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By: Dr. Schlekah

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Touch DNA is a forensic method to analyse the DNA left at the crime scene. If one looks at the manner in which the National Investigating Agency has gone about solving several cases, it becomes clear that they are exploring every possible method and are constantly upgrading their investigating techniques to beat the terrorists at their own game.

Most of the recent cases that were handled by the NIA relied on the Touch DNA methodology and it has proven to be a major success for the agency. Be it the Patna and Bodhgaya blasts case or even the recent Liaqat Shah incident, the success rate was 100 per cent thanks to the out of the box thinking and the right use of forensics and technology.

What is touch DNA?

Police officials especially in Bengaluru very often complain that they have no evidence to go ahead in a case. Take for example the Church Street blasts case which is turning out to be one of the world's greatest mysteries.

Touch DNA if relied upon does have a great success rate in solving a crime. It is a forensic method of analyzing the DNA left at the scene of the crime. The reason it is called as Touch DNA is because it requires very small samples left behind at the crime scene.

Touch DNA could sample skin cells which are left on the object. It requires just seven cells from the outermost layer of the human skin. Once the samples are gathered and sent for analysis it can get the perfect results to track down the criminal.

Caution to be exercised

The NIA appears to have mastered the art of Touch DNA. While it is a great way of solving a crime, it also has its drawbacks. The person collecting the samples needs to be extremely cautious. When Touch DNA samples are being collected the officer uses a brush. He needs to be careful as the samples from his skin could transfer on to the object and this could lead to incorrect results.

Due to these intricate details that are required to be observed, investigating officers with specialization need to handle it. However at the moment it could act as a major lead in an investigation. The officer needs to be extremely confident that the samples have been collected correctly and his own samples have not been transferred to the object.

Cracking the Bodhgaya case with Touch DNA

See more here:
Touch DNA: How NIA used it to crack cases?

IF YOU must preserve messages for people in the far future to read, Blu-ray discs and USB sticks are no good. For real long-term storage, you want a DNA time capsule.

Just 1 gram of DNA is theoretically capable of holding 455 exabytes enough for all the data held by Google, Facebook and every other major tech company, with room to spare. It's also incredibly durable: DNA has been extracted and sequenced from 700,000-year-old horse bones. But conditions have to be right for it to last.

"We know that if you just store it lying around, you lose information," says Robert Grass of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. So he and colleagues are working on ways to increase DNA's longevity, with the aim of storing data for thousands or millions of years.

They began by looking at the way information is encoded on a DNA strand. The simplest method treats the DNA bases A and C as a "0" and G and T as a "1". Of course, any damage to the DNA leaves holes in the data, so the team used an error-correcting technique called a Reed-Solomon code. This includes redundant blocks that can be used to reconstruct garbled bits of data.

They also tried to mimic the way fossils keep a DNA sequence intact. Excluding all water from the environment was key, so they encapsulated the DNA in microscopic spheres of glass.

To test how long this storage system might last, they encoded two venerable documents, totalling 83 kilobytes: the Swiss federal charter from 1291, and the Archimedes Palimpsest, a 10th-century version of ancient Greek texts. DNA versions of these texts were kept at 60, 65 and 70 C for a week to simulate ageing. They remained readable without any errors (Angewandte Chemie, doi.org/f23gmf).

The results suggest that data in DNA form could last 2000 years if kept at a temperature of around 10 C. The Global Seed Vault in the Arctic could preserve it for over 2 million years at a chilly -18 C, offering truly long-term storage.

Grass would like to store all the world's current knowledge for future generations, but it's far too expensive to generate DNA at present. It cost around 1000 to encode the 83 kilobytes, so doing the same with Wikipedia would run to billions. Instead, Grass suggests that we focus on what future historians might want to read. "If you look at how we look at the Middle Ages, it's very influenced by what information has been stored," he says. "It's very important that we get a relatively neutral documentation of our current time and store that."

Sriram Kosuri of the University of California, Los Angeles, thinks the projected preservation times are reasonable. In 2012 he stored a copy of a colleague's book in DNA and is now working with the band OK Go to create a DNA version of their latest album. But he's less sure about what to put in a time capsule. "I haven't given it much thought," he says. "We pretty much chose an arbitrary piece of digital information whose only constraint is that we weren't going to get in trouble for making a lot of copies of it."

This article appeared in print under the headline "DNA in glass the ultimate archive"

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Glassed-in DNA makes the ultimate time capsule