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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Hay Fever: Facts on Symptoms, Treatments, and Medicine

Posted: July 19, 2015 at 4:42 pm

Hay fever facts Hay fever (Allergic rhinitis) is common. Allergy symptoms mimic chronic colds. Allergic rhinitis can lead to other diseases. The best way to treat an allergy condition is to identify the allergic substance and avoid it. Effective treatment is available in many forms. What is hay fever? What are the symptoms and signs?

Hay fever affects up to 30% of all people worldwide, including up to 10% of U.S. children under 17 and 7.8% of U.S. adults. The medical cost of allergic rhinitis is approximately $3.4 billion, mostly due to the cost of prescription medications. These figures are probably an underestimate because many of those affected may attribute their discomfort to a chronic cold. Although childhood hay fever tends to be more common, this condition can occur at any age and usually occurs after years of repeated inhalation of allergic substances. The incidence of allergic disease has dramatically increased in the U.S. and other developed countries over recent decades.

"Hay fever" is a misnomer. Hay is not a usual cause of this problem, and it does not cause fever. Early descriptions of sneezing, nasal congestion, and eye irritation while harvesting field hay promoted this popular term. Allergic rhinitis is the correct term used to describe this allergic reaction, and many different substances cause the allergic symptoms noted in hay fever. Rhinitis means "irritation of the nose" and is a derivative of rhino, meaning nose. Allergic rhinitis which occurs during a specific season is called "seasonal allergic rhinitis." When it occurs throughout the year, it is called "perennial allergic rhinitis." Rhinosinusitis is the medical term that refers to inflammation of the nasal lining as well as the lining tissues of the sinuses. This term is sometime used because the two conditions frequently occur together.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, frequently include

Postnasal dripping of clear mucus frequently causes a cough. Loss of the sense of smell is common, and loss of taste sense occurs occasionally. Nose bleeding may occur if the condition is severe. Eye itching, redness, and excess tears in the eyes frequently accompany the nasal symptoms. The eye symptoms are referred to as "allergic conjunctivitis" (inflammation of the whites of the eyes). These allergic symptoms often interfere with one's quality of life and overall health.

Allergic rhinitis can lead to other diseases such as sinusitis and asthma. Many people with allergies have difficulty with social and physical activities. For example, concentration is often difficult while experiencing allergic rhinitis.

Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 2/6/2015

Hay Fever - Symptoms Question: What were the symptoms of your hay fever?

Hay Fever - Treatment Question: Please share your experience with hay fever medication and treatment.

