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Category Archives: Transhuman News

We are amused: how the Queen saw the funny side – The Guardian

Posted: September 9, 2022 at 6:05 pm

A group of American tourists once approached the Queen as she was out walking near her Balmoral estate. Not recognising the unassuming woman in a headscarf, they asked if she lived nearby. She answered quite non-committally that yes, she had a house quite close by, says the writer Karen Dolby, recounting a talk given by Richard Griffin, the Queens former protection officer. They asked if shed ever met the Queen, and without missing a beat she replied no but pointed at Richard Griffin, and said, but he has. And then they walked on, none the wiser. I think her sense of irony and lightness of touch reflected her humour very obviously.

The Queens sense of humour was not always obvious in public, but those who knew her or met her privately would often remark on it. Speaking in 2012, Rowan Williams, the then archbishop of Canterbury, said: I found, in the Queen, someone who can be friendly, who can be informal, who can be extremely funny in private. Not everybody appreciates just how funny she can be. Who is quite prepared to tease and to be teased.

In his memoir, Sir Elton John wrote that the Queen could be hilarious. During an event, she asked her nephew Viscount Linley to go and check on his mother her sister, Princess Margaret. When he repeatedly tried to fob her off, wrote the musician, the Queen lightly slapped him across the face, saying, Dont SLAP argue SLAP with SLAP me SLAP I SLAP am SLAP THE QUEEN! As he left, she saw me staring at her, gave me a wink and walked off.

Her public face was one of duty and seriousness, not only influenced by her position but because she was also from a generation that shied away from showing emotion in public. This could have an unintended effect. Richard Crossman, the leftwing intellectual and politician, noted after meeting the Queen in the 1960s: She laughs with her whole face and she cannot just assume a mere smile because shes really a very spontaneous person. Godfrey Agnew [clerk of the privy council] was right when he said to me that she finds it difficult to suppress her emotion. When she is deeply moved and tries to control it, she looks like an angry thundercloud. So, very often when shes been deeply touched by the plaudits of the crowd, she merely looks terribly bad-tempered.

Humour, says Dolby, who compiled The Wicked Wit of Queen Elizabeth II a collection of some of the monarchs humorous remarks and sense of fun was a key part of her character but certainly, in the earlier part of her reign, she was very aware of the need to be dignified. Whereas other members of the royal family might have been more open, Prince Philip in particular, her humour was more apparent in private.

The historian and royal biographer Robert Lacey says: She had a wonderful wry and dry sense of humour, and it was a very important ingredient of her identity. I would say that her sense of humour and her religious faith were two of the personal elements that kept her so much on track.

Her famous annus horribilis speech of 1992 the year in which three of her childrens marriages publicly broke down, and a fire wrecked part of Windsor castle was a classic example, says Lacey. That phrase annus horribilis has been taken seriously, an expression of the Queens anguish, but Lacey points out it was a wry joke. Its not correct Latin. Classical scholars regard it as a joke on the expression annus mirabilis. This was her joke that she opens the proceedings with, and suddenly everybodys on her side, shes acknowledged the problem, but shes moved on.

There is something inherently ridiculous about the monarchy, says Lacey, who believes her sense of humour was an acknowledgment of that. This goes right way back to the fact she wasnt born into the succession. She was the Princess Beatrice of her day: she was the elder daughter of the Duke of York, she wasnt destined for this job. On her uncles abdication she was suddenly in line to the throne. So its a pure lottery that cast her into it. She could see the funny side of that.

Humour, says Dolby, has been important to the whole family, from the joke presents exchanged each Christmas at Sandringham to their informal barbecues and picnics. They have nicknames for one another, and quite a lot of teasing goes on, says Dolby. They dont let anyone take themselves too seriously, or have an overinflated sense of their own importance. I think teasing, jokes and nicknames are all part of the whole family ethos.

