Category Archives: Transhuman News

Everybody gets older, although not everyone ages in the same way. For many people, late life includes a deterioration of health brought on by age-related disease. Yet there are also people who retain a more youthful vigor, and around the world, women typically live longer than men. Why is that? In this episode, Steven Strogatz speaks with Judith Campisi and Dena Dubal, two biomedical researchers who study the causes and outcomes of aging to understand how it works and what scientists know about postponing or even reversing the aging process.

Listen on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Stitcher, TuneIn or your favorite podcasting app, or you can stream it from Quanta.

Steven Strogatz (00:03): Im Steve Strogatz, and this is The Joy of Why podcast from Quanta Magazine that takes you into some of the biggest unanswered questions in science and math today. In this episode, were going to be talking about aging. Why exactly do we age? Whats happening at the cellular level as our bodies get older?

(00:22) Scientists are still chasing many of the answers, but there have been some important advances in understanding the distinctive changes we call aging. Someday, that progress might not only help us live longer, but live better too. After all, living many years may not be much of a bargain if it means suffering from diseases like Alzheimers or Parkinsons. Well ask what role do our genes play in aging? And why do women tend to live longer than men on average? And also, what is research finding out about the ways we might slow down the process of aging?

(01:00) Later in this episode, well be hearing from Dr. Dena Dubal, associate professor in the department of neurology at the Weill Institute for Neurosciences at the University of California, San Francisco. But first, joining me now is Dr. Judith Campisi, a biochemist and cell biologist and professor at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging. Her lab there focuses on cellular senescence, a concept that well be unpacking very shortly. She is co-editor in chief of the Aging journal. Judy, thanks so much for joining us today.

Judith Campisi (01:34): My pleasure.

Strogatz (01:35): Im very excited to be talking to you about this. Well, of course, all of us are getting older, and we all feel it. It raises so many questions, though, like why is it happening? Is it something that nature is doing on purpose? Is it that our bodies are kind of wearing out like an old machine? Or how should we think about it?

Campisi (01:54): I think the way we have to think about it is in the context of evolution. If you think about humans, our lifespan, over the course of our evolution, aging never happened. There was no Parkinsons disease, no Alzheimers disease, there was no cancer. Everybody was dead by the age of 40 or 45. So evolution put into place ways of keeping young, reproductively fit organisms healthy for only a few decades, certainly not for the larger number of decades that were living through.

(02:35) Now, many of the processes that happen during aging really happen as a consequence of the declining force of natural selection. That is, there was no natural selection for these diseases. The process we study, cellular senescence, its now clear and certainly in mouse models that this process, the cellular process, drives a large number of age-related diseases, everything from macular degeneration, to Parkinsons disease, cardiovascular disease, and even late-life cancer, but it evolved to protect young organisms from cancer.

(03:19) So we certainly dont want to stop it when were young. It also helps fine-tune certain structures during embryogenesis. And it initiates labor in women in the placenta. So these are the things that evolution is selecting for. And this is why we have to be careful in how we intervene. And thats true for almost everything that happens with age. Evolution didnt try to make us old. Evolution tried to make us young and healthy. And sometimes that came at a cost.

Strogatz (03:56): Its a fascinating perspective, actually, that the things that are healthy for us when were young and that would be selected by evolution can have this inadvertent consequence. That as weve been able to extend lifespan I suppose through better diet or medicine, all kinds of things that now what used to help us can hurt us.

Campisi (04:15): Yes, this idea that whats good for you when youre young, can be bad for you when youre old. It was proposed in the 1950s by a guy named George Williams, an evolutionary biologist named George Williams. There was no molecular data at that time, you know. No genomes had been sequenced. He pointed out evolution never had to fine-tune the prostate. If you dont have a good prostate, you dont have good babies. You dont make good babies. On the other hand, almost inevitably with age, over the age of, say, 50 or so, the prostate begins to enlarge and of course it becomes a possibility of developing into cancer. Yet that didnt happen for most of our evolutionary history.

Strogatz (05:02): Wow. So lets go into cells because this its so rich and wonderful what you and your students and colleagues have been discovering at the cellular level. So could you please define what it means for a cell to be senescent?

Campisi (05:17): It is a state that the cell enters, in which it adopts three new traits. One of them is it gives up almost forever, almost forever, the ability to divide. It will tend to resist dying. And most important, it tends to secrete a lot of molecules that can have effects on neighboring cells, and also in the circulation. Not that many cells have been studied when they become senescent. And almost everything else we know about senescence is slowly changing as we learn more and more about different cell types and different ways that cells enter senescence.

(06:00) Okay, so they stopped dividing. And that makes sense that that would prevent cancer. The other thing is they become relatively resistant to cell death. That is they stick around. And this could explain why they increase with age, and they do. Many people now have looked in many, many vertebrate tissues. And it just seems that the older the tissue, the more senescent cells are present.

(06:29) The caveat to that statement is, there are still very few of them even in very old and very diseased tissue. A few percent at the most. So why do people think this has anything to do with aging? That has to do with the third thing that happens when cells become senescent is they begin to secrete a large number of molecules that have biological activity outside the cell. And that means that those senescent cells can call immune cells to the site where they are, it can cause neighboring cells to fail to function. And it basically causes a situation that is classically termed chronic inflammation. You know, and of course, chronic inflammation is also a great risk for developing age-related cancer. Not so much childhood cancers, but age-related cancers.

Strogatz (07:26): So a certain small subset of cells that stopped dividing hang around for a long time, dont dont die, and yet secrete molecules that call immune cells or other parts of the immune system to come. And what I mean, are they signaling come and kill me? Or whats going on? Why are they, what are they secreting for?

Campisi (07:50): Yeah, so theyre secreting a large number of molecules. So some of them are growth factors. And we reported some time ago, that at least on a mouse, if you make a wound, like a skin wound just a little punch biopsy on the back of the mouse at the site of that wound, senescent cells form within a few days, and they secrete growth factors that help the wound heal.

(08:17) This is why evolution selected for this phenotype. Its not all bad. On the other hand, if you have a pre-cancerous cell nearby, and those growth factors are now being secreted, and this cancer cell sees them, its possible that that cancer cell will wake up and start to form a tumor. So again, good for you when youre young, bad for you when youre old.

Strogatz (08:44): Well, let me ask some basics while were talking about senescent cells, because I think there are some things Im curious about. For instance, should I think of them as having started out like any other kind of cell and something set them on a pathway to become senescent? Or are we born with them? Or whats, whats the right way to think about this?

Campisi (09:04): I think where the field is right now is were beginning to realize that all senescent cells are not equal. And then the question is, why would what starts out as a normal cell so youre right, you start out with a normal cell. What would make it enter this strange state where it doesnt divide? And its got all these molecules it has to make and secrete. And the answer is, the kinds of stresses that we tend to associate with both cancer and aging. So for example, anything that damages the genome or even damages what we now call the epigenome. The way genes are organized within the nucleus, anything that damages that has the potential to drive a cell into this senescent state.

(09:51) On the other hand, there are also stresses that we dont think about as normally associate certainly, not associated with cancer. But things, for example, like advanced glycation end products, the chemical reactions that take place when glucose levels are too high. And so this is a big problem with people who have diabetes or pre-diabetic conditions. So those, those chemicals can also cause the cell to become senescent. So its more appropriate to call it a stress response, except not all stresses result in senescence.

Strogatz (10:30): Let us, if we could, talk about the mouse experiments that you and your, your group have done really pioneering experiments where youve used the technique in molecular biology of transgenic mice. Maybe first, you should tell us what they are, and then how you use them as a kind of testbed for how to get rid of bad senescent cells.

