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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Where did Europe get its languages? Scientists uncover new evidence.

Posted: March 4, 2015 at 4:43 am

Beginning some 4,500 years ago, herders living in the temperate grasslands north of the Black and Caspian Seasbegan moving westward into Europe. The mass migration continued for about 15 centuries, and with it came horses, wheeled vehicles, and a new kind of language.

This, at least, is the hypothesis supported by an analysis of ancient DNA,published Monday in the journal Nature.By examining the entire genomes of 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000 and 3,000 years ago, a team of international researchers has pinpointed the effects of a large-scale movement of people with Near East ancestry into central Europe.Their language, say the researchers, might be the source of some of the Indo-European languages spoken throughout Europe today.

With more than three billion speakers, the Indo-European family, which includes English, Latin and its descendants, Sanskrit and its descendants, the Slavic languages, the Celtic languages, Russian, Greek, Farsi, Kurdish, Pashto, and hundreds of others, is the world's largest family of languages. Almost all of the languages of contemporary Europe, with the notable exceptions of Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, are part of this family.

But where did Indo-European come from, and how did it wind up in Europe? Most historical linguists fall into one oftwo camps. Adherents to the Anatolian Hypothesis contend that the family of languages arrived in Europe from Anatolia the peninsula that makes up what is today the Asian part of Turkey about 8,500 years ago. Supporters of the Anatolian Hypothesis say that any major language replacements after that time would have likely required major migrations, but that migrations to Europe after the Early Neolithic period could not have made a major impact since the population was thought to already be quite large.

Alternatively, those who support the Steppe Hypothesis believe that the early speakers of Indo-European languages were pastoralists residing in parts of the Eurasian steppe, a region stretching from Ukraine to Mongolia, and that their languages arrived in Europe less than 6,000 years ago, following the diffusion of innovations like the chariot.

Material artifacts are of little help in settling the debate, because no examples of Indo-European languages appear in the historical record earlier than 4,000 years ago. And there are no known artifacts that unambiguously point to a large-scale migration into Europe during the late Neolithic period.

"One of the weaknesses of the steppe [hypothesis] was that people doubted that there were any migrations from the steppe into the rest of Europe," study co-author Iosif Lazaridis told the Monitor.

Dr. Lazaridis and his colleagues set out to better map out the movements of a number of ancient populations across Europe and parts of Asia. Scientists already had evidence indicating that, about 6,000 years ago, farmers who arrived in Europe mixed with hunter-gatherers who had already been living in the region for a few thousand years. And in Russia, a different group of hunter-gatherers is thought to have mixed with a population that was related to those in the Near East and had moved into the steppe. This mixture produced a pastoralist people known as the Yamnaya.

Lazaridis's team was able to determine that, about 4,500 years ago, these groups came into contact thanks to a large-scale migration of people with Yamnaya DNA from Russiainto Central Europe. These migrants from the steppe, it turns out, provided nearly 75 percent of the ancestry of central Europeans.

"This is the kind of massive migration that, because of its great size, it's very plausible that it introduced some new languages into Europe," says Lazaridis.

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DNA link key to prosecution's case in campus rape

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4:32 p.m. update

A Washington County jury took about 30 minutes Tuesday afternoon to find Cesar Michael Figueroa, 24, of Springdale, guilty of raping a young woman Sept. 2, 2012, in a parking lot at the edge of the University of Arkansas campus.

12:09 p.m. update

The defense has now rested in the rape trial of Ceasar Michael Figueroa.

Figueroa, 24, is charged with two counts of rape in connection with the Sept. 2, 2012 assault of a woman in a parking lot on the edge of the University of Arkansas campus. Prosecutors say DNA ties Figueroa to the incident.

The jury is expected to hear closing arguments in the case this afternoon.

Original story

FAYETTEVILLE -- Prosecutors say Cesar Michael Figueroa, 24, left a bit of DNA on the shirt worn by a rape victim, tying him to the 2012 assault on the northeast edge of the University of Arkansas campus.

