeville-based phoenix that rose from the ashes of Wazee Union off Brighton Boulevard, continues in the same communal vein, harboring more than seventy artists in dozens of studios and throwing gallery shows, as it has now for more than five years. Recognizing that its not the easiest place to find, the residents of GRACe annually throw an open house and art show, with live music, demonstrations, food trucks and the whole shebang. Meet the artists and get a feel for how many artists lie under the radar in the Denver metro art scene.

Artist James Holmes is all smiles at a Yard Art event.

Courtesy of Yard Art Contemporary

Ninth Annual Park Hill Art Festival Park Hill Masonic Lodge, 4819 Montview BoulevardSaturday, June 4, and Sunday, June 5, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. dailyAnother summer tradition, the Park Hill Art Festival will open for business this weekend with a solid, juried inventory of original fine art in various categories, as well as photography, jewelry, fiber and wood, from ninety artists and artisans. Visit the website for an artist preview.

Young filmmaker Andrew Carr tells Denver photographer John Davenport's story in a new short documentary.

Andrew Carr

Social Justice Thru the Arts: Amending and A-mending HistoryNancy Richardson Design Center, 522 West Lake Street, CSU Campus, Fort CollinsSunday, June 5, through June 12; Opening Reception: Sunday, June 5, 1 p.m.Visual Arts Building, 551 West Pitkin Street, CSU Campus, Fort CollinsMonday, June 13, through August 15The exhibition Social Justice Thru the Arts results from a one-week student workshop on the subject at Colorado State University, where participants studied with CSU faculty and Fort Collins-based multimedia artist Louise Cutler. The show opens with a reception and a weeklong stay at the Nancy Richardson Design Center, then moves to CSUs Visual Arts Building, where it will become part of the campuss Engaged Art Walk, an arts-based community building project and exhibition space with rotating installations.

"El movimiento sigue (The movement continues)," a sculpture at BMoCA by the Los Seis de Boulder Sculpture Project and Jasmine Baetz.

Courtesy of BMoCA

Primavera City of Thornton Gallery, Thornton Arts & Culture Center, 9209 Dorothy Boulevard, ThorntonTuesday, June 7, through August 26Reception: Friday,June 17, 6 to 9 p.m.This CHAC Group Show in Thornton represents the hope of springtime and changes at one of many venues that supported the arts group during its search for a new home.

Interested in having your event appear in this calendar? Send the details to [emailprotected]

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Scramble Campbell on His Two Decades as Red Rocks’ Artist-in-Residence – Westword

Posted: at 11:58 am

Keith Scramble Campbell is an artist-in-residence at Red Rocks Amphitheatre. For the past 22 years, hes been a mainstay at the venue, documenting its shows through abstract acrylic paintings of the performances. Likening his brushes to an instrument on stage, he takes cues from the musicians around him, harnessing the same improvisational mindset as the jam bands he works with, such as Widespread Panic and the String Cheese Incident.

The music really dictates how the show goes on, says Campbell. If it's an acoustic show where theyre just playing, it can be a very stiff painting that doesn't have a lot of movement inside of [it]. But if it's Nine Inch Nails, it's big, it's angry. And if you're channeling something that is going fast, youre going to be fast and physical. However, it's not just from a physical standpoint. Sometimes I'm looking for a slower song to tighten up the painting, because when its fast, its very abstract and very impressionistic. I could do a better painting if I just sat in a chair and did the painting, but that's not fun.

Just as musicians on stage contend with the elements of an outdoor venue pressed against the windy slopes of the Dakota Ridge, so must Campbells art. When you're out there with the elements, you either embrace Mother Nature or you collaborate with it, says Campbell. I was pelted on with hail last year for Susan Tedeschi and Derek Trucks. The whole planet was underwater, and I had to go through with it because I couldn't be put up in someplace that was dry. [The paintings] are gonna be an authentic capture of the show, and everybody that went to that show got wet. What resulted was a vibrant cascade of colors that pour off the canvas, not through artistic license, but because his wet acrylics had to contend with a bombardment of water and ice.

Campbell's paintings take cues from the musicians around him

Scramble Campbell Facebook page

It was special coming out to a sold-out show at Red Rocks, never even having been through there, and going through the backstage and seeing all these pictures of all these musicians from throughout time," he recalls. "And then you're walking out to a sold-out show, painting on one of the planters. It was surreal. In 2004, he and his wife, Shay Berry Campbell, made the move out to Colorado permanently.

From 2000 to 2005, he became friends with members of the String Cheese Incident, Blues Traveler and Leftover Salmon, becoming a frequent painter at their Red Rocks shows. Upon seeing a Bill Kreutzmann art exhibit with Grateful Dead photographer Jay Blakesberg in the newly opened Red Rocks visitor center, Campbell realized he had an opportunity. In 2005, he proposed an exhibition of his own at the visitor center, which was accepted. Since then, hes hosted the annual Scramble Campbell Red Rocks Experience, which is now in its seventeenth year.