Campisi (10:49): So right now in biology, its pretty straightforward and easy to insert DNA into the genome of a mouse, and then have that mouse develop into a full-blown adult mouse and have that adult mouse make babies. And so the mouse that we made, this trans. So thats called a transgene, the transgenic mouse we made, carried a piece of DNA that had a foreign protein made when cells become senescent. And that foreign protein had three parts. A molecule that was what we call luminescent, meaning we could image the cells in a living animal. It had a fluorescent protein, which meant that we could sort senescent cells from the tissues of that mouse. But most importantly, it had a killer gene, a gene that would normally be totally benign. But if you feed a drug, which is also very benign, that drug and the presence of that foreign gene will cause senescent cells to die.

(12:01) So we made this mouse quite a while ago. And weve shared it with dozens and dozens of academic labs that are studying different diseases of aging: Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, cardiovascular disease, age-related cancers, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, et cetera. And the results are just astounding.

(12:27) If you eliminate senescent cells, it is possible to do one of three things to an age-related pathology: You either make it less severe, or you postpone its onset, or and this is, of course, the one we all love in a few cases, you can even reverse that pathology.

Strogatz (12:49): Oh wow.

Campisi: I know. Thats true for osteoarthritis so far. And so this has now sort of given meat to the idea that developing drugs that can do what our transgenes can do. Its too late for any adult to get their transgenes. But if you have an unborn baby, it may be possible.

Strogatz (13:09): Oh, I see where youre going with that. I mean, thats, of course, thats a big can of worms for us, isnt it to think that, you know

Campisi (13:15): I know, its too political. Its already been done.

Strogatz (13:17): Oh, really?

Campisi (13:19): Well, its been done. Its been done in China. Right?

Strogatz (13:22): Youre saying that fetuses or before fetuses

Campisi (13:25): Thats correct. Was engineered. Yeah. I dont know the guy who did it, the Chinese guy who did it was condemned by the community because there were not enough controls there. No oversight, et cetera, et cetera. But its possible. Theres no intellectual reason why we cant make transgenic people. And my guess is, its not just China.

Strogatz (13:45): Okay, in terms of what was actually we know that youve done in you and the other people doing transgenic mice, if I just make sure I got that. You said there were three parts to the transgene, two of which it sounds like were for detecting. So theres the luminescent and the fluorescent part. But the, the killer part is the part that is playing the role of in the future drugs, I suppose, that could kill off the bad senescent cells. You had this genetic mechanism

Campisi (13:46): Thats exactly right. So the drug that we use to kill senescent cells in the mouse would not work in humans because humans are not transgenic. But the idea would be now to develop new drugs. And they are being developed. There, there are already some that are being used in mice, and even a few in early-stage clinical trials in people with the idea that they would mimic what our transgene can do in the presence of this otherwise benign drug.

Strogatz (14:13): And so the punchline here is that if this really comes to pass, this gives us hope for, as you said, postponing, ameliorating or in some cases maybe again, were dreaming, but its like theres science behind this or possibly reversing some of these many age-related diseases. Just that you told us about. Yes. Wow.

Campisi (15:01): Youll die on the tennis court at 110. But youll be winning.

Strogatz (15:06): Thank you very much, Judy. This has been just a delightful conversation, my pleasure.

Announcer (15:14): Explore more science mysteries in the Quanta Magazine book Alice and Bob Meet the Ball of Fire, published by The MIT Press. Available now at Amazon.com, Barnesandnoble.com or your local bookstore. Also, make sure to tell your friends about The Joy of Why podcast and give us a positive review or follow where you listen. It helps people find this podcast.

Strogatz (15:39): Why we age and what happens to our bodies as we age are two of the biggest mysteries about aging. Another mystery has to do with sex differences. Women tend to live longer than men. Its often said that they live three to five years longer. But really, if you look at the global statistics, you see that in some places, women live more than 10 years longer. So what is it about being female that makes women more resilient? The body of a 70-year-old woman may be younger than her 70 years biologically when compared to that of a 70-year-old man. Researchers on aging say that an epigenetic clock runs differently for each.

(16:19) If we can understand why a womans brain might also age differently than a mans, we might be able to develop therapies to help everyone. Research into this question gets us into proteins and sex chromosomes and hormones. The goal is to understand all of this better. Can we slow down the aging process somehow?

(16:39) Joining me now to discuss all this is Dr. Dena Dubal. Shes an associate professor of neurology at the University of California, San Franciscos Weill Institute for Neurosciences. Her lab studies female longevity and the aging brain. What makes it resilient against cognitive decline? Dr. Dubal is also an investigator with the Simons Collaboration on Plasticity and the Aging Brain. Dena, thank you so much for joining us today.

Dena Dubal (17:06): My pleasure. Thank you for inviting me.

Strogatz (17:08): Well, Im really pumped up by this. You know, I think in my own family about how sharp some of the women were in their 90s, even. I recently had an aunt who just passed away just shy of her 100th birthday. She had smoked her whole life. But she was sharp. And I dont know how she could have managed to live so long. The men were all gone, the husbands had all died.

Dubal (17:32): Yeah, I noticed something similar in my family of origin, when I was very young, and that is that women live longer than men. And every summer growing up, my parents would take me back to India, their country of origin. Theyre immigrants from India. And we would spend time in a very small village in western Gujarat. And it was really remarkable that the elderly were, were really mostly women. And I had a great-grandmother, whose name was Rumba, who was just a remarkable woman, not educated, but really smart. And she lived almost to her 90s. And her husband, my great grandfather, despite being robust, tall, handsome and also very smart, he died in his early 40s. And so her lifespan was nearly double that of his. And this was seen really throughout my extended family, that the women live longer than the men and I always wondered why that was.

Strogatz (18:41): I mean, Im sure that many of our listeners are thinking the same thing. Its a pretty commonplace experience that the, the women outlive the men. Of course, its not universal. There are exceptions for all kinds of reasons, but, but its just an amazing general trend.

Dubal (18:55): So in every society that records mortality across the world, women live longer than men. From Sierra Leone, where lifespan is lower, to Japan and Sweden, where lifespan is much longer. But heres a really interesting piece of information: When we look historically across multiple countries and societies, at times of extreme mortality, like famine and like epidemics, the girls will live longer than the boys and the women will live longer than the men.

(19:34) And this, this really suggests to us that there is a biologic underpinning for female longevity, because even when there is very high and equal stress in the environment with very high mortality, the girls are outliving the boys and the women are outliving the men. Theres some very, very sad and really remarkable times that, that demonstrate this including the Irish famine and many, many other examples in our world history.

Strogatz (20:04): Its, its really fascinating to think that its somehow so intrinsic, that theres something you know, youve mentioned the cultural aspects, but it does feel like theres something purely biological also going on. And I wonder if we could get into that. I mean, is there something happening in the body itself that could account for these differences?

Dubal (20:26): There can be, really I would say, four main reasons. If we think about this, biologically, why there could be sex differences and human longevity. One has to do with sex chromosomes, our genetics, our genetic code, and every single one of our cells in our bodies. And that is that female mammals and certainly female human mammals have two X chromosomes in every cell. One of them is inactivated during development, but there are two X chromosomes, and that is the sex chromosome complement of women and girls. In contrast, boys and men have one X and one Y.

(21:12) And so here already at the outset, there is a very clear and striking difference in our genetics. And so with this difference, and XX in females compared to XY in males, there, there arises for biologic reasons, for sex differences in longevity. One is that in males, theres a presence of a Y. And it is thought, although not experimentally shown, that maybe there are toxic effects or deleterious effects of the presence of a Y chromosome.