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Ron Paul on the Issues

Posted: July 18, 2015 at 6:47 pm

2012 Presidential Candidates Ron Paul On the issues>> Profile VoteMatch Republican Representative (TX-14); previously Libertarian for President OnTheIssues Books: Romney vs. Obama On The Issues Ron Paul vs. Barack Obama On The Issues Newt vs. MittOn The Issues Gingrich vs. Ron PaulOn The Issues Rick Santorum vs. Newt Gingrich On The Issues Romney vs. PerryOn The Issues Michele Bachmann vs. Sarah Palin On The Issues 2012 Republican nominees: Paul Ryan (Wisconsin Representative): Selected by Mitt Romney for V.P. Aug. 11. Mitt Romney (Former Massachusetts Governor): Publicly announced candidacy June 3. 2012 Democratic incumbents: Barack Obama (IL Senator). Joe Biden (DE Senator). 2012 Third Party contenders: Rocky Anderson (Justice Party) Andre Barnett (Reform Party) Virgil Goode (Former U.S. House Rep.): Constitution Party nominee. Gary Johnson (Former New Mexico Governor): Publicly announced Libertarian candidacy Dec. 21. Scott Keller (Independent) JL Mealer (Independent) Buddy Roemer (former Louisiana Governor). Candidate for GOP and AmericansElect. Robert Steele (Reform Party) Jill Stein (Green Party) 2012 Republican withdrawals: Michele Bachmann (Minnesota Representative): Withdrew Jan. 4. Michael Bloomberg (NYC Mayor). Opted out of race, Feb. 8, 2011. Herman Cain (Radio talk-show host): Suspended candidacy Dec. 3. Chris Christie (New Jersey Governor). Opted out of presidential race. Jim DeMint (South Carolina Senator). Never entered race. Newt Gingrich (Former Speaker of the House): Publicly announced candidacy May 12. Rudy Giuliani (former NYC Mayor). Never entered race. Mike Huckabee (Former Arkansas Governor): Opted out of presidential race May 15. Jon Huntsman (former Utah Governor and Ambassador to China). Withdrew Jan. 15 Thad McCotter (Michigan Representative): Publicly announced candidacy July 2. Sarah Palin (former Alaska Governor). Opted out of presidential race Oct. 5. Ron Paul (Texas Representative): Publicly announced candidacy April 28. Tim Pawlenty (Former Minnesota Governor): Publicly announced candidacy May 24. Rick Perry (Texas Governor): Publicly announced candidacy Aug. 11. Rick Santorum (Former Pennsylvania Senator): Publicly announced candidacy June 6; withdrew April 11, 2012. Donald Trump (Real estate mogul): Opted out of presidential race May 16. Confused by the terms above? All are explained on our 2012 Presidential Speculation page! Archives Fact-checking on the 2012 Presidential and Senatorial races Paperback: Romney/Paul/Santorum/Gingrich side-by-side, by Jesse Gordon of OnTheIssues.org Arizona 2012 GOP debate hosted by CNN's John King 2012 State of the Union address to Congress Obama vs. Paul On the Issues, by Jesse Gordon of OnTheIssues.org Gingrich vs. Paul On the Issues, by Jesse Gordon of OnTheIssues.org Survey of 2012 Presidential contenders' campaign websites Sean Hannity 2012 presidential interviews "Hannity Primary" WMUR 2012 GOP New Hampshire debate Fox News debate in Myrtle Beach, preceding South Carolina Primary Meet the Press 2012 GOP New Hampshire debate South Carolina 2012 Republican primary debate CNN 2012 GOP primary debate on the eve of Florida primary Yahoo's "Your Voice Your Vote" debate in Iowa, Dec. 10, 2011 Club for Growth 2012 Presidential White Papers 2011 CNBC GOP Primary debate, at Oakland University in Rochester, MI, 2011 CNN National Security GOP primary debate CBS News primary debate in South Carolina on Foreign Policy GOP 2011 primary debate in Las Vegas 2011 GOP debate at Dartmouth College, NH 2011 GOP Google debate in Orlando FL Pres. Obama's Address to Joint Session of Congress 2011 Tea Party Express Republican Primary debate in Tampa, Florida 2011 GOP debate in Simi Valley CA at the Reagan Library, Sept. 7, 2011 2011 Republican primary debate at the Iowa State Fair, Aug. 11, 2011, prior to the Iowa Straw Poll GOP primary debate in Manchester NH, June 13, 2011, at Saint Anselm College GOP primary debate in South Carolina, at the Peace Concert Hall, May 5, 2011 Liberty Defined, by Ron Paul (April 19, 2011) 63 Documents, by Gov. Jesse Ventura The Tea Party Goes to Washington, by Rand Paul (Feb. 22, 2011) Speeches at 2011 CPAC conference 2011 OnTheIssues Fact Checking Obamanomics: How Barack Obama Is Bankrupting You and Enriching His Wall Street Friends, Corporate Lobbyists, and Union Bosses, by Timothy P. Carney End the Fed, by Ron Paul Saving Freedom, by Sen. Jim DeMint Do the Right Thing, by Mike Huckabee Survey of 2008 House campaign websites The Revolution: A Manifesto, by Ron Paul, published April 2008 Speeches at 2008 CPAC conference Meet the Press: Meet the Candidates 2008 series, with Tim Russert CNN Late Edition, throughout 2008 Washington Post, "The Fact Checker" 2008 GOP debate at Reagan Library in Simi Valley Republican presidential debate, before South Carolina primary 2008 Republican primary debate in Boca Raton Florida 2008 Republican primary debate, sponsored by Facebook, Jan. 5, 2008 FactCheck.org analysis of 2008 primary debates FactCheck.org analysis of 2008 campaign ads Republican primary debate, broadcast in Spanish 2007 GOP debate sponsored by Des Moines Register, Dec. 12, 2007 Boston Globe questionnaire on Executive Power The Contenders, by Laura Flanders et al. 2007 GOP YouTube debate 2007 Republican Presidential Forum at Morgan State University, Sept. 27, 2007 GOP debate in Dearborn, Michigan 2007 GOP primary debate in Orlando, Florida Values Voter Presidential Debate 2007 Republican Primary debate at University of New Hampshire 2007 GOP Iowa Straw Poll debate, hosted by George Stephanopoulos, August 5, 2007 A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship 2007 Republican primary debate at St. Anselm College, Manchester N.H., June 5, 2007 2007 Republican Primary Debate in Columbia, South Carolina, May 15, 2007, sponsored by Fox News 2007 GOP primary debate, at Ronald Reagan library in Simi Valley California CNN Late Edition, throughout 2007 Humane Society 109th Congress Scorecard Fact-Check 1996-8 National Political Awareness Test Freedom Under Siege, by Ron Paul The Case for Gold, by Ron Paul and Lewis Lehrman Gold, Peace, and Prosperity, by Ron Paul