Campbell designed the experience to be more than just viewing his art and seeing the topographical properties of acrylic paint that are lost in photographs. This year's display is no exception, and hes integrated various forms of technology to make the exhibit more exciting and educational.

We're starting to use QR codes, where you stick your phone right up to it and it brings you to the website or brings you to a video, bringing you into the experience, says Campbell. Normal tourists going through the exhibit arent going to know who String Cheese Incident is, but they can pop on this thing and watch a minute video. My wife and I had a video camera early on in the 80s. We've been together 27 years, so she's been videotaping a lot of these paintings getting done since early on.

In some ways, he says, the exhibit provides a different way to see his work. While most people who see him paint at concerts won't see the finished project until the show, those who didnt attend the concert are able to see the finished work first and then experience the music. These unique contexts have always driven Campbells career, whether thats touring around with jam bands or painting at raves in the early 90s.

Campbell had his crack at the formal art world, being a vice president at the Orlando Museum of Art. However, he prefers the expression of the music industry: You know, the art world can be stuck up. I like the music business much better. It's more my peeps.

The 17th Annual Scramble Campbell Red Rocks Experience runs through June 26 at the Red Rocks visitor center, 17900 Trading Post Road.

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Survival of the Best: The Past, Present and Future of Plants – CSRwire.com

Posted: at 11:57 am

Published 06-02-22

Submitted by Bayer

The carrot on your plate might seem like the most simple thing in the world a hardy root that has nourished humans, from kings to peasants, for generations. But as humble as it seems, the common carrot long, orange and crunchy is actually just one result of a genetic engineering project that has been going on for the last ten thousand years. In the wild, carrots are small, pale and have thin, forked roots with a strong flavor. Only centuries of selective breeding for desirable traits has given us the carrot we see today.

The fact is, a huge amount of the fruit and vegetables we take for granted never looked that way to begin with. These are the results of the great story of human agriculture, a story in which our prehistoric ancestors methodically identified plants with desirable traits the biggest, most flavorsome, or most disease resistant and cross bred them.

While individually, the changes can be minor, over time, that process has radically reshaped what we put on our plates. Consider the brassica this single plant, carefully cultivated over centuries has given us kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage and turnips.

But as remarkable as all this is, the story is far from over.

Modern Problems...

Prehistoric agriculturists made the breeding decisions they did to cope with their environment. When food was scarce, making that ear of corn more nutritious and more weather resistant could be the difference between life and death over a long and cold winter. Of course, these farmers didnt have a scientific understanding of the genetics underlying this process. Crop improvement was slow and produced random results, as genes interacted in unpredictable ways at the molecular level. Civilization and science have come a long way since then, but we face our own set of challenges.

"The world population is growing, and climate zones are changing constantly; with this there is more pressure on plants from diseases, and insects. We need scientific answers to these problems."Jonathan Jenkinson, Head of Product Design at Bayer

Theres also the small matter of commercial imperatives. It doesn't take a crop scientist to point out that we like to buy things that taste better, look edible and stay fresh on the shelf for longer, whatever the season. Probably the biggest thing that has happened to impact what's on your plate is the ability to grow and ship fruits and vegetables year round, says Tom Osborn, Head of Vegetable Analytics and Pipeline Design at Bayer.

In response, agricultural scientists and plant breeders continue to innovate, creating crop varieties adapted to different growing conditions around the world that are more nutritious, more resistant to drought, disease and other forms of environmental stress as well as prettier and tastier.

Need Modern Solutions

But unlike farmers of the past, todays plant scientists have a vastly expanded set of tools available to them, which they are using to transform how we practice plant breeding to improve the food supply.

Every year, Bayer deploys over 500 new hybrids and varieties across corn, cotton soybeans and vegetables

Phenotyping

Traditionally, the process by which farmers have bred plants has been phenotyping. Phenotyping means assessing a plant's expressed traits and then selecting the desired plants and seeds. In practical terms this means visually identifying differences within plants for example, selecting for desirable colors, sizes, or number of fruits.

Plants reproduce by pollinating themselves or each other, so all the traditional agriculturist needed was to plant the seeds of the healthiest of their crop, and then they would grow, and fertilize each other, leading to a new generation of plants with the range of inherited traits contained in the parents. Though an imprecise science selective breeding could often produce random results as breeders had limited knowledge of the genetic mechanisms at work over time it led to significantly improved products. However, traditional plant breeding has seen significant changes over the last 15 years due to the introduction of genetic sequencing.

Genotyping

Now rather than just being able to see the results of breeding through phenotyping, we can see what happens to the structure of DNA and know why these changes occur in the plant at a genetic level this is called genotyping. And thanks to recent developments in genetic science (three decades of rapid improvement in genetic technologies in order to understand human genetics and health), mapping out the DNA of humans, animals, plants and all living organisms is quicker and cheaper than ever.

This means that scientists are now using technology to identify individual genes within plants, giving them a deep understanding of exactly what clusters of DNA are responsible for certain traits and characteristics. This gives scientists an unprecedented ability to develop seed varieties for specific environments and markets.