Strogatz (21:48): Wow, what an idea. Well, why do living things get old at all? Why dont we live forever? What causes aging in the first place?

Dubal (21:56): Thats a very simple yet philosophical question. I would say that aging is what happens with the passage of time to the biology of cells. There is a change in biologic functions that leads to dysfunction and vulnerability to diseases. One major cause is genetic instability. So over time, our genetic code becomes more unstable. Some mutations will occur. Parts of our genes kind of jump around those are called transposons and disrupt other parts of our genetic code. There are changes that occur epigenetic, that means on top of our genes that ultimately change the way that our cells express themselves. And that becomes dysregulated and more dysfunctional over time with aging.

Strogatz (22:54): All right, well, so theres, the story of why we age then is a very multi-faceted one, apparently.

Dubal (23:01): Yeah, yeah, and the loss of what we call homeostasis. But really, what that is, is housekeeping of proteins. How theyre turned over, how theyre modified, how theyre folded, what is done with the proteins in our cells. And the housekeeping of these proteins declines with aging. And so then theres this buildup of essentially gunk, of like clutter, that really jams up cellular processes and contributes to aging as well. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of our cells, and they have more dysfunction with aging.

(23:40) This brings us back to another possible biologic reason for female longevity, it brings me to something called the mothers curse. So all the mitochondria in all of your cells, Steve, and all of mine, are inherited from our mothers. So in the process of, of cellular division and the creation of a zygote, mothers pass on their mitochondria, not fathers. And so this, this becomes really important because mitochondria can only undergo evolution in a female body. Males will never pass their mitochondria on.

(24:24) And so at the end of the day, what that predicts is that mitochondrial function is more evolved to female physiology, when compared to male physiology. And this may make a difference with aging when things begin to go awry. The female cells may be more fit because their mitochondria are more evolved to the female cells compared to male cells. For males, that would be a mothers curse.

Strogatz (24:50): And then a mothers blessing for females, maybe. Interesting. This is this is an interesting thing. Wow. So that gives me a very good big picture about whats happening. So living longer, though, is just one aspect of what well be discussing here. Theres also the issue of living better, right? In terms of not in the case of people, not experiencing the cognitive decline that we or reducing that, that we all associate with getting older.

Dubal (25:18): Yeah. So, lifespan is one thing, right? How, how long does one live? And right now the oldest recorded person in history has lived to approximately 122 years old. But then health span is really a measure of how many healthy years of life is one living. Thats what we really aspire to, is really good healthy health span, where we are not suffering from cancers, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimers, cognitive decline and more that happens with aging.

(25:58) So with a very good health span, one lives a healthy life without these chronic debilitating conditions until, lets say, 100 and then one dies peacefully in ones sleep from pneumonia, lets say. But that is health span. Its really life lived without diseases. And, you know, the reason that we are so interested in lifespan is that the things that help us to live longer tend to help us to live better.

(26:32) So if we can understand the molecules that work together to conspire toward longevity, we can harvest those molecules to help fight disease. And thats why were so interested in, Wow, why is it that women live longer than men? Is there some biology of aging that can be discovered, learned and then harvested toward better health span in males and females?

Strogatz (27:02): Well, let us start getting into that, then. I mean, I suppose our common sense would say that its got to be about sex hormones. That we associate testosterone with men, estrogen with women. Is it estrogen thats the secret here that, that thats somehow protective? Or lets, lets start with that. Is it, is this a story of estrogen?

Dubal (27:24): Yeah, its a golden question. So this brings me to the fourth biologic reason for sex differences in longevity. One was, could it be the presence of a Y that increases mortality? Is it an extra X in females that extends lifespan? Is it a mothers curse of mitochondrial inheritance from mothers only that works against males? And fourth, what about sex hormones? Could it be that testosterone is decreasing lifespan in males and estrogen is increasing it in females?

(27:58) I think this is a really important possibility and considering sex differences in biology and in longevity. And we have some very interesting clues from natural human experiments and experiments in animals.

(28:16) There is some support that removing testosterone prolongs life. The Korean Chosun dynasty had a population of Korean eunuchs, that were castrated. They were useful and respected members of the dynasty and of the imperial court. And they lived a very long life, a significantly longer life than men of the same socio-economic status that lived at the same time on average, 15 years longer.

Strogatz (28:49): This is amazing.

Dubal (28:51): Right?

Strogatz (28:52): Wow!

Dubal (28:52): It suggests that decreasing testosterone prolongs life. And we do see this, actually. There have been animal studies in which sheep are castrated and will live longer compared to those that are not. And some very robust studies in dogs. Of course, we spay our dogs and castrated male dogs will live longer than non-castrated male dogs.

(29:16): But, Steve, I have to tell you that this question that you asked was burning me for many, many years. Could it be the hormones that contribute to female longevity? Is it estrogen, or could it be sex chromosomes that contribute to longevity? And to that point, we did a really neat experiment to be able to dissect out those two causes, and Id love to explain it if this is a good time.

Strogatz (29:42): Its perfect and, and I like that you, you describe it as neat because I read in reading about it to prepare for our conversation. I thought this was such an elegant and you know, this is like primo science. This is the scientific method, to ask this tricky question and find a way to get a good approximation to an answer to it.

Dubal (30:04): It was a really exciting experiment to do. And it mattered not what the results were, we were to follow the science and the science would tell us something about the cause of sex differences in longevity.

(30:18) And so to be able to dissect out whether female longevity was driven by hormones, or by sex chromosomes, we used a really elegant, as you said, animal model, called the FCG model, the four core genotypes model. And in these mice, theres, theres a genetic manipulation, theres a genetic engineering thats taken place. And that is on the Y chromosome, there is this SRY, or a testis-determining factor, theres a gene that causes male differentiation and the production of testes and testosterone.

(30:58) So in this model, SRY is taken off of the Y chromosome and added to any other autosomes, the non-sex chromosomes. And what this allows is the inheritance of this testicular determining factor, the SRY, the inheritance of it by males that are XY or by females that are XX. So at the end of the day, this genetic engineering enables the creation of mice that have four sexes: XX mice with ovaries, that is the typical female biologic genotype and phenotype. XX mice that have developed as male with testes. And thats again, because they inherited the testicular determining factor SRY and they have differentiated as males and they, they cannot be distinguished from other male mice, except that theyre XX. So they have testes, they have male reproductive behaviors, they ejaculate. They fight in their cages. They are male mice, except theyre XX.

Strogatz (32:10): Hmm. So Ive got it. I want to make sure everyone listening has got it because its so incredible this way of doing things that the, you can make. I mean, let me put it crudely I think its approximately right phenotypically, on the outside, they look like males but inside, in terms of their chromosomes, they look like females.

Dubal (32:29): Thats right. Thats right. And then we do the same in males, in that we produce XY males that lack the testis determining factor and have developed by default as females that is, that they are indistinguishable from other female mice. They have ovaries, they have a uterus, they cycle, they have female reproductive behaviors, they are female mice, except their genetics are XY. And then we have the typical male, that is XY male that has developed a male phenotype.

(33:08) So this model produces four sex genotypes with males and females, XX and XY that developed with either ovaries or testes. And this allows us to really track which mice will live longer. Is it the mice that have ovaries regardless of being XX or XY? Or is it the mice that are XX, that have female genetics, regardless of growing up with ovaries or testes?

Strogatz (33:37): Before you reveal the answer? Let me ask the question a different way because I want everyone to mull this question over in their head, and guess what the answer is. So the question is, youve created this thing thats a little hard to wrap our minds around, but I think weve got it. These four sexes, a traditional male, a traditional female, a male genetically, but I dont know which one you call the male. Do you call you call, you refer to male as anything thats XY, is that right?