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Ron Paul – RationalWiki

Posted: at 6:47 pm

Dr. Ronald Ernest Paul (born 1935) was a Congressman from the 14th Congressional District of Texas and is an honorary lifetime member of the Libertarian Party.[2]. Having ended a bid for the Republican Party's nomination in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election on 8 March 2008 after obtaining only 15 delegates out of 2,360 (although he did garner 5.7% of the vote in the Republican primaries that year), Ron Paul loitered around the lunatic fringe before entering the 2012 Republican nomination process in 2010. He was supposedly gaining popularity thanks to the work of his fanbase, affectionately known as "Paulbots," "Paultards," or "Paulites," and most have, by now, seen the rabid shrieks of "RON PAUL 2008 2012!!1!!!" at least once on the Internet.

It took him absolutely nowhere, unless you count winning the Virgin Islands in 2012 Republican primaries as an accomplishment. In early January 2013, Ron Paul announced his retirement from politics.[3]

You see, Mr. Powers, I love goooooold! The look of it! The taste of it! The smell of it! The texture! I love gold so much that I even lost my genitalia in an unfortunate schmelting accident.

Ron Paul is frequently described as a conservative with many libertarian ideas, giving him the label of paleolibertarian.[4] However, given that he is not so much interested in reducing governmental powers as shifting them from the federal government to the states, the term "anti-federalist" would be more accurate.

Anywho, he is a strict constitutionalist though his interpretation of what the US Constitution is is somewhat inaccurate, to politely say the least and believes in "limited government"[5] to the point of abolishing the IRS and the income tax, slashing most federal spending, reintroducing the gold standard, and abolishing the Federal Reserve. (We don't have to tell you what the consequences of that are.) He also voted against the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007,[6] which would have banned federal contracts with firms doing business with the Janjaweed militia of Sudan.[7] He was the only Congressman to do so.

On the other hand, he wants to end the War on Drugs, supports medical marijuana, and opposed the U.S. war in Iraq.

Following the recent TSA act, he was the one standing up to say that taking nude photos of passengers, and feeling up people's grandmothers, is not making anyone safer.[8] He proposed a simple law which would essentially say that government officials have to go through the same screenings the rest of us do, in an effort to wake them up. He has even spoken in defense of WikiLeaks, a whistleblowing website that has among other disclosures exposed government corruption.[9]

However, even in areas of foreign policy, Paul has demonstrated that he is not to be trusted; a month after 9/11, he proposed H.R. 3076, which would place a $40 billion bounty on top Al Qaeda members who were brought to the government dead or alive. Essentially, it would hire a group of private mercenaries to handle the Afghanistan War their own way. That or some of the more... dedicated leaders would be sacrificed to give their organization tens of billions of dollars to recruit and support tens of thousands more members.

For some reason, he seems to not like the idea of jus soli the granting of citizenship to those born in America.[10]

It has been suggested that Paul is in league with the Dominionist and Christian Reconstructionist movements.[11] Paul introduced the We the People Act into the House of Representatives twice. This bill would strip federal courts of jurisdiction in cases involving abortion, same-sex marriage, privacy related to sexual behavior, and Establishment Clause issues, leaving them to the states... which is exactly what the Religious Right wants to do. He has engaged in outright dishonesty in support of this agenda, for instance claiming that prayer has been prohibited in schools.