Humour also defined the Queens relationship with her husband. I dont think anyone without a sense of humour would have been so happy, or forge such a successful partnership, with a man like Prince Philip, says Dolby. What people forgot, says Lacey, when they talked about Prince Philip, his gaffes and his dreadful politically incorrect sense of humour, that the main person that was designed for was the Queen.

In public, particularly in later years, the Queen was prepared to poke fun at herself, whether in her starring role in a James Bond sketch for the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony, or in a video with Prince Harry before his Invictus Games. She could also turn a witty remark, and would use humour to defuse a tricky situation. Making a speech after being confronted by anti-monarchist, egg-pelting protesters on a visit to New Zealand in 1986, she said: I myself prefer my New Zealand eggs for breakfast. In the US, in 2007, after President George W Bush said the Queen had helped celebrate the US bicentennial in 1776, when he meant 1976, she began her speech with a smile and said I wondered whether I should start this toast by saying, When I was here in 1776 to roars of laughter.

During a visit to the Chelsea flower show in 2016, the gardener Jekka McVicar explained to the Queen that lily of the valley was once used as a poison. The Queen, according to McVicar, quipped: Ive been given two bunches this week. Perhaps they want me dead.

Behind the scenes, staff have reported a warm relationship with their boss, in which humour played an important part. The royal yacht, Britannia, was one of the places she could be off-duty and the atmosphere was informal, where crew members were reportedly recruited for their sense of humour.

In her book, The Other Side of the Coin, Angela Kelly, the Queens dresser, wrote that whenever she was overcome with emotion, particularly when helping the Queen into robe and crown for state occasions, the Queen rolls her eyes and playfully tuts at me. Once, on a royal tour of Australia in 2006, Kelly bought a toy kookaburra and put it on the Queens balcony. The Queen, thinking it was real, was very excited to see it. When she realised it was a joke, she had, writes Kelly, only two words for me: Youre sacked!. Kelly has previously said the Queen was a talented mimic, and liked to imitate her Liverpudlian accent. As Dolby writes:Her repertoire is said to include politicians like Tony Benn and Tony Blair, familiar TV characters and a very convincing Russian president Boris Yeltsin, along with several US presidents.

In the later decades of her reign, the Queen seemed more willing to show a lighthearted public face. It was partly being completely confident in her own position, says Dolby, but there was a change after Dianas death, when I think the royal family realised they needed to be more human. For the Queen, that meant a broad smile, a ready laugh and a reminder that under the heavy sense of duty was a woman who could see the funny side.

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We are amused: how the Queen saw the funny side - The Guardian

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Twice as Many People Left Russia in the First Half of 2022 as in the First Half of 2021 – Kyiv Post

Posted: at 6:05 pm

In the first 6 months of 2022, 419,000 people emigrated from Russia, RBC news agency reports, citing data from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). This is twice as much as in the same period last year.

Among those who left Russia during this period, 368,000 went to CIS countries, and 294,000 returned. A little more than 50,000 people left for non-CIS countries, and 27,000 returned. Thats a net loss of 22,000 people, compared to a net growth of 2,500 people in the first half of 2022.

After February 24, when Russia launched a full-scale war in Ukraine, many Russians decided to leave the country. For some, this is a temporary solution. Others realize that they may never return to the country. In general, Russian emigrants can be divided into several groups.

The first is big businessmen and apolitical stars who would like to wait out the turbulent times abroad. There is every reason to believe that many of them will return, since their source of income is in Russia, where either their assets or fans are.

The second group is childrens emigration. Parents take their children away in order to enroll them in Western schools, without political indoctrination and patriotic education and without the prospect of serving in the Russian army.

The third group is high-tech emigration. Workers at IT companies can quickly find employment in other countries. Such a brain drain seriously worries the Russian authorities. This is why they have exempted IT employees from military service, and provided tax benefits to the companies in which they work. Whether this will be enough, considering that IT specialists need not only economic relief, but also a free environment with the ability to travel around the world is a big question.