Dubal (34:07): I do. But its, its a matter of taste and, and style.

Strogatz (34:11): Okay, but so its an, its an organism thats XY but has ovaries, yes. Or you can have an organism thats X. Its not an organ. Its a mouse that has XX, but has testes.

Dubal (34:24): Its, its sudoku. Its like this is scientific sudoku.

Strogatz (34:30): Thats great.

Dubal (34:30): Yeah, we actually didnt have a specific hypothesis, we were going to follow the science. And what we found very clearly, is that the mice with two X chromosomes lived longer than those that were XY. So the XX mice, regardless of growing up with ovaries and having lots of estrogen, or regardless of having testes and lots of testosterone, it was the XX mice that lived longer compared to the XY. So this was a decisive genetic experiment that showed us really for the first time that sex chromosomes contribute to female longevity.

(35:14) Now, there was more that the experiment taught us too. The mice that lived the longest of all the groups, or the mice that had ovaries combined with the XX chromosomes, those lived to maximal longest lifespan, suggesting that the hormones produced by the ovaries, that ovaries and the hormones also contribute to female longevity. And that maybe testosterone is deleterious. So the answer was, the main statistical effect was that sex chromosomes contribute to female longevity. However, the hormones did have an effect in there as well.

Strogatz (35:56): So of the four sexes that we could choose from in this sudoku that you created, the traditional female, if I can keep referring to it as that, seems to be the winner?

Dubal (35:56): In living the longest. Yes.

Strogatz (36:12): What about the worst? What about the one living the shortest is what I would guess?

Dubal (36:16): The XY with testes? The XX mice, whether they grew up with ovaries or testes, lived longer than the XY mice that grew up with ovaries or testes. XX mice lived about 15 to 20% longer than XY mice.

Strogatz (36:33): Thats an enormous difference. It really, I mean, I assume by any statistical measure was considered significant. Your statisticians must have said, is that right?

Dubal (36:41): Absolutely. Very, very clearly significant, a very clear sex chromosome effect.

Strogatz (36:47): Well, thank you on that very inspiring and thoughtful note, Dena. You know, this was a really just an outstanding discussion. Thanks so much for joining us today.

Dubal (36:55): My pleasure.

Announcer (36:58): Wants to know whats happening at the frontiers of math, physics, computer science and biology? Get entangled with Quanta Magazine, an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation. Our mission is to illuminate basic science and math research through public service journalism. Visit us at quantamagazine.org.

Steve Strogatz (37:22): The Joy of Why is a podcast from Quanta Magazine, an editorially independent publication supported by the Simons Foundation. Funding decisions by the Simons Foundation have no influence on the selection of topics, guests, or other editorial decisions in this podcast or in Quanta Magazine. The Joy of Why is produced by Susan Valot and Polly Stryker. Our editors are John Rennie and Thomas Lin, with support by Matt Carlstrom, Annie Melchor and Leila Sloman. Our theme music was composed by Richie Johnson. Our logo is by Jackie King, and artwork for the episodes is by Michael Driver and Samuel Velasco. Im your host, Steve Strogatz. If you have any questions or comments for us, please email us at quanta@simonsfoundation.org. Thanks for listening.

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Why Do We Get Old, and Can Aging Be Reversed? - Quanta Magazine

In a world submerged by economic, social and ecological crises, health emerges as the number one priority for people. Everyday life has become so stressful that it takes its toll on our well-being.To stay alert and in sync with everything, we are glued to our phones, making plugging off a real mission. Physical activity is a real struggle.

Luckily for us, theres also a whole branch of technology, helping us navigate this rugged terrain. The Recursive compiled a list of 7 health tech gadgets developed in Southeast Europe with a mission to take better care of our bodies and minds. From wristbands, to headbands and glasses, these health tech gadgets aim to help us understand our hearts, brains and needs better, in order to lead a better life.

Name: Zeit Medical

Year of founding: 2019

Headquarters: California, United States

Founders: Orestis Vardoulis and Urs Naber

What it does: The company developed a headband for people to wear while sleeping. The wearable monitors the impulses of their brain. The software analyzes those impulses and it can detect a few hours early if a stroke or seizure will happen. It is advised to be worn by patients prone to neurological injuries.

The band can be set to call for help as soon as possible if even the smallest danger is detected. The latest round of investment, in total of 1.8M was raised by American VCs SeedtoB and Digilife in 2021.

Name: AYO

Year of founding: 2015

Headquarters: Sofia, Bulgaria

Founders: Aleksandar Dimitrov, Branislav Nikolic

What it does: The company developed glasses which project blue light for 20-30 minutes, imitating natural sunlight, improving the human internal body clock. The specific light sends signals to the brain, through the retina, and then makes changes in the creation of the sleeping hormone melatonin. Users experience better sleep, boosted energy levels and reduced jet lag effects in a natural way. The app goAYO provides personalized therapy, with science-based guidance, to help customers reach their goals for a healthier lifestyle. When downloading the app, they complete a simple test which helps the software get an idea of the bodys usual rhythm, the unique wake/sleep cycle, and from then on it makes recommendations for changes in their routine.Their latest round of investment is 190K in total, and was raised by Eleven Ventures.

Name: SparkVision

Year of founding: 2021

Headquarters: Sofia, Bulgaria

Founders: Ilko Simeonov and Ivan Tsvetkov

What it does: Glasses with bluetooth connection and installed camera to help visually impaired people orientate better when outside, but also read text and call a friend, if needed. The little speakers on the glasses enable people to hear the text they had scanned before with the glasses camera. It uses a specific software, available both in English and Bulgarian.

Name: ECG for Everybody

Year of founding: 2016

Headquarters: Novi Sad, Serbia

Founders: Stevan Jokic

What it does: The device-software collects big data from the ECG device, which is a small plastic device connected to your mobile phone, processing the electrical activity of your heart, thus analyzing the overall wellbeing condition of customers. It monitors the heart remotely for early diagnosis and post-hospital treatment. It also measures fitness and stress levels. After the data is displayed on the app, the platform provides personalized advising from various experts and an AI derived big data analysts. The device is suitable for anyone who would like to get a timely opinion on their health and advice on how it could be improved. It raised a round of investment in total of 16.2K in 2016.

Name: Silver Technologies

Year of founding: 2019

Headquarters: Zagreb, Croatia

Founders: Slavko Radman, Tihana Petricevic

What it does: The monitor smartwatch gathers biometric mobile data and voice communications, provides an integrated system for seamless data and voice interaction between elederly, caregiver,and healthcare professionals. The gathered information can be shared with users or with medical doctors and other professionals. It allows 24/7 healthcare monitoring on senior family members by their relatives.

Name: Airify

Year of founding: 2016

Headquarters: Timioara, Romania

Founders: Horatiu Moldovan, Iasmina Gruicin, Marian Ionascu

What it does: Airify is a smart micro air quality monitoring wearable device that connects to smartphones. After analyzing the surrounding environment by 13 parameters with its 6 sensing modules, it collects and stores all the data in the app. This provides an open platform for crowd-sourcing air quality data, enabling users to take the best decisions to reduce their air pollution exposure. The company won an investment worth 18K by the European Economic Area in 2020.

Name: mBrainTrain

Year of founding: 2012

Headquarters: Belgrade, Serbia

Founders: Ivan Gligorijevi and Bogdan Mijovi

What it does: mBrainTrain developed a like-swimming hat with small, medal discs attached to the scalp, connected with a small gadget that sends the brain signals to the connected mobile device. Thus it provides data of the neuro activity of the brain. The electrogram of the electrical activity (EEG) software and hardware development help support brain research, aiming to improve the quality of life. The research of the activity of the brain is important in order to understand what triggers certain emotions, how conscious functions, what makes us do the things we do. When the brain insights are correctly read, people will be able to live a better and more fulfilled life. The latest funding was raised in 2015 from a Convertible Note round, with a total value of 120K.