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Ron Paul – Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Posted: at 6:47 pm

Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (Pittsburgh, 20 de agosto de 1935) es un mdico y poltico estadounidense, miembro del Partido Republicano, exrepresentante por el decimocuarto distrito de Texas en la Cmara de Representantes del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Reside en Lake Jackson, ciudad del mismo estado. Form parte del Comit de Asuntos Exteriores, el Comit Econmico Mixto, el Comit de Servicios Financieros, y fue presidente del Subcomit de Poltica Monetaria Interior, donde ha sido un crtico de las actuales polticas exteriores y monetarias estadounidenses, abogando por la auditora y disolucin de la Reserva Federal.

Paul se gradu en el Gettysburg College y en la Universidad Duke, donde consigui su ttulo en medicina. Sirvi como cirujano de vuelo en la Fuerza Area de los Estados Unidos desde 1963 hasta 1968, durante la Guerra de Vietnam. Trabaj como mdico obstetra y gineclogo en los aos sesenta y setenta, atendiendo ms de 4.000 partos, antes de entrar en la poltica en 1976.

Es el fundador del grupo de presin Campaign for Liberty y sus ideas han sido expresadas en numerosos artculos y libros publicados, incluyendo Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom (2011), End the Fed (2009), The Revolution: A Manifesto (2008), Pillars of Prosperity (2008), A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship (2007), y The Case for Gold (1982). De acuerdo con Keith Poole, un politlogo de la Universidad de Georgia, Paul tiene el registro de votos ms conservador que ningn otro miembro del Congreso desde 1937.[1] Su hijo Rand Paul fue elegido para el Senado de los Estados Unidos por Kentucky en 2011, siendo la primera vez que coinciden en el congreso un padre y un hijo.[2]

Ha sido llamado el "padrino intelectual" del Tea Party.[3][4] Ha conseguido notoriedad por sus posiciones libertarias en muchos temas polticos, chocando a menudo con los dirigentes de los partidos republicano y demcrata. Paul ha postulado tres veces para la Presidencia de los Estados Unidos, primero en 1988 como candidato del Partido Libertario y de nuevo en 2008 y 2012 como republicano. En diciembre de 2010, Ron Paul, partidario de eliminar el banco central, fue nombrado presidente del comit que controla la Reserva Federal.[5] En mayo de 2011, Paul anunci oficialmente que se postulara a la presidencia una vez ms como candidato del partido republicano en el ao 2012.[6] El 13 de julio de 2011 anunci que no buscar la reeleccin al congreso en el 2012 para concentrarse en su campaa a la presidencia.[7]

Paul naci en Pittsburg, hijo de Margaret (nacida Dumont) y Howard Caspar Paul. Sus bisabuelos paternos inmigraron desde Alemania, y su madre era de ascendencia Alemana e Irlandesa.[8][9] Cuando estudiaba en Dormont High School, fue campen estatal de los 200 metros.[10] Obtuvo un ttulo de Bachelor of Science en biologa en Gettysburg College en 1957. Durante su estancia en la universidad, fue miembro de la fraternidad Lambda Chi Alpha.[10] Despus de conseguir el ttulo de Doctor en Medicina en la Duke University School of Medicine (Artculo en ingls) en 1961, se mud con su esposa a Mchigan donde complet sus estudios en el hospital Henry Ford de Detroit. Luego sirvi como cirujano de vuelo en la Fuerza Area de los Estados Unidos de 1963 hasta 1965 y en la Guardia Nacional de los Estados Unidos (Artculo en ingls) de 1965 a 1968.

A fines de los aos sesenta, Paul y su esposa se mudaron a Texas, donde contino trabajando como mdico. Especializado en obstetricia y ginecologa, Paul empez su propia prctica privada.

Est casado con Carol Wells desde 1957.[11] Tienen cuatro hijos, que fueron bautizados episcopalmente: Ronald, Lori, Rand y Joy. Rand, es senador por el estado de Kentucky. Fue criado como luterano y luego Paul se volvi Bautista.[12]

Como residente mdico en los aos sesenta, Paul fue influenciado por el libro de Friedrich Hayek, el Camino de servidumbre, que lo llev a leer varios trabajos de Ayn Rand y Ludwig von Mises. Tambin lleg a conocer a los economistas Hans Sennholz y Murray Rothbard, los cuales lo influenciaron en su estudio de la economa. Paul lleg a creer que lo que los economistas de la Escuela austraca escribieron se estaba volviendo realidad el 15 de agosto de 1971, cuando el Presidente Richard Nixon cerr la "ventana de oro" separando el dlar Americano del Patrn oro.[13] Ese mismo da, el joven mdico decidi entrar a la poltica, diciendo despus que, "Despus de aquel da, todo el dinero ser dinero poltico en vez de ser dinero con valor real. Yo estaba sorprendido".[14]