"Ladies and gentlemen, this is not a crime scene drama, it's real life in Fayetteville, Arkansas," Amy Driver, a Washington County deputy prosecuting attorney told jurors Monday.

The 23-year-old victim testified Monday she was walking home from Dickson Street about midnight Sept. 2, 2012. She'd been to a Razorback football game that afternoon, then went out with friends for awhile. She called her roommate as she started the five minute walk home.

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Yijun Ruan 3D Genome Organization – Video

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Yijun Ruan 3D Genome Organization
A New Frontier of Genomics, 3D Genome Organization and Transcription Regulation Dr. Yijun Ruan, Professor, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine Presen...

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UMass Medical researchers unravel hookworm genome, could deal blow to parasite

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WORCESTER A group that includes local researchers has sequenced the genome of a hookworm that infects both humans and animals, an advance that could add to efforts to develop vaccines and treatments to defeat the parasite.

The scientists reported Monday in the journal Nature Genetics that they identified nearly 31,000 active genes in the tiny blood-sucking worm known as Ancylostoma ceylanicum. They also identified a family of genes that might be important to a worm's infection process.

Raffi V. Aroian, a professor in molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, said he and lead author Erich M. Schwarz, a senior research associate at Cornell University, conceived the project to better understand a class of parasites that causes anemia and suffering.

"Know thy enemy, right?" Mr. Aroian said. "In other words, we learned a lot by sequencing the human genome. Modern medicine wouldn't be where it's at at all without the genome. In our case, it's knowing the genome of the parasite so we can determine what its potential weaknesses are."

A 2014 study estimated nearly 439 million people worldwide were infected with hookworms, small creatures that can live for years in the bodies of hosts. Infection is mostly found in tropical developing countries with poor sanitation.

Larvae, or immature worms, live in soil contaminated by feces from infected people. The larvae can burrow into the bare feet of humans, then travel to the intestines where they feed on blood, mature, mate and produce eggs.

Infected humans can develop anemia. Hookworm infection also can stunt the growth and development of children.

Although a drug exists to treat infection, hookworm infection is so common in parts of the world that it is thought to have a negative effect on economies.

The new genome sequence is not the first time a hookworm's genetic code has been unraveled. A large international group of researchers reported last year they had sequenced the genome of Necator americanus, the type of hookworm most commonly responsible for human infection.

But the new research concerns a hookworm known to afflict a number of mammals, not just people, said Mr. Schwarz.

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Johanna says our Baby Skin Salve healed her son’s eczema! – Video

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Johanna says our Baby Skin Salve healed her son #39;s eczema!
Evan #39;s eczema was cleared up in a week using Puremedy #39;s Baby Skin salve!

By: The Official Puremedy Channel

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Psoriasis | Cause |SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | PSORIASIS, DR ANAND KUMAR – Video

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Psoriasis | Cause |SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | PSORIASIS, DR ANAND KUMAR
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Cause of Psoriasis |SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | Dr Anand kumar – Video

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Cause of Psoriasis |SYMPTOMS | TREATMENT | Dr Anand kumar
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Epic Length Psoriasis Scraping session. – Video

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Epic Length Psoriasis Scraping session.
Held off from scraping this leg for a while. Felt absolutely amazing to finally itch it. Took 8 mins to just do a light scraping on one shin/calf... imagine ...

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Global Gene Therapy Market Report 2015-2025 – Extensive Study on the Marketed and Pipeline Gene Therapies

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DUBLIN, Mar. 03, 2015 /PRNewswire/ --Research and Markets

(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/rcv4lq/gene_therapy) has announced the addition of the "Gene Therapy Market, 2015 - 2025" report to their offering.