More:
The Secret to Longevity? Here Are 7 Health Tech Gadgets That Can Help - The Recursive

Any physical activity that gets your heart beating a little faster is useful. If youve never tracked your heartbeat while exercising, it might be worth trying. For moderate exercise, the recommended target is roughly 50 to 70 percent of your bodys maximum heart rate. (To calculate your maximum heart rate, subtract your age from 220.) Many people will hit this target during a brisk walk, Dr. Lewis said.

Estimating your maximum heart rate can help you gauge how hard you should be walking, running or cycling. But its not perfect, since your natural heart rate during exercise may be higher or lower. Plus, the fitness levels and heart rates among people the same age can vary, and not all exercises raise your heart rate the same amount. Consider talking to your doctor before establishing your goals.

Just moving your body in some way is going to be helpful, Dr. Garber said. Thats a really important message.

Many people exercise with weight loss in mind, but merely increasing physical activity usually isnt effective. In a 2011 review of 14 published papers, scientists found that people with bigger bodies who did aerobic exercise for at least two hours a week lost an average of only 3.5 pounds over six months. And in a small 2018 clinical trial, women who did high-intensity circuit training three times a week didnt see significant weight loss after eight weeks. (They did, however, gain muscle.)

Exercise improves your overall health, and studies suggest that it has a larger effect on life expectancy than body type. Regardless of your size, exercise reduces your risk of heart disease, some kinds of cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, anxiety and insomnia, said Beth Lewis, a sport and exercise physiologist at the University of Minnesota.

Ive always assumed that the healthiest exercisers work out almost every day, but research suggests otherwise. In a study published in July, researchers followed more than 350,000 healthy American adults for an average of over 10 years. They found that people who exercised at least 150 minutes a week, over one or two days, were no more likely to die for any reason than those who reached 150 minutes in shorter, more frequent bouts. Other studies by Dr. Lee and her colleagues have drawn similar conclusions.

See original here:
Four Fitness Facts to Fuel Your Workout - The New York Times

We live in an era in which the focus of the media is the media about as much as it is any other industry or field. Everyone seems eager to share their theses or conspiracy theories on how news outlets decide what is, you know, news.

But as complicated as these debates can get, maybe there are also primal factors at play ones that keep interesting, powerful and even Earth-shaking news from getting the attention it deserves. After two decades using the internet to browse obscure research, I have come to wonder if some stories go nowhere because either 1) their unsettling content makes journalists squeamish or 2) the stories appear so unlikely that cognitive dissonance (how can this be true?) takes over. Like Pintos conscience in Animal House, a little voice in journalists heads jumps in and gets bossy: Hey, dont cover this. Its too weird.

Here are three examples of this, in ascending order of importance:

A 2021 study at the University of Nottingham in England found an underappreciated reason that germs and infection spread is that drivers cant keep their hands off themselves: With little or no conscious self-awareness, drivers were observed to touch on or around their face 26.4 times per hour, with each touch lasting nearly four seconds. Given the inconsistency with which people wash their hands and how hurried many are when they do so its easy to see why this is a health menace.

This study is interesting enough in its own right. But if the authors of the Nottingham paper had juxtaposed it with previous research, the results might be radio reports that led people to drive off the road. North Carolina State University researchers found that DNA research showed two microscopic relatives of spiders and ticks ... wriggle into skin pores and hair follicles, including eyelashes of the faces of the great majority of adults. Are people compelled to paw at their faces because of their microscopic visitors? I dont know. But I want to. Do journalists who squirm and think this is too much (gross) information disagree? Maybe.

Excitement also seems to be building only in the scientific world over the evidence that the bacteria, viruses and microbes found in our bodies known as the microbiome play a huge role in human health. A University of Washington microbiome fact sheet says, The bacteria living in and on us are not invaders but beneficial colonizers. It notes that susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis and many others may have much more do with the condition of an individuals microbiome than DNA inheritance. When it comes to health, the microbiome is the most important scientific discovery in decades, according to James Kinross, a scientist and surgeon at Imperial College London.

Yet arguably the biggest fallout from this breakthrough so far has been trivial: the trendy use of hyped probiotic supplements even though there is no proof the pills help gut health or health in general.

So where is the medias comprehensive coverage and analysis? Maybe the consensus is that fecal microbiota transplantation is simply too gross to write about. Thats a proven-effective procedure in which stool from someone with healthy bacteria is introduced into the colon of someone else by colonoscopy or enema to improve microbiome health. Cant wait to see a graphic explaining that.

I conclude with the biggest story by far: the very promising research into human longevity. The narrative for years has been of steady progress toward jaw-dropping advances, at least on obscure blogs, not CNN or AP. For one example of several, in 2020, University of Michigan researchers reported that they had solid clinical evidence showing four different drugs significantly slowed aging and physical decline in mice the go-to lab animal for testing vaccines and therapies meant for humans because of their similar immune systems. One drug delays or prevents the onset of age-related diseases. Another promotes cardiovascular health.

Thats profound enough. But what if, Benjamin Button-style, there was a way to actually reverse aging? And it wasnt the plot of a Marvel movie but based on research from a legendary scientific institution with a spectacular track record?

In March, the La Jolla-based Salk Institute issued this stunning claim: [S]cientists at the Salk Institute, in collaboration with Genentech, a member of the Roche group, have shown that they can safely and effectively reverse the aging process in middle-aged and elderly mice ... [with] no increase in cancer or other health problems later on. The effects of cellular rejuvenation which resets cells to more youthful states suggests it is not simply pausing aging, but actively turning it backwards. Backwards! Holy bleep!

Has the Fountain of Youth been found just west of Interstate 5? People may start to wonder about this soon at least if more journalists realize theyre living in a world that feels more like a mash-up of famous science-fiction novels every day and start sharing it as fact.

Reed is deputy editor of the editorial and opinion section. Column archive: sdut.us/chrisreed. Twitter: @calwhine. Email: chris.reed@sduniontribune.com.

More:
Chris Reed: Has the Fountain of Youth been found just west of Interstate 5? - The San Diego Union-Tribune

Story at a glance

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommends American adults complete 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity each week or 75-150 minutes per week of vigorous physical activity.

Although a 2018 study found around 80 percent of U.S. adults and adolescents are insufficiently active, those who exceed HHS thresholds are more likely to live longer, according to new research published in the American Heart Associations (AHA) journal Circulation.

The study also found no harmful cardiovascular health effects among individuals completing four times the minimum recommended physical activity levels. However, exceeding this threshold also did not result in any additional reduction in death risks.

America is changing faster than ever! Add Changing America to your Facebook or Twitter feed to stay on top of the news.

In an effort to better understand whether exercise above recommended amounts led to benefits or drawbacks to individuals cardiovascular health, researchers assessed the physical activity and medical records of more than 100,000 people over the span of 30 years.

While those who met the recommended levels of moderate and vigorous activity had a 20-21 percent and 19 percent lower risk of all-cause mortality, respectively, participants who completed two to four times that amount exhibited even greater risk reductions.

Those in the latter group who completed more vigorous activity than recommended had a 21-23 percent lower risk of death, while those who completed more moderate activity saw a 26-31 percent lower risk.

Data were gleaned from the Nurses Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study,from 1988 through 2018. The majority of participants assessed were white females, while average participant age was 66.