Inspirado en su creencia de que la crisis monetaria de los 1970s fue predicha por la Escuela austraca y causada por el excesivo gasto fiscal por la Guerra de Vietnam[15] y el estado social,[16] Paul se volvi un delegado para la convencin Republicana de Texas y un candidato Republicano para el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. En 1974, el titular Robert R. Casey lo derrot en el 22 distrito de Texas. Cuando el Presidente Gerald Ford nombr a Casey como cabeza de la Comisin Martima Federal (Artculo en ingls), Paul gan en abril de 1976 una eleccin parcial para llenar el puesto vaco.[17] Paul perdi unos meses despus en la eleccin general, al Demcrata Robert Gammage, por menos de 300 votos (0.2%), pero derrot a Gammage en una revancha en 1978, y fue reelegido en 1980 y 1982.

Paul fue el primer representante republicano del rea. Tambin dirigi la delegacin texana de Reagan en la Convencin Nacional Republicana.[18] Su exitosa campaa contra Gammage sorprendi a los Demcratas locales, quienes esperaban a retener el puesto fcilmente a raz del Escndalo Watergate. Gammage subestim el apoyo de Paul de parte de las madres locales: "Tena dificultad en el condado de Brazoria, donde el ejerca, porque l haba asistido a la mitad de los bebs en el condado. Solo haba dos obstetras en el condado, y el otro era su socio."[19]

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Questions and Answers About Psoriasis

Posted: July 17, 2015 at 10:42 pm

October 2013

This publication contains general information about psoriasis. It describes what psoriasis is, what causes it, and what the treatment options are. If you have further questions after reading this publication, you may wish to discuss them with your doctor.

Psoriasis is a chronic (long-lasting) skin disease of scaling and inflammation that affects greater than 3 percent of the U.S. population, or more than 5 million adults. Although the disease occurs in all age groups, it primarily affects adults. It appears about equally in males and females.

Psoriasis occurs when skin cells quickly rise from their origin below the surface of the skin and pile up on the surface before they have a chance to mature. Usually this movement (also called turnover) takes about a month, but in psoriasis it may occur in only a few days.

In its typical form, psoriasis results in patches of thick, red (inflamed) skin covered with silvery scales. These patches, which are sometimes referred to as plaques, usually itch or feel sore. They most often occur on the elbows, knees, other parts of the legs, scalp, lower back, face, palms, and soles of the feet, but they can occur on skin anywhere on the body. The disease may also affect the fingernails, the toenails, and the soft tissues of the genitals, and inside the mouth. Although it is not unusual for the skin around affected joints to crack, some people with psoriasis experience joint inflammation that produces symptoms of arthritis. This condition is called psoriatic arthritis.

Individuals with psoriasis may experience significant physical discomfort and some disability. Itching and pain can interfere with basic functions, such as self-care, walking, and sleep. Plaques on hands and feet can prevent individuals from working at certain occupations, playing some sports, and caring for family members or a home. The frequency of medical care is costly and can interfere with an employment or school schedule. People with moderate to severe psoriasis may feel self-conscious about their appearance and have a poor self-image that stems from fear of public rejection and concerns about intimate relationships. Psychological distress can lead to significant depression and social isolation.

Psoriasis is a skin disorder driven by the immune system, especially involving a type of white blood cell called a T cell. Normally, T cells help protect the body against infection and disease. In the case of psoriasis, T cells are put into action by mistake and become so active that they trigger other immune responses, which lead to inflammation and to rapid turnover of skin cells.

In many cases, there is a family history of psoriasis. Researchers have studied a large number of families affected by psoriasis and identified genes linked to the disease. Genes govern every bodily function and determine the inherited traits passed from parent to child.

People with psoriasis may notice that there are times when their skin worsens, called flares, then improves. Conditions that may cause flares include infections, stress, and changes in climate that dry the skin. Also, certain medicines, including beta-blockers, which are prescribed for high blood pressure, and lithium may trigger an outbreak or worsen the disease. Sometimes people who have psoriasis notice that lesions will appear where the skin has experienced trauma. The trauma could be from a cut, scratch, sunburn, or infection.