Want a strain of corn that is specifically resistant to your drought? Thanks to genotyping, a plant breeder could go in and identify which parts of the DNA strand can give resistance to that, and only breed seeds with those genetics. Breeders can then select those seeds, and distribute them as a standalone or product.

Gene Editing

Gene editing has the potential to solve real challenges for farmers and the planet, like reducing the need for pesticides and the use of energy, land, and water. In agriculture, this process typically looks to improve a beneficial trait within an organism, or to remove an undesirable trait. For years, gene editing was done through selective breeding in plants. But now we can make changes with more precision than ever before.

Gene editing tools, like CRISPR, are already helping researchers to make improvements within plant DNA. These tools have the potential to offer unmatched precision to farmers, allowing them to grow enough food while confidently reducing their use of natural resources. Its important to note, as well, that although plant breeding is a form of genetic engineering, it is not the same as genetic modification, or GM.

Data Analytics

And its not just about the seeds themselves. Coupled with broader technological improvements into data gathering and analysis, the process by which genes are selected and new crops make it into fields and onto your table is more efficient than ever before. If we can use data to make a better decision today about which corn hybrids to produce over the winter, that can get us to a new commercial product much faster, says Jonathan Jenkinson.

For him, who spent years working on-site in plant breeding programs, the result is significant. When I started researching in the field, I had to save all the seed from every plot and put it in a bag, and then take it back to the building where our facilities were. That meant moving about 30 tons of seed by hand, in the form of little bags that weighed three kilograms each. And that, of course, slowed the time-to-market right down.

Thanks to the development of modern data capture and analytics techniques, today its a very different story and thats good news for global farmers who are looking for solutions. In the last 30 years, it's probably gone from a time to market of 11 to 13 years, down to 6 or 7 years, says Jonathan.

As communities continue to fight poverty, hunger and malnutrition, its our responsibility to expand the reach and impact of Bayers global breeding resources. We approach this in a number of ways, but chief among them are the ways that we work outside of our walls to improve the seeds available to global farmers including partnerships aimed at knowledge-sharing, and germplasm and data contributions.

Why Collaboration is Key

Innovations in plant breeding have advanced the prosperity of civilizations for centuries. Continuously improving seeds to grow more resilient and high-yielding, more nutritious crops remains one of agricultures strongest tools in fighting hunger and supporting the farmers who feed communities around the world. Bayer develops crops using cutting edge breeding technologies and an expansive library of germplasm. And even with the resources of a market leader, the challenges facing agriculture cant be tackled by a single player alone. Having diverse germplasm living genetic resources such as seeds or plant tissues that are maintained for the purpose of plant breeding and preservation to tap into when developing new seed varieties makes plant breeders more successful in solving the problems facing global farmers and thats where collaboration comes in.

And thats why Bayer contributes germplasm and genetic characterization data to other research programs around the world. The donation is intended to facilitate the incorporation of underutilized genetic diversity into modern maize breeding programs including organizations that help improve regional crops for smallholders based on regional needs.

Donating germplasm isnt the only way that Bayer collaborates. Since 2020, Bayer has partnered with the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture to launch the Modern Breeding Project, focused on realizing crop resilience and yield potential for cassava, maize, cowpea, banana, yam, and soybean to support crop productivity, economic growth, and poverty reduction for African agriculture.

The project builds capacity and scale by leveraging insights from Bayers breeding program models and best practices. Our shared goals in leveraging research and product development are providing new solutions towards food security and empowering African scientists and farmers, supporting Africa rising to achieve the grand challenges in the face of climate change while developing new ways of working in a dynamic food system, says Stella Salvo, Head of Breeding Partnerships for Smallholder Farming at Bayer. Our Bayer breeding teams engage in sharing best practices in breeding program management, design and use of digital tools that will support the IITAs research priorities and product outputs.

The Breeding Story Continues

And thats not all. Crop scientists currently consider themselves to be moving from the third generation of breeding, powered by genomic knowhow, and into a fourth generation. The goal is to build more flavorful, sustainable, and high yielding crops, which are more resilient against climate change from the ground up. And scientists they will do this for example by harnessing the targeted abilities of gene editing techniques.

I would say the fourth era of breeding will be what were calling precision breeding at Bayer, says Jonathan. Weve become really good at knowing how to find the best traits; that's what we perfected over the last 30 years. But precision breeding seeks to fundamentally change that entire approach. Instead of selecting the best traits, we are moving to an era where can actually design what's going to be the best from the very beginning.

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Bayer: Science For A Better Life

Bayer is a global enterprise with core competencies in the Life Science fields of health care and agriculture. Its products and services are designed to benefit people and improve their quality of life. At the same time, the Group aims to create value through innovation, growth and high earning power. Bayer is committed to the principles of sustainable development and to its social and ethical responsibilities as a corporate citizen. In fiscal 2015, the Group employed around 117,000 people and had sales of EUR 46.3 billion. Capital expenditures amounted to EUR 2.6 billion, R&D expenses to EUR 4.3billion. These figures include those for the high-tech polymers business, which was floated on the stock market as an independent company named Covestro on October 6, 2015. For more information, go to http://www.bayer.com.

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