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Advanced Warfare - INSANE 2:48 DNA BOMB on "URBAN" DLC MAP - Fastest DNA Bomb in Havoc DLC! (COD AW) - Video

IMAGE:XPC DNA repair protein shown in two modes, patrolling undamaged DNA (in green) and bound to DNA damage site (magenta, with blue XPC insert opening the site). The sun behind... view more

Credit: Illustration: Myrna Romero and Jung-Hyun Min.

Sites where DNA is damaged may cause a molecule that slides along the DNA strand to scan for damage to slow on its patrol, delaying it long enough to recognize and initiate repair. The finding suggests that the delay itself may be the key that allows the protein molecule to find its target, according to researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Usually, the repair protein zips along quickly, says Anjum Ansari, UIC professor of physics and co-principal investigator on the study, published this month in Nature Communications.

"If the DNA is normal and the protein is searching, the interaction that the protein makes with the DNA is not very tight, and the protein is able to wander at some speed," Ansari said.

"When the protein encounters a damaged DNA, it's not quite like a normal DNA , it may be a little twisted or more flexible. The protein 'stumbles' at that spot and gets a little stalled, enough to give it a little bit more time at the damaged site," she said. "The longer it sits, the higher the probability that it will open the DNA and initiate repair."

This 'stumble' gives the protein time to flip out the damaged nucleotide building blocks of the DNA and recruit other proteins that begin repair, said Jung-Hyun Min, assistant professor of chemistry at UIC and co-principal investigator on the study.

The protein, xeroderma pigmentosum C or XPC, is important for the repair of DNA damaged by environmental insults, like the chemicals in cigarette smoke and pollutants, which makes it important for preventing cancers, Min said. Dysfunctional XPC may lead to a 1,000-fold increase in the risk of skin cancer.

How the protein can find a lesion hidden among perhaps 100,000 times as many undamaged nucleotides has been a mystery, Min said. XPC is unusual in that it does not have a "pocket" that fits one specific damaged structure while rejecting others that do not fit well. Instead, it recognizes damage indirectly, and so is able to repair a variety of derangements.

In order to see how XPC distinguishes between normal and damaged DNA, the researchers used a chemical trick to bind the protein to a single site on intact DNA. To their surprise, they found that the protein flipped open the nucleotides on undamaged DNA just as it does at a bad spot.

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Damaged DNA may stall patrolling molecule to initiate repair

SANTA MARIA, Calif. -

DNA evidence was the focus for the jury in Day 10 of the ongoing, so-called U-Haul murder trial in Santa Maria.

The prosecution turned to DNA to link the six defendants on trial to the scenes involving the alleged murder of 28 year old Anthony Ibarra in March 2013.

"The DNA profiles match and it was also strong evidence that Anthony Ibarra donated that DNA", said the California Department of Justice DNA analyst about blood found inside the home on West Donovan Road in Santa Maria where the alleged kidnap, torture and murder of Ibarra took place.

The analyst testified to DNA found on various items collected at the home as evidence.

"Yes this DNA profile was a mixture of DNA from two people", the witness testified, "a major DNA profile was determined and this profile was consistent with the profile for Ramon Maldonado."

Ramon Maldonado is one of the six witnesses on trial.

"The minor profile is consistent with the profile obtained for Reyes Gonzales", the witness testified, Reyes Gonzales is also among the six defendants.

The State DNA analyst testified about DNA collected on one of the alleged murder weapons, a Phillips-head screwdriver.

"The swab from the tip tested negative for blood, the swab for the handle tested positive, and the controlled swab tested negative for blood", the DNA analyst testified.

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DNA Testimony in Santa Maria U-Haul Murder Trial