Occasionally, doctors may find it difficult to diagnose psoriasis, because it often looks like other skin diseases. It may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis by examining a small skin sample under a microscope.

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Psoriasis – NHS Choices

Posted: at 10:42 pm

Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales.

These patches normally appear on your elbows, knees, scalp and lower back, but can appear anywhere on your body.Most people are only affected with small patches. In some cases, the patches can be itchy or sore.

Psoriasis affects around 2% of people in the UK. It can start at any age, but most often develops in adults under 35 years old. The condition affects men and women equally.

The severity of psoriasis varies greatly from person to person. For some people it's just a minor irritation, but for others it can havea major impact on their quality of life.

Psoriasis is a long-lasting (chronic) disease that usually involves periods when you have no symptoms ormild symptoms, followed by periods when symptoms are more severe.

Read more about the symptoms of psoriasis.

People with psoriasis have anincreased production of skin cells.

Skin cells are normallymade and replaced every three to four weeks, but in psoriasis this process only lasts about three to seven days. The resulting build-up of skin cells is what creates the patches associated with psoriasis.

Although the process isn't fully understood, it's thoughtto be related to a problem with the immune system. The immune systemis your body's defence against disease and infection, but for people with psoriasis, it attacks healthy skin cells by mistake.

Psoriasis can run in families,although the exact role that genetics plays in causing psoriasis is unclear.

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Home Remedies for Psoriasis – Treatment & Cure – Natural …

Posted: at 10:42 pm

Psoriasis is one of the most chronic skin diseases that are characterized by thick, red, silvery, scaled patches on the skin. It can also be defined as an inflammatory skin condition. It affects both sexes and usually appears in the age of 15-30 years. It is rarely found in infants and elderly people. It is not contagious and is caused by faulty signals in the immune system. There are five types of psoriasis and they are:

The hot Epsom salts bath has been proven valuable in the treatment of psoriasis. Application of olive oil after the Epsom salt bath is also effective and also one of the effective home remedies for psoriasis.

Regular seawater baths and application of seawater over the affected parts once a day is highly beneficial. This is one of the best psoriasis remedy.

Bitter gourd is a valuable home remedy for psoriasis. Take a cup of fresh juice of this vegetable, mixed with a teaspoon of limejuice on an empty stomach daily for four to six months. This is a good diet for psoriasis.

The use of mudpacks is also beneficial for the psoriasis. They absorb and remove the toxins from the affected areas.

Cabbage leaves can be used in the form of compresses. They can be applied on the affected area after removing the thick veins and washing them thoroughly. This is also one of the effective home remedies for psoriasis.

Sunlight is the best and natural remedy for psoriasis.

Vitamin E therapy has been found effective in the psoriasis treatment. A daily dose of 200-800 I.U is recommended as they reduce itching of the area.

Lecithin is also considered as a remarkable remedy for the psoriasis treatment.

Psoriasis cure - 6-9 lecithin capsules in a day are recommended.

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The Libertarianism FAQ – CatB

Posted: at 10:41 pm

Definitions, Principles and History What is a libertarian? What do libertarians want to do? Where does libertarianism come from? How do libertarians differ from "liberals"? How do libertarians differ from "conservatives"? Do libertarians want to abolish the government? What's the difference between small-l libertarian and big-l Libertarian? How would libertarians fund vital public services? What would a libertarian "government" do and how would it work? Politics and Consequences What is the libertarian position on abortion? What is the libertarian position on minority, gay & women's rights? What is the libertarian position on gun control? What is the libertarian position on art, pornography and censorship? What is the libertarian position on the draft? What is the libertarian position on the "drug war"? What would libertarians do about concentrations of corporate power? Standard Criticisms But what about the environment? Who speaks for the trees? Don't strong property rights just favor the rich? Would libertarians just abandon the poor? What about national defense? Don't you believe in cooperating? Shouldn't people help each other? Prospects How can I get involved? Is libertarianism likely to get a practical test in my lifetime? Resources Online Books Magazines Libertarian political and service organizations

There are a number of standard questions about libertarianism that have been periodically resurfacing in the politics groups for years. This posting attempts to answer some of them. I make no claim that the answers are complete, nor that they reflect a (nonexistent) unanimity among libertarians; the issues touched on here are tremendously complex. This posting will be useful, however, if it successfully conveys the flavor of libertarian thought and gives some indication of what most libertarians believe.