The fourth and main group is political emigration: journalists, politicians and cultural figures. Some of them used to work in structures declared to be foreign agents. Others used to work for media, which were closed after Russians full-scale invasion. Still others participated in opposition protests.

Their return in the foreseeable future looks unlikely. Many people understand that as soon as they set foot on their native land, they can instantly find themselves behind bars on charges of discrediting the Russian army. After all, in todays Russia, a person can be deprived of freedom even for an anti-war position or a politically incorrect statement on social networks.

There is now the specter of a new Iron Curtain dropping. In the USSR, it was believed that in order to maintain stability, it was necessary to keep the border closed so that labor resources remained inside the country. At the same time, allowing emigration can be used to mitigate social contradictions. After all, citizens who disagree with the regime can be the instigators of social unrest or even revolutions.

While the prospect of a new Iron Curtain may run counter to logic and common sense, one must not underestimate the role emotions play in domestic political reasoning. As the Western world rapidly shuts Russia out, Russia, in turn, will also be closing in on itself. It remains to be seen to what extent.

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Twice as Many People Left Russia in the First Half of 2022 as in the First Half of 2021 - Kyiv Post

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Roy Chubby Brown’s gig slated as ‘racist, sexist and homophobic’ in review – Express

Posted: at 6:05 pm

Writing for Grimsby Live, Ivana said: "I struggled to laugh along, there was an awkward silence from my end so loud that you could probably hear crickets. I strongly questioned why people were labelling him "hilarious" as I just couldn't see past the racist, sexist and homophobic material in his so-called 'jokes'.

"You could argue that he fits the mould of a popular comedian with a very distinctive laugh who, like Jimmy Carr, takes jokes to a limit where people could be offended. Jimmy himself has previously been called out for taking some content from his show "too far" especially in his newest Netflix show 'His Dark Materials'.

"Despite the controversy with Carr, I believe the pair are completely incomparable. What Brown would call a 'joke' is describing ethnic minorities' facial features and mimicking them which has never been funny, now or in the past.

"He is very much of an era when his attitudes were seen as slightly more palatable, although I'm aware that Brown wasn't really welcome on television at the time either which allows me to breathe a little sigh of relief."

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Roy Chubby Brown's gig slated as 'racist, sexist and homophobic' in review - Express

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David Boaz – Wikipedia

Posted: September 7, 2022 at 6:38 pm

American libertarian author and editor (born 1953)

David Boaz (; born August 29, 1953, Mayfield, Kentucky) is the executive vice president of the Cato Institute, an American libertarian think tank.

He is the author of Libertarianism: A Primer, published in 1997 by the Free Press and described in the Los Angeles Times as "a well-researched manifesto of libertarian ideas."[1] He is also the editor of The Libertarian Reader and co-editor of the Cato Handbook for Congress (2003) and the Cato Handbook on Policy (2005). He frequently discusses such topics as education choice, the growth of government, the ownership society, his support of drug legalization as a consequence of the individual right to self-determination,[2][3][4] a non-interventionist foreign policy,[5] and the rise of libertarianism on national television and radio shows.

Boaz's 1988 op-ed The New York Times on the high cost of the drug war fueled public debate over the decriminalization of drugs.[6] His articles have also been published in The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Review, and Slate. He has appeared on ABC's Politically Incorrect, CNN's Crossfire, NPR's Talk of the Nation and All Things Considered, Fox News Channel, BBC, Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, and other media. Boaz, a graduate of Vanderbilt University, is the former editor of The New Guard magazine and was executive director of the Council for a Competitive Economy prior to joining Cato in 1981.

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David Boaz - Wikipedia

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Arlington Heights board gets petition from Koch brothers-backed group calling for law that may impact Chicago Bears’ stadium plans – Chicago Tribune

Posted: at 6:38 pm

A libertarian political advocacy group submitted a petition to the Arlington Heights Village Board Tuesday that could bar the village from offering taxpayer-funded financial incentives to the Chicago Bears football team which is looking to buy the Arlington Park International Racecourse for $197 million as well as any other business that might open in the area.