Measurements of physical activity were self-reported. Exercise like walking, weightlifting and calisthenics were classified as moderate activity; jogging, running, swimming and biking were considered vigorous activities.

In general, physical activity at or above recommended levels was associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease-related death and all-cause death.

We have known for a long time that moderate and intense levels of physical exercise can reduce a persons risk of both atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and mortality, said former AHA president Donna K. Arnett, who was not involved in the study, in a press release.

We have also seen that getting more than 300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or more than 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical exercise each week may reduce a persons risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease even further, so it makes sense that getting those extra minutes of exercise may also decrease mortality, Arnett added.

Published on Jul. 25, 2022

Original post:
Exercising more than recommended could prolong your life: study - The Hill

EATING 30 different fruits and vegetables a week, taking an early night and having a cold shower could be the key to living longer, preventing illness and losing weight.

Top neuroscientist Dr Julia Jones says simple changes to our daily routine are more beneficial than the gym.

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She told Sun on Sunday Health: Just making simple adjustments to our lifelong routine can add decades of healthy life.

Julia runs an eight-week smart wellness longevity plan to help people boost their life expectancy.

Here she shares her top ten tips.

DELAYING your breakfast a few times a week can give cells the full time they need to do essential repair work, reducing your risk of everything from cancer to Type 2 diabetes.

Leave 16 hours overnight between your last meal.

15

Drinks during the fasting window are OK. Just dont fill them with sugar or milk.

Stick with water, tea and coffee. Many scientists, including me, now regularly eat one healthy meal a day.

RESEARCH has shown that people with a higher diversity of gut bacteria have a reduced risk of illness.

But eating the same five fruits and veg each day doesnt boost diversity.

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You should aim to try 30 different types a week to boost gut diversity.

Frozen fruits and veg work as well as fresh, sobuy different frozen products in bulk to keep costs down.

YOU dont need a full gym workout but get out of breath a few times a week. Stop using the lift and take the stairs.

Walk faster. Short bursts will work simply adjust some if your habits.

15

Cycle to the shops instead of driving.

ALL our organs age at different speeds. There are biological clocks working at different rates inside us.

Our skin actually ages fastest and this means we need to take extra care of it.

15

When the skin suffers, it not only experiences damage in its own cells but also sends damaging signalling molecules through our bloodstream that can reach other parts of the body and kickstart problems elsewhere.

Always wear high SPF sunscreen, even when its cloudy.

OUR gut is home to lots of microbe bacteria and when they are not in balance, our health may hit trouble.

Keep your gut healthy by regularly having food and drinks that contain live bacteria known as probiotics for example, kombucha drinks, kefir, live yogurts and fermented sauerkraut.

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Note also that if a fermented food is not kept in a stores refrigerated section, the product will not contain live bacteria.

LISTS help to declutter our minds and reduce stress. Just writing one produces changes in the brain, reducing levels of the stress hormone cortisol.

And then, once you successfully tick a few things off, the feel-good reward chemical dopamine will be released in the brain.

15

You will feel a buzz.

DAMAGE to the brain can start decades before symptoms become apparent, especially if we are overweight.

Brains have been shown to shrink as waistlines grow. Ensure your brain is getting good blood supply and calming signals by walking outdoors in nature every day.

15

You also need to challenge the brain throughout life by learning new, complex tasks to build new connections try learning a musical instrument or a newlanguage.

BEING exposed to very hot or very cold conditions is potentially life-threatening for the human body.

But putting ourselves in these environments for short periods activates longevity pathways in our cells for positive health effects.

15

Turn your shower to cold for a burst, go swimming outdoors or have a hot sauna.

LOSS of muscle tissue leads to frailty and increased risk of falls and fractures. It also lowers the effectiveness of your immune system.

To beat that decline you need to overload muscles regularly.

15

Do slow-motion moves that make your largest muscles reach the point of fatigue try doing push-ups or squats really slowly until you cant do any more.

THE release of stress chemicals damages brain tissues and plays havoc with your gut bacteria.

Think about breathing breathe out for longer than you breathe in. Listen to music and relax.

15

QUALITY sleep is so important for our health.

Getting enough of it helps to keep your in good shape, aids your emotional and mental wellbeing and can even help you maintain a healthy weight.

15

Meanwhile, not getting enough sleep or disruptions to your night cycle can lead to fatigue.

Here, Jane Atkinson looks at ways to get enough shut-eye...

MANY aromatherapy essential oils may help to promote relaxation and sleep, and this new gadget is a brilliant way to fill your bedroom with them to help you nod off.

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The Rove Aroma Atomiser scents your space directly from the oil bottle, without the need for water, so you get a potent dose of essential oils.

You simply push an essential oil bottle into the base, switch it to the intensity and run-time you want, for up to 90 minutes.

It charges with a USB and lasts for 30 hours.

It is so dinky I have taken it, with a bottle of lavender essential oils, when I have stayed away from home to help me nod off.

Best to turn off before you actually go to sleep as it does have a little motor noise.

I love this.

It is compatible with 5ml, 10ml and 15ml oil bottles and costs 55. See madebyzen.com.

B-SYNC ON is the first and only supplement designed by sleep science and pharmacological experts to support and improve your wake-up process.

15

It contains vitamins B5 and B12 plus zinc and caffeine in a delayed-release capsule.

You take it at bedtime, and about seven hours later it starts to release them into your body.

It is clinically proven to sharpen focus, with feelings of wellbeing upon waking, and helps you transition with ease from sleep to wide awake.

It definitely works my only problem is that I like eight hours kip.

With this, I was awake at 5am after just under seven hours, and there wasnt a chance I was nodding off again.

Good if you only like seven hours, or if you have gone to bed late and know you need to get up early.

23.99 for 20 capsules see b-sync.life.

CHELATED magnesium has been described as the best pill to pop for all-round health.

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It helps to regulate blood pressure, supports the immune system and could reduce a persons risk of heart disease and cancer and boost overall health.

It is easily absorbed by the body and good for tackling fatigue, tiredness and lethargy.

I take it every day and am convinced it helps me sleep better.

Solgar Chelated Magnesium delivers 100mg of magnesium per tablet and costs 13.75 for a bottle of 100.

You do need four a day though!

See solgar.co.uk.

Read more:
Take these 10 steps to live a longer life from delaying breakfast to list-making... - The US Sun

New Jersey, United States This Precision Medicine Software Market research works as the best evaluation tool to track the progress of the industry and keep an eye on the competitors growth strategies. It further helps to keep you ahead of your business competitors. This report depicts a few potential problems and gives solutions to them by doing comprehensive research on the market scenario. Valuable information is provided here about a particular market segment according to product type, application, region type, and end user. By referring to this comprehensive Precision Medicine Software market analysis report, it becomes possible for organizations to monitor the efficiency of sales, determine the quality of services offered by competitors, estimate the competition level in the market and understand the communication channels followed by competitors in the market.

This Precision Medicine Software Market research report covers career outlooks, regional marketplaces, and an overview of the expectations of a number of end-use sectors. With the help of relevant market data, key organizations are able to obtain a competitive benefit over the competitors in the market and attain the best results for business growth. Furthermore, this Precision Medicine Software market analysis report emphasizes doing a comparison between several various geographical markets in key regions such as North America, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Asia Pacific. It aims at covering complex structures to classifications to an easy-to-follow overview of different business sectors.

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Key Players Mentioned in the Precision Medicine Software Market Research Report:

2bPrecise LLC, Syapse PierianDx Fabric Genomics, SOPHiA GENETICS SA, N-of-One Foundation Medicine Human Longevity Sunquest Information Systems Inc., Translational Software, Inc.