The word means approximately "believer in liberty". Libertarians believe in individual conscience and individual choice, and reject the use of force or fraud to compel others except in response to force or fraud. (This latter is called the "Non-Coercion Principle" and is the one thing all libertarians agree on.)

Help individuals take more control over their own lives. Take the state (and other self-appointed representatives of "society") out of private decisions. Abolish both halves of the welfare/warfare bureaucracy (privatizing real services) and liberate the 7/8ths of our wealth that's now soaked up by the costs of a bloated and ineffective government, to make us all richer and freer. Oppose tyranny everywhere, whether it's the obvious variety driven by greed and power-lust or the subtler, well-intentioned kinds that coerce people "for their own good" but against their wills.

Modern libertarianism has multiple roots. Perhaps the oldest is the minimal-government republicanism of the U.S.'s founding revolutionaries, especially Thomas Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists. Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill and the "classical liberals" of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were another key influence. More recently, Ayn Rand's philosophy of "ethical egoism" and the Austrian School of free-market capitalist economics have both contributed important ideas. Libertarianism is alone among 20th-century secular radicalisms in owing virtually nothing to Marxism.

Once upon a time (in the 1800s), "liberal" and "libertarian" meant the same thing; "liberals" were individualist, distrustful of state power, pro-free- market, and opposed to the entrenched privilege of the feudal and mercantilist system. After 1870, the "liberals" were gradually seduced (primarily by the Fabian socialists) into believing that the state could and should be used to guarantee "social justice". They largely forgot about individual freedom, especially economic freedom, and nowadays spend most of their time justifying higher taxes, bigger government, and more regulation. Libertarians call this socialism without the brand label and want no part of it.

For starters, by not being conservative. Most libertarians have no interest in returning to an idealized past. More generally, libertarians hold no brief for the right wing's rather overt militarist, racist, sexist, and authoritarian tendencies and reject conservative attempts to "legislate morality" with censorship, drug laws, and obnoxious Bible-thumping. Though libertarians believe in free-enterprise capitalism, we also refuse to stooge for the military-industrial complex as conservatives are wont to do.

Libertarians want to abolish as much government as they practically can. About 3/4 are "minarchists" who favor stripping government of most of its accumulated power to meddle, leaving only the police and courts for law enforcement and a sharply reduced military for national defense (nowadays some might also leave special powers for environmental enforcement). The other 1/4 (including the author of this FAQ) are out-and-out anarchists who believe that "limited government" is a delusion and the free market can provide better law, order, and security than any goverment monopoly.

Also, current libertarian political candidates recognize that you can't demolish a government as large as ours overnight, and that great care must be taken in dismantling it carefully. For example, libertarians believe in open borders, but unrestricted immigration now would attract in a huge mass of welfare clients, so most libertarians would start by abolishing welfare programs before opening the borders. Libertarians don't believe in tax-funded education, but most favor the current "parental choice" laws and voucher systems as a step in the right direction.

Progress in freedom and prosperity is made in steps. The Magna Carta, which for the first time put limits on a monarchy, was a great step forward in human rights. The parliamentary system was another great step. The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, which affirmed that even a democratically-elected government couldn't take away certain inalienable rights of individuals, was probably the single most important advance so far. But the journey isn't over.

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Libertarianism versus other Political Perspectives

Posted: at 10:41 pm

In simplest terms the primary difference between libertarianism and other political philosophies involves beliefs about the amount of authority government should have over peoples' personal and business matters.

Liberals want government to focus on doing what is "good," including providing what is often referred to as "social justice." To do that, among other policies, liberals expect government to: a)tax corporations and "wealthy" and "high income" citizens heavily to pay for the social justice programs and b)regulate business and personal behavior to the extent necessary for social justice.

Conservatives want government to control "bad," offensive, and immoral behavior, even if that behavior brings no harm or danger to non-participants. Most often bad is defined based on the prevailing interpretation of Judeo-Christian rules. And, though conservatives tend to express a belief in small government, they usually cannot resist government programs that serve their agenda such as "family values."

