Category Archives: Transhuman News

Insight into regulation of the genes that allow the immune system to recognize pathogens will help scientists rationally design new vaccines and prevent autoimmunity

WORCESTER, MA - UMass Medical School scientists Jeremy Luban, MD, and Manuel Garber, PhD, will be principal investigators on a 3-year, $6.1 million grant to develop a model for predicting whether a given gene will be turned on or off under specific conditions. Funding for the grant comes from the recently launched Genomics of Gene Regulation (GGR) program at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health. In total, $28 million in new grants aimed at deciphering the language of gene expression were awarded.

"Why a certain gene is expressed in a specific cell at a given time is an essential biological question that is fundamental to our understanding of life and disease," said Dr. Luban, MD, the David J. Freelander Professor in AIDS Research and professor of molecular medicine. "This grant will help us decipher the rules that govern gene expression. Ultimately, such information will help explain why one person survives a viral infection and another person does not."

Dr. Garber, PhD, director of the Bioinformatics Core and associate professor of molecular medicine said "Understanding of the regulatory code network - the DNA elements that control when and for how long a gene is expressed - has been elusive. The work we'll carry out in this project will allow us to model and test the regulatory code of dendritic cells. As a result, we would be able to predict the impact of mutations that do not directly affect the gene product but that affect how and when the gene is made."

Over the past decade, new scientific evidence suggests that genomic regions outside of the primary protein-coding regions of our DNA harbor variations that play an important role in disease. These regions contain elements that control gene expression and, when altered, can increase the risk for a disease.

The GGR grants will allow researchers to study complex gene networks and pathways in different cells types and systems. The resulting insight into the mechanisms controlling gene expression may ultimately lead to new avenues for developing treatments for diseases affected by faulty gene regulation, such as cancer, diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

"There is a growing realization that the ways genes are regulated to work together can be important for understanding disease," said Mike Pazin, PhD, a program director in the Functional Analysis Program in NHGRI's Division of Genome Sciences. "The Genomics of Gene Regulation program aims to develop new ways for understanding how the genes and switches in the genome fit together as networks. Such knowledge is important for defining the role of genomic differences in human health and disease."

Luban and Garber will be working with UMMS colleagues Job Dekker, PhD, co-director of the Program in Systems Biology and professor of biochemistry & molecular pharmacology; Oliver Rando, PhD, MD, professor of biochemistry & molecular pharmacology, and Scot Wolfe, associate professor of biochemistry & molecular pharmacology, to develop a model system for exploring gene regulation using human dendritic cells.

The dendritic cell is a key part of the innate immune system that distinguishes self from non-self and, when appropriate, directs the body to attack invading pathogens. In its immature state dendritic cells help prevent autoimmunity by keeping the immune system's T-cells from attacking the body's own cells. When an immature dendritic cell encounters a pathogen, though, a developmental switch is activated and the cell undergoes profound changes in gene expression as it matures. In contrast to immature dendritic cells, these mature cells elicit a potent immune response from T-cells that targets the pathogen.

Luban, Garber and colleagues will examine the changes that the dendritic cell undergoes when it encounters a pathogen and moves from the immature to the mature state. Among the factors they will look at are the genes that are turned on and off during this process. They will examine changes in transcription factors, chromatin modifying enzymes and the cis-acting DNA elements. Linking these elements to specific changes in gene expression should provide a model for predicting the expression of specific genes in dendritic and other cells.

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UMMS to develop a model for predicting gene expression in dendritic cells

(CNN)-- Ever marvel at someone who smoked and still lived to be 90? Just plain good luck, researchers say. And those who live like Puritans and get cancer anyway?

That's bad luck -- and it's the primary cause of most cancer cases, says a Johns Hopkins Medicine research study.

Roughly two-thirds of cancers in adults can be attributed to random mutations in genes capable of driving cancer growth, said two scientists who ran statistics on cancer cases.

That may sound jaw-dropping. And Johns Hopkins anticipates that the study will change the way people think about cancer risk factors.

They also believe it could lead to changes in the funding of cancer studies, with a greater focus on finding ways to detect those cancers attributed to random mutations in genes at early, curable stages.

Smoking can still kill you

But, no, that's not permission to smoke or to not use sunblock.

Some forms of cancer are exceptions, where lifestyle and environment play a big role. Lung cancer is one of them. So is skin cancer.

And, if cancer runs in your family, this unfortunately doesn't mean you're in the clear. Some cancers are more strongly influenced by genetic heritage than others.

"The remaining third (of cancer cases) are due to environmental factors and inherited genes," the Kimmel Cancer Center said in a statement on the study published Friday in the magazine Science.

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Random Gene Mutations Primary Cause Of Most Cancer

Johns Hopkins study could advance use of stem cells for treatment and disease research

A powerful "genome editing" technology known as CRISPR has been used by researchers since 2012 to trim, disrupt, replace or add to sequences of an organism's DNA. Now, scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine have shown that the system also precisely and efficiently alters human stem cells.

In a recent online report on the work in Molecular Therapy, the Johns Hopkins team says the findings could streamline and speed efforts to modify and tailor human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for use as treatments or in the development of model systems to study diseases and test drugs.

"Stem cell technology is quickly advancing, and we think that the days when we can use iPSCs for human therapy aren't that far away," says Zhaohui Ye, Ph.D., an instructor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "This is one of the first studies to detail the use of CRISPR in human iPSCs, showcasing its potential in these cells."

CRISPR originated from a microbial immune system that contains DNA segments known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. The engineered editing system makes use of an enzyme that nicks together DNA with a piece of small RNA that guides the tool to where researchers want to introduce cuts or other changes in the genome.

Previous research has shown that CRISPR can generate genomic changes or mutations through these interventions far more efficiently than other gene editing techniques, such as TALEN, short for transcription activator-like effector nuclease.

Despite CRISPR's advantages, a recent study suggested that it might also produce a large number of "off-target" effects in human cancer cell lines, specifically modification of genes that researchers didn't mean to change.

To see if this unwanted effect occurred in other human cell types, Ye; Linzhao Cheng, Ph.D., a professor of medicine and oncology in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and their colleagues pitted CRISPR against TALEN in human iPSCs, adult cells reprogrammed to act like embryonic stem cells. Human iPSCs have already shown enormous promise for treating and studying disease.

The researchers compared the ability of both genome editing systems to either cut out pieces of known genes in iPSCs or cut out a piece of these genes and replace it with another. As model genes, the researchers used JAK2, a gene that when mutated causes a bone marrow disorder known as polycythemia vera; SERPINA1, a gene that when mutated causes alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, an inherited disorder that may cause lung and liver disease; and AAVS1, a gene that's been recently discovered to be a "safe harbor" in the human genome for inserting foreign genes.

Their comparison found that when simply cutting out portions of genes, the CRISPR system was significantly more efficient than TALEN in all three gene systems, inducing up to 100 times more cuts. However, when using these genome editing tools for replacing portions of the genes, such as the disease-causing mutations in JAK2 and SERPINA1 genes, CRISPR and TALEN showed about the same efficiency in patient-derived iPSCs, the researchers report.

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'CRISPR' science: Newer genome editing tool shows promise in engineering human stem cells