A massive amount of information presented in this Precision Medicine Software Market report helps business players to make beneficial decisions. Some of the major key aspects covered in this market analysis are key performance indicators, customer acquisition, and manufacturers list. Performance results of the marketing plan are also covered in this market analysis report. This market study report enables to bring the improvements required in the business. It further talks about how COVID-19 caused huge trauma in several major sectors. Key marketing channels, market growth opportunities, core marketing strategy, and current scope of the business are some of the major factors discussed in this report. It further briefs on the current position of the market. It depicts the effect of metrics on market trends, revenue, and leads.

Precision Medicine SoftwareMarket Segmentation:

Precision Medicine Software Market, By Delivery Type

On-Premise Cloud-Based

Precision Medicine Software Market, By Application

Rare Diseases Oncology Pharmacogenomics Others

Precision Medicine Software Market, By End-User

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies Healthcare Providers Research Centers and Academic Institutes Others

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For Prepare TOC Our Analyst deep Researched the Following Things:

Report Overview:It includes major players of the Precision Medicine Software market covered in the research study, research scope, market segments by type, market segments by application, years considered for the research study, and objectives of the report.

Global Growth Trends:This section focuses on industry trends where market drivers and top market trends are shed light upon. It also provides growth rates of key producers operating in the Precision Medicine Software market. Furthermore, it offers production and capacity analysis where marketing pricing trends, capacity, production, and production value of the Precision Medicine Software market are discussed.

Market Share by Manufacturers:Here, the report provides details about revenue by manufacturers, production and capacity by manufacturers, price by manufacturers, expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, and products, market entry dates, distribution, and market areas of key manufacturers.

Market Size by Type:This section concentrates on product type segments where production value market share, price, and production market share by product type are discussed.

Market Size by Application:Besides an overview of the Precision Medicine Software market by application, it gives a study on the consumption in the Precision Medicine Software market by application.

Production by Region:Here, the production value growth rate, production growth rate, import and export, and key players of each regional market are provided.

Consumption by Region:This section provides information on the consumption in each regional market studied in the report. The consumption is discussed on the basis of country, application, and product type.

Company Profiles:Almost all leading players of the Precision Medicine Software market are profiled in this section. The analysts have provided information about their recent developments in the Precision Medicine Software market, products, revenue, production, business, and company.

Market Forecast by Production:The production and production value forecasts included in this section are for the Precision Medicine Software market as well as for key regional markets.

Market Forecast by Consumption:The consumption and consumption value forecasts included in this section are for the Precision Medicine Software market as well as for key regional markets.

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Key Findings:This section gives a quick look at the important findings of the research study.

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Precision Medicine Software Market Size, Scope, Growth Opportunities, Trends by Manufacturers And Forecast ... - This Is Ardee

KEESLER AIR FORCE BASE, Miss. --

The Human Performance Training Center started hosting its first 17 Airmen, July 11, for it's initial pilot program.

Keeslers Human Performance Initiative aims to develop healthy, resilient Airmen that are operational and maintain a high level of readiness.

As a part of the program, Airmen spend two hours a day, five days a week working with the HPI staff for individualized instruction, physical training, and treatment to address thepersonal needs and job requirements.

We want to help Airmen create and maintain healthy and sustainable habits to contribute to the preservation of their long term health and longevity as a warfighter, said Master Sgt. Steven Coon, 81st Diagnostic and Therapeutics Squadron HPI program manager.

The program is modeled after the Comprehensive Readiness for Aircrew Training and Integrated Resilience Optimization Network, but is uniquely tailored to support the development of the Airmen we need in all career fields.

The team supporting the 17 volunteersfor the 120-day program consists of a program manager, strength and conditioning coach, dietitian, physical therapist and physical therapy assistant.

We want to grow this program as much as possible, so every Airman can improve their overall quality of life and mission readiness, said Coon. In the future, wed love to add staff from other domains, such as mental health and research.

The HPI is looking to expand its resources and capabilities to support more Airmen.

Excerpt from:
Propelling Airmen to a higher level of readiness - keesler.af.mil

Bear Grylls is known for his ability to survive inthe most harrowing of conditions. The Man vs. Wild star showedviewers how tolive in the wilderness for five years and seven seasons, so the legendary survivalists' latest enemy comes as a bit of a surprise. Turns out he's got a major aversion to... vegetables. During a recent interview with GQ, the former vegan revealed that he is anti-vegetable. In a shocking revelation, Grylls told GQ that hes abandoned his vegetable-exclusive diet for a carnivore one featuring red meat, dairy, and some fruit.

"Super against nuts. And against grains, wheat, and vegetables," Grylls said. "My lunch is meat, eggs and dairy, a lot of butter, and fruit. I have liver probably every other day."

Grylls revealed that he decided to drop his plant-based diet when he caught COVID-19 approximately two years ago. He claims that he got mega-sore kidneys when he primarily ate vegetables and drank raw juice. Associating this diet with his declining health, Grylls stated without evidence that raw vegetables are really not good for you. He justified this decision by asserting that the human body has evolved to eat meat.

Grylls claims that humans have evolved to eat red meatare debunked by a growing portfolio of research. Examining 1.4 million meat-eaters, one study published last July found that regularly eating red or processed meats increased the risk of heart disease by 18 percent. With heart disease affecting approximately 48 percent of the American population, concerns regarding meat consumption continue to rise nationwide.

Eating partially plant-based is proven to help consumers stay healthy for longer, rather than the carnivore diet championed by Grylls. Last August, one study found that the earlier you incorporate a plant-centered diet, the more likely you are to lower your risk of heart disease nearly 30 years later. Tracking the dietary habit of 5,000 people between 1985 and 2018 revealed how positive a predominantly plant-based diet is for longevity.

Despite Grylls reputation for survival instincts, the carnivore diet presents serious risks to longevity. This February, a study in the PLOS Medicine Journal found that a mostly plant-based diet can prolong life expectancy by over 10 years. This study emphasizedthat regular meat and dairy consumption can lead to fatal diseases including cancers, heart disease, diabetes, and more.

Controversial podcast hostJoe Rogan also advocates for a carnivore diet. Recently, Rogan revealed that he cut out vegetables from his diet in favor of an exclusive meat diet. This happened nearly three years after the host invited The Game Changers producer James Wilks on his show to debate Paleo advocate Chris Kresser. During the interview, Rogan admitted that he was impressed with Wilks evidence for the plant-based diet, stating that he considered taking down his original critical review of the film.

[James Wilks] one of the producers of The Game Changers came on to challenge some of the criticism that Chris Kresser presented about the movie, and to say he did well would be a tremendous understatement. Rogan wrote on Instagram at the time. James knocked it out of the park and defended himself and the film quite spectacularly. So much so that Im actually considering taking the original breakdown of the film offline.

Grylls and Rogans affinity for the carnivore diet potentially deprives them and other dieters of essential plant-based nutrients like polyphenols and fiber. Red meat consumption can also lead to inflammation, slow recovery times, and difficulty losing weight. Although a significant source of protein, the carnivore diet excludes a significant amount of important nutrients.

Check out these 9 surprising ways that eating meat is harmful to your health.

For more plant-based happenings, visit The Beet's News articles.

Read more:
Bear Grylls Says He's Anti-Vegetable. Here's What Science Says - The Beet

It seems that Elon Musk is the man of 2022 but not exactly all for good reasons. Recently, its been reported that the Tesla founder might have an extramarital affair with Google co-founder Sergey Brins wife, Nicole Shanahan.The news broke after The Wall Street Journal reported that his friendship with Brin had ended over the alleged affair.