Liberals and conservatives both believe that government's mission is some combination of: a)making the world better, b)providing moral leadership, and c)protecting people from themselves. Of course conservatives and liberals tend to disagree about what is good and what is moral. And whether or not you agree with those objectives, you are forced to pay for them with your money and/or your liberty. Ironically you pay for liberal and conservative programs, rules, and regulations -- with your money and your liberty.

Libertarians believe that goodness is voluntary, morality is personal, human nature cannot be legislated away, and only harm to others should be illegal.

And, though libertarians believe in limited government, as described in the U.S. Constitution, they do not want chaos. Libertarians recognize that government has a clear and critical mission: preserving and enhancing liberty. To achieve that goal government must: a)protect citizens from foreign enemies, b)arrest, try, and punish people that harm or endanger others, and c)make some judgment calls when peoples' liberties conflict.

When considering where to locate your politics on the Nolan Chart first ask yourself: "How much should government do to make my preferences mandatory?" Then ask yourself, "How much should government control what I do based on what other people think, believe, or want?"

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Libertarianism versus other Political Perspectives

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Jeremy Benthams Attack on Natural Rights | Libertarianism.org

Posted: at 10:41 pm

June 26, 2012 essays

Smith discusses the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and why it so alarmed the defenders of natural rights.

In my last four essays, I discussed the ideas of Thomas Hodgskin. No discussion of Hodgskin would be complete without considering his great classic, The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted (1832). But in order to understand and appreciate this book, we need to know something about the doctrine that Hodgskin was criticizing, namely, the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). I shall therefore devote this essay to Bentham and then resume my discussion of Hodgskin in the next essay.

Natural-rights theory was the revolutionary doctrine of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, being used to justify resistance to unjust laws and revolution against tyrannical governments. This was the main reason why Edmund Burke attacked natural rightsor abstract rights, as he called themso vehemently in his famous polemic against the French Revolution, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Burke later condemned the French Constitution of 1791, which exhibited a strong American influence, as a digest of anarchy.

Similarly, Jeremy Bentham, in his criticism of the French Declaration of Rights (1789), called natural rights anarchical fallacies, because (like Burke) he believed that no government can possibly meet the standards demanded by the doctrine of natural rights. Earlier, a liberal critic of the American Revolution, the English clergyman Josiah Tucker, had argued that the Lockean system of natural rights is an universal demolisher of all governments, but not the builder of any.

The fear that defenders of natural rights would foment a revolution in Britain, just as they had in America and France, alarmed British rulers, causing them to institute repressive measures. It is therefore hardly surprising that natural-rights theory went underground, so to speak, during the long war with France. Even after peace returned in 1815 a cloud of suspicion hung over this way of thinking. Natural rights were commonly associated with the French Jacobins Robespierre and others who had instigated the Reign of Terror so a defender of natural rights ran the risk of being condemned as a French sympathizer, a Jacobin, or (worst of all) an anarchist.

Thus did British liberalism don a new face after 1815, as an atmosphere of peace resuscitated the movement for political and economic reforms, and as many middle-class liberals embraced a non-revolutionary foundation for economic and civil liberties. The premier theory in this regard, which would become known as utilitarianism, was developed by Jeremy Bentham and popularized by his Scottish protg James Mill (the father of John Stuart Mill) and by many other disciples.

Bentham did not originate the utilitarian principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number; we find similar expressions in a number of eighteenth-century philosophers, such as Hutcheson, Helvetius and Beccaria. For our purpose, the most significant feature of Benthams utilitarianism was its unequivocal rejection of natural rights.

Natural rights, according to Bentham, are simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense, nonsense upon stilts So-called moral and natural rights are mischievous fictions and anarchical fallacies that encourage civil unrest, disobedience and resistance to laws, and revolution against established governments. Only political rights, those positive rights established and enforced by government, have any determinate and intelligible meaning. Rights are the fruits of the law, and of the law alone. There are no rights without lawno rights contrary to the lawno rights anterior to the law.

The significance of Bentham does not lie in his advocacy of social utility, or the general welfare, or the common goodfor this idea, by whatever name it was called, was regarded by many earlier classical liberals as the purpose of legislation, in contradistinction to its standard.

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Jeremy Benthams Attack on Natural Rights | Libertarianism.org

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