Brian Costin, deputy state director of Americans for Prosperity Illinois, led the petition effort and said the organization submitted 663 signatures to the board at its meeting Tuesday night.

The petition, which originated from a section of the Arlington Heights municipal code that allows for resident-generated referendums, calls for the Village Board to consider an ordinance that would prevent the village from extending any kind of financial assistance to any corporation seeking to open in the village.

Village officials say such an ordinance would be disastrous for the village, while organizers from the Koch brothers-backed Americans for Prosperity call it an anti-corporate welfare ordinance.

In presenting the signatures to the Village Board during the public comment portion of the meeting, Costin noted that Americans for Prosperity recently ran a poll that found 72% of respondents supported the Bears move to the village but that 68% opposed the use of public money to bring them to Arlington Heights.

Weve seen stadium bills and corporate welfare projects turn sour for taxpayers across Illinois, Costin said, citing examples in the towns of Bridgeview and Hoffman Estates.

[Chicago Bears show renderings for enclosed stadium complex in Arlington Heights, but say theyd expect some public funding for surrounding entertainment district]

Arlington Heights officials said passing such a measure would put the village at a major financial disadvantage to its neighbors.

Mayor Tom Hayes was absent from the board meeting last night, telling Pioneer Press in an email that he was in Canada on a non-refundable vacation hed booked a year ago. But Hayes previously expressed his disapproval for the ordinance API is pushing.

We dont think its something thats in the best interest of the village, Hayes previously said. If something like this is enacted, then all those businesses are going elsewhere, and how will that benefit our residents?

Hayes previously told Pioneer Press that he would do everything in my power to see (such an ordinance) stopped.

Village Manager Randy Recklaus was present at the meeting Tuesday night and blasted the idea of the ordinance.

This is a very extreme proposition, Recklaus said. It would literally cripple the villages ability to engage in any economic development throughout our entire community.

Recklaus added that major swathes of the village, like its downtown area, were redeveloped through public financing incentives like tax increment financing districts.

[Will the Chicago Bears leave Soldier Field? Heres what to know about the teams possible move to Arlington Heights.]

In fact, the Village Board considered a TIF district-related request at the meeting Tuesday for the Southpoint Shopping Center at 600 East Rand Road. The developer sought money from the TIF to help construct two commercial buildings: one for a Chipotle restaurant and the other for an AT&T retail store.

Resident Martin Bauer told Arlington Heights trustees he was opposed to the use of public money on Bears-related construction.

Bauer said he was not with Americans for Prosperity, but said he might get involved with that group or a similar one if the village continued moving forward with the project.

No public money is needed to develop this particular site, he said about the former racecourse property. Were not talking about a brownfield. Were not talking about an eyesore thats been sitting vacant for decades.

Bauer said Hayes and some members of the Village Board had become googly eyed over the prospect of bringing the football team to the village.

He indicated that he will do anything to make sure that the Bears come to Arlington Heights, Bauer said of Hayes.

Recklaus responded to Bauers comment, in the mayors absence.

I do not recall Mayor Hayes ever saying he would do anything to bring the Bears here, Recklaus said.

The petition needed 546 signatures, or 1% of the voting population of the village, to be submitted to the Village Board as a potential ordinance. If the board then rejects that proposed ordinance, then the petition organizers may try to get 12% of the villages voting population to sign on and force a referendum on the ballot at an upcoming election.