Elon Musk has been accused of having an affair with Sergey Brins wife, Nicole Shanahan. Photos: AFP, @KaiseratCB/TwitterMusk has denied the allegations and wrote a reply on Twitter saying it was total BS, adding that hes still very much friends with the Google co-founder and was even at a party with him the night before. He said hes only seen Shanahan twice in three years and both times with many people around. Nothing romantic.

The Wall Street Journal, however, reported that Musk had an affair with Shanahan late last year that led to her divorce with Brin earlier this year which is still ongoing also supposedly ending Brin and Musks long friendship.

Tesla CEO Elon Musk attends the groundbreaking ceremony of Tesla Shanghai Gigafactory in Shanghai, east China, in January 2019. Photo: Xinhua/Zuma Press/TNSSo, what do we know about the mysterious Nicole Shanahan, the 33-year-old at the centre of the worlds richest man and his fellow multibillionaires would-be rift?

Nicole Shanahan and Sergey Brin got married in 2018. Photo: @MelaynaLokosky/TwitterShe is a lawyer and a tech guruAlthough she has links to billionaires, Shanahan is a woman of her own accord. She is a lawyer and founded ClearAccessIP in 2013 a firm based in Palo Alto that helps patent owners manage and monetise their intellectual property rights, reported The Straits Times. She sold the company in 2020 and its since been acquired by rival IPwe for an undisclosed amount.

Nicole Shanahan is a research fellow at CodeX. Photo: Stanford UniversityOn the legal front, the graduate of Santa Clara University School of Law is also a research fellow at CodeX, the Stanford Centre of Legal Informatics, a joint centre between Stanford Law School and Computer Science, per her LinkedIn page.

Nicole Shanahan graduated from Santa Clara University School of Law. Photo: @NicoleShanahan/TwitterHer profile also states that she specialises in the legal applications of neural networks, structured databases, APIs, UI/UX, automation and SaaS. Away from the tech world, Shanahan is also working on an economic theory called Coasean Mapping to predict the pace and nature of societys adoption of legal artificial intelligence. Take that, haters!

Nicole Shanahan is a tech whizz in her own right. Photo: Stanford UniversityShe is also a philanthropistAfter she sold her company, Shanahan founded Bia-Echo in 2019. The foundation focuses mainly on reproductive longevity and equality along with criminal justice reform and to preserve a healthy and liveable planet.

Her interest in reproductive longevity ties to her own personal struggle to get pregnant, according to The Chronicle of Philanthropys website. Her foundation partnered with the Buck Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality as well as with the National University of Singapores Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine.

Nicole Shanahan has publicly opened up about her fertility struggles in the past. Photo: @ACRLE_NUS/TwitterLike many women who are not quite ready to start a family in their early 30s, I decided, or so I thought at the time, to take matters into my own hands and freeze embryos. However, after three failed attempts at embryo-making and three dozen visits to in vitro fertilisation clinics around the Bay Area, I learned that I was not nearly as unshakeable as I thought I was, she said in an interview, per the New York Post.

Meanwhile, her interests in social justice stem from her own belief that criminal justice reform will be this generations biggest topic. She told Modern Luxury that she donated to Measure J in Los Angeles County, which will divert its law enforcement budget towards mental and social support services.

Nicole Shanahan and Sergey Brin attended several events together. Photo: @WorldFishNews/TwitterI want to get the word out and assure everyone that I am committed as ever to dedicating my lifes work to social justice, climate solutions and a thoughtful, caring democracy, Shanahan said in an interview with Puck recently.

She told the same publication that she wants her legacy to be in the form of ideas and wants it to be about evolving the human experience on this planet with strength, love and compassion.

Nicole Shanahan and Sergey Brin share a child together. Photo: @drewaltizerphotography/InstagramShe reportedly seeks a US$1 billion divorce settlement Brin and Shanahan reportedly met for the first time at a yoga retreat in 2015, but didnt make their relationship official until 2016s Met Gala, according to The Wall Street Journal. They got married in 2018 and welcomed a daughter together the same year. They reportedly ended their marriage in late 2021, though the divorce terms are yet to be finalised.

Nicole Shanahan, left, and Sergey Brin attend the 2020 Breakthrough Prize Red Carpet at Nasa Ames Research Center in November 2019, in Mountain View, California. Photo: Getty Images/TNSAccording to multiple reports, Shanahan and Brin are in the midst of negotiating the divorce settlements. She signed a prenuptial agreement and is reportedly seeking a settlement of more than US$1 billion, according to The WSJ. Brin cited irreconcilable differences as the reason for their divorce and is seeking joint custody of their daughter. He is not seeking spousal support for Shanahan, requesting she not be awarded any either.

Anne Wojcicki and Sergey Brin presenting at the 2014 Breakthrough Prizes Awarded in Fundamental Physics and Life Sciences Ceremony at Nasa Ames Research Center, in December 2013, in Mountain View, California. Photo: Getty ImagesThe Google co-founder himself was previously married to 23andMe co-founder Anne Wojcicki from 2007 to 2015. They share son Benji, 13, and daughter Chloe, 11.

Nicole Shanahan has Chinese roots. Photo: JoroShe had a rough childhoodShanahan might enjoy a high-profile life today, but it was not always easy for the techpreneur. Born to a Chinese immigrant mother and a father struggling with mental health issues, Shanahan had to mature faster than other kids.

My dad was diagnosed with bipolar [and] schizophrenia when I was nine, and my Chinese-born mom had only been in the US for two years when I was born. I had two unemployed parents for the majority of my childhood, so not only was there no money, there was almost no parental guidance, and as you can imagine with a mentally ill father, there was lots of chaos and fear, she told San Francisco magazine in 2021.

Nicole Shanahan grew up under difficult conditions. Photo: News UnzipShe also shared how public assistance got her through the hard times. When you lack access to resources, you really learn how to live with suboptimal infrastructure, she said. So, I learned how to compete in really creative ways by making broken objects perform at levels beyond their perceived capacity.

In the interview, she also opened up about how she bused tables when she was just 12 and loves the internet: Without the internet I would probably still be in Oakland doing the same thing I was doing at age 12.

Nicole Shanahan credits the internet for her career boost. Photo: Bia EchoShe had an unfortunate #MeToo experienceWhile working for a company called RPX Corporation in her mid-20s, Shanahan experienced sexual assault.

It wasnt until the #MeToo movement that I felt comfortable discussing this, but while I was at this job, a male co-worker sexually assaulted me one evening while we were working on a project, she said in the San Francisco magazine interview.

Because the company at the time was all male-led, and this co-worker was highly regarded by the management, he continued to advance more quickly than I did, even though I was the one doing most of the work on our projects, she added.

Nicole Shanahan experienced sexual assault in her mid-20s. Photo: KiddaanAfter the incident, Shanahan suffered from severe depression and had to quit her job to move in with an aunt in Berkeley. She revealed that her biggest regret today was that she didnt report what had happened, as the perpetrator had also assaulted other female employees at the company.

No one understood why I had left and I dont think that I even understood what was happening to me, she revealed.

Nicole Shanahan and Sergey Brin are a combination of two great tech minds. Photo: @KaiseratCB/TwitterHowever, as the strong and persistent woman she is, Shanahan managed to overcome her trauma and founded her AI-enabled patent management company afterwards.

The Silicon Valley entrepreneur has also pledged US$100 million to womens reproductive rights and criminal justice reform through her foundation.

And I actually think that as I move forward out of this separation, I feel very optimistic in how I might grow in this role, she told Puck News.

Note: This story was originally published on SCMP and has been republished on this website.

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Beyond the Elon Musk hook-up scandal - Meet the real Nicole Shanahan - The 33 year old is a tech whiz and a lawyer who had very humble beginnings and...