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Since the discovery of how DNA encodes genetic information, most research on the evolution of life has focused on genes. According to the "selfish gene" theory, cells and organisms exist simply as packages to protect and transmit genes. New research challenges this idea, proposing instead that if anything is "selfish" it must be the ribosome. That up-ends everything we think we know about the evolution of life and, in fact, the function of ribosomes themselves.

What came first in the evolution of life? Until now, scientists have answered the question with three letters: DNA. But In a father-daughter collaboration published in Journal of Theoretical Biology, Dr. Meredith Root-Bernstein, Aarhus University, Denmark, and Dr. Robert Root-Bernstein, Michigan State University, USA, provide evidence that the question should rather be answered with the word: Ribosomes.

The ribosome is a large and complex molecule found in all living cells. It contains the machinery for translating the genetic information from DNA into the proteins that perform all the work of the cell and make up most of its structure.

"Ribosomes are made of three protein-encrusted RNA strands that textbooks tell us are purely structural, but we show that ribosomal RNA once acted as the genes, mRNAs and tRNAs required to make its own components -- and gave rise to these structures in modern cells", says Dr. Meredith Root-Bernstein.

What does DNA want?

The father-daughter research collaboration started when Meredith was re-reading her father Robert Root-Bernstein's 1989 book Discovering.

"Halfway through the book, inspired by the discovery strategies my father discusses there, I looked up and asked "what does DNA want?" It may sound strange to anthropomorphize a large molecule. However, the selfish gene theory is commonly expressed in a scientific short-hand as "DNA wants to replicate itself". But I wondered if this is really what DNA wants," Dr. Meredith explains.

When organic chemists anthropomorphize molecules, they say that molecules "want to be in their lowest energy conformation". This means that when they have energy molecules can move into different conformations, but they have a resting position that they come back to.

The resting position of DNA is very tightly curled up. It is so hard to unravel that researchers do not fully understand how the various helper molecules uncurl and unzip it for replication and translation.

Thus, as Meredith realized, from the organic chemistry point of view, the answer to "what does DNA want" is: It wants to sit curled up in a knot. DNA does not want to replicate or translate.

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Forget the selfish gene -- the evolution of life is driven by the selfish ribosome

During a felony arrest in 1999, investigators collected Christopher Cooks DNA and entered it into a database. Last Saturday, more than 15 years later, police say Cook fired shots at an Albuquerque police officer.

John Krebsbach, director of the Albuquerque Police Crime Lab, said its what Cook left behind that helped police ID him.

Early Saturday morning Officer Lou Golson pulled over an SUV, suspecting the driver of DWI. The driver shot Golson three times.

Investigators found a gun at the scene. They also recovered fingerprints on the SUV door and on an alcohol bottle. All this evidence was taken to the crime lab.

They would have performed DNA analysis on that, Krebsbach said.

He said different forensic specialists worked through the weekend trying to find a match.

When you've got someone who's willing to commit such an act, shooting a police officer, you don't want to spare any moments, Krebsbach said.

Two days later a match from that DNA popped up. It came from a database called the New Mexico DNA identification system, which was created in 1997.

Nearly 15 years ago, Krebsbach was one of the first people to input samples into that system.

We had to build the program from nothing basically, Krebsbach said.

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DNA helps police nab accused cop shooter