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Arlington Heights board gets petition from Koch brothers-backed group calling for law that may impact Chicago Bears' stadium plans - Chicago Tribune

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Georgias Senate Race Is Much Closer Than The Governor Election. Will That Hold Until November? – FiveThirtyEight

Posted: at 6:38 pm

After a history-making 2020 and 2021, Georgia is once again on our minds with two high-profile statewide races on the ballot this November: the U.S. Senate race, a highly competitive contest between Democratic Sen. Raphael Warnock and Republican Herschel Walker, as well as the gubernatorial contest, a high-octane rematch between Republican Gov. Brian Kemp and Democrat Stacey Abrams.

But interestingly, these races have pretty different outlooks in FiveThirtyEights 2022 midterm forecast. The Senate race is currently rated as a toss-up, while in the governors race Kemp is a clear favorite to win.

Given how partisan our politics have become especially in a state like Georgia where the electorate is highly polarized its pretty unusual that the two statewide races show such a large gap, as much as 13 percentage points in some polls. Historically, major contests in Georgia have run close together, which is why a sizable split between the Senate and governors races would be pretty remarkable.

For starters, the gap between the two races varies depending on pollster, but on average, polls have found a 7-point difference between the margins in the Senate and gubernatorial contests. This pretty much matches what our more rigorous polling averages found, too, with Warnock up around 2 points and Kemp leading by about 5 points or a 7-point gap.

The margin in Georgias Senate and governor races in polls that measured both, including the gap between the two contests, since the May 24 primary

The data is shown as rounded but was calculated based on the fully-reported info in cases where pollsters provided decimal points. A (D) or (R) beside a pollsters name indicates their or their sponsors partisan affiliation.

Source: polls

But the fact that Georgias electorate is so polarized makes it unlikely that well see too large of a gap between the two contests. Like most of the Deep South, Georgia has a racially polarized electorate, where most Black voters back Democrats and most white voters back Republicans.

Take Georgias 2020 presidential vote: 88 percent of Black voters supported President Biden, while 69 percent of white voters supported former President Trump, according to the 2020 exit polls. This gives Georgia what we at FiveThirtyEight call an inelastic electorate, or an electorate for which factors like the political environment and candidate traits are unlikely to sway voters because so few voters are swing voters.

This lack of a gap in Georgias statewide elections is clear when we examine elections dating back to 2002, which is arguably when Georgias current political era began that year, Republicans won the governorship and captured a state-legislative chamber for the first time since Reconstruction. For instance, when we compare the outcomes in each pair of presidential, Senate and gubernatorial races in years when two of those races were on the ballot, the margins in these high-profile races usually differed only to a small extent, as the table below shows.

Difference in margin between major statewide elections for president, Senate or governor in years when at least two of these offices were on the ballot, 2002 to present

*Special election for U.S. Senate

The 2020 Senate race is the regularly scheduled Class II seat, as the special election for the Class III seat was a jungle primary. No candidate won an outright majority in either Senate election, which by state law necessitated a January 2021 runoff, as shown in the 2021 row.

Source: Dave Leips Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections

Although each year and race had its own set of particulars, six of these eight sets of elections saw only small differences in margin less than 3 points. The exceptions were the 2010 midterms and 2016 presidential election, when there was a wide gap between the Senate election and the other statewide election. (Republican Sen. Johnny Isakson was up both years, so he may have given the GOP a lift as an incumbent; also former Gov. Roy Barnes served as the Democrats nominee for governor in 2010, and his past appeal in more conservative parts of the state may have made that race closer than it wouldve been otherwise.) But these elections were the exception, not the norm. Even the states most recent elections, the 2020 presidential election and 2021 Senate runoffs, featured elections with very similar margins although they might be evidence that the overall political climate in Georgia is shifting toward Democrats.

Its notable, then, that the FiveThirtyEight forecast shows such a large divide between the Senate and governor races in its average projected vote share. The forecast currently has Kemp with a 6-point lead and Warnock with about a 1-point lead, which would amount to a 7-point gap between the two races.