The "Gene Therapy Market, 2015-2025" report provides an extensive study on the marketed and pipeline gene therapies. A lot of research has been carried out in this field for over a decade but there are only five approved therapies (four available in Asian markets; one approved in the EU). There are many promising therapies which are currently being developed worldwide; the approach is likely to result in several commercial success stories in the foreseen future. The report covers various aspects, such as key players, marketed gene therapy products, products in clinical / pre-clinical research, associated ethical issues, likely future developments and upcoming opportunities for a variety of stakeholders.

Several disorders that arise inside the body are a result of either a direct genetic aberration or a dysfunctional/non-functional protein. The attempt to use nucleic acids to correct or delete the genes causing a particular disease is known as gene therapy. Although gene therapy has not contributed significantly to the global pharmaceutical market yet, it is anticipated to grow at a fast pace over the next decade.

Gendicine, developed by SiBiono GeneTech, was the foremost gene therapy that entered market in 2004 in China. Since then four more therapies have received approval in China, Philippines, Russia and the EU. This number for approved / marketed therapies seems weak at present; however, the strong and highly populated pipeline holds tremendous potential. There are 12 gene therapies in late stage of clinical development for the treatment of cancer, ocular and cardiovascular disorders.

There are several concerns that remain to be answered; examples include insertional mutagenesis, treatment of multigene disorders, curbing the risk of immune reactions, eugenics, high cost of therapy and ethical concerns related to making alterations at the genetic level. Despite this, gene therapy does offer a ray of hope for patients who either have no treatment options or show no benefits with drugs that are currently available. Such a benefit far outweighs any disadvantages that may be associated with this upcoming therapeutic field.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Preface

2. Executive Summary

3. Introduction

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Global Gene Therapy Market Report 2015-2025 - Extensive Study on the Marketed and Pipeline Gene Therapies

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Gene Therapy Market Report 2014-2024 – Technologies, Markets and Companies

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DUBLIN, Mar. 03, 2015 /PRNewswire/ --Research and Markets

(http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/gxqhg9/gene_therapy) has announced the addition of Jain PharmaBiotech's new report "Gene Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies" to their offering.

Gene therapy technologies are described in detail including viral vectors, nonviral vectors and cell therapy with genetically modified vectors. Gene therapy is an excellent method of drug delivery and various routes of administration as well as targeted gene therapy are described. There is an introduction to technologies for gene suppression as well as molecular diagnostics to detect and monitor gene expression.

Clinical applications of gene therapy are extensive and cover most systems and their disorders. Full chapters are devoted to genetic syndromes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders and viral infections with emphasis on AIDS. Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine, particularly for treating cats and dogs, are included.

Research and development is in progress in both the academic and the industrial sectors. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) of the US is playing an important part. As of 2014, over 2050 clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing or have been approved worldwide.A breakdown of these trials is shown according to the geographical areas and applications.

Since the death of Jesse Gelsinger in the US following a gene therapy treatment, the FDA has further tightened the regulatory control on gene therapy. A further setback was the reports of leukemia following use of retroviral vectors in successful gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency. Several clinical trials were put on hold and many have resumed now. The report also discusses the adverse effects of various vectors, safety regulations and ethical aspects of gene therapy including germline gene therapy.

The markets for gene therapy are difficult to estimate as there is only one approved gene therapy product and it is marketed in China since 2004. Gene therapy markets are estimated for the years 2014-2024. The estimates are based on epidemiology of diseases to be treated with gene therapy, the portion of those who will be eligible for these treatments, competing technologies and the technical developments anticipated in the next decades. In spite of some setbacks, the future for gene therapy is bright.The markets for DNA vaccines are calculated separately as only genetically modified vaccines and those using viral vectors are included in the gene therapy markets

The voluminous literature on gene therapy was reviewed and selected 750 references are appended in the bibliography.The references are constantly updated. The text is supplemented with 75 tables and 15 figures.

Profiles of 181 companies involved in developing gene therapy are presented along with 223 collaborations. There were only 44 companies involved in this area in 1995. In spite of some failures and mergers, the number of companies has increased more than 4-fold within a decade.

Key Topics Covered:

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