There are a number of potential explanations for this gap, but the biggest factor might be incumbency and, more importantly, that Georgias top two races feature incumbents from different parties Kemp is a Republican and Warnock a Democrat. Incumbency does not provide as strong a tailwind as it once did, but both Kemp and Warnock are relatively popular politicians who could each win. From April through June, Morning Consults polling gave Kemp a 52 percent approval rating and only a 39 percent disapproval rating; Warnock, meanwhile, had an approval rating of about 47 percent and a disapproval rating of 41 percent.

In other words, there isnt that much difference between Kemps and Warnocks standing in Georgia. However, given that the gap between the two races is unlikely to remain this large and that Kemp has a healthier lead over Abrams than Warnock has over Walker, voters who split their tickets could matter a lot for Warnock. And two polls, one from Emerson College released last week and a July survey from Beacon Research/Shaw & Company on behalf of Fox News, show how different degrees of Kemp voters backing Warnock could matter. In Emersons poll, only 3 percent of Kemp supporters backed Warnock, and overall, Walker led by 2 points. In the Fox News survey, meanwhile, 8 percent of Kemps supporters backed Warnock, and overall, Warnock led by 4 points. The takeaway here is that higher levels of support for Warnock among Kemp voters would seemingly boost the incumbent senators chances of finishing ahead of Walker.

This is not to say that only split-ticket voting will matter to the outcomes in each race; turnout and the overall political environment are also important. But Warnock would be in much better shape if he could capture 8 percent of Kemps voters versus just 3 percent: Based on the 2018 governors race, that could be a difference of roughly 100,000 votes, or about 2.5 percent of ballots cast. In a close contest, thats a big deal case in point, Kemp defeated Abrams by just 55,000 votes four years ago.

Finally, theres one other wrinkle with Georgia: If no candidate wins an outright majority of the vote, a runoff between the top-two finishers will take place on Dec. 6, 2022. And considering each contest has a Libertarian candidate, which is notable because Libertarians have averaged a little over 2 percent in statewide races dating back to 2002, its entirely possible that if the Senate race is especially tight, a Libertarian candidate who gains 1 or 2 percent of the vote could trigger a Warnock-Walker runoff in December. Currently, the FiveThirtyEight forecast gives the Senate race about a 1-in-5 chance of going to a runoff, while the governors race has about a 1-in-10 chance.

At this point, its too soon to say how the races in Georgia will change, but with two months to go until Election Day, well be keeping a close eye on Peach State polls to see whether the gap between the two contests remains large or narrows.

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Georgias Senate Race Is Much Closer Than The Governor Election. Will That Hold Until November? - FiveThirtyEight

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Letter: The threat against democracy | Letters To Editor | berkshireeagle.com – Berkshire Eagle

Posted: at 6:38 pm

To the editor: While it was very easy to get caught up in the many crimes of Donald Trump over the summer, I became immersed in a very readable book by historian Nancy MacLean: Democracy in Chains.

It helped me to understand the background of our current situation. Most Americans, if theyre in the least bit politically engaged, focus on the here and now, election results, etc., while the radical libertarian right wing has been playing a very long game to alter the fabric of American democracy. It began in the post-Civil War era but found its footing in the mid 1950s with the Brown v. Board of Education decision. The ongoing effort to do away with public education goes back to that fateful time.

When President Joe Biden gave his soul of the nation speech, he sounded the alarm about a cult-like group of Donald Trump followers. Of course we should be worried about the possible violence they would foment, but the concept of democracy is much broader. Restricting voting to desired classes of citizens is an ongoing issue. The MAGA Republicans feel that when everyone votes, they lose.

Im sure the radical libertarian big-money donors thought they hit pay dirt with a Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan ticket in 2012. Unfortunately for them, both men were totally devoid of charisma, but the false concept of "makers and takers" took hold.

It won't be easy, but we need all hands on deck to fight for our democracy.

Stephanie Hoadley, New Marlborough

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Letter: The threat against democracy | Letters To Editor | berkshireeagle.com - Berkshire Eagle

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Vote in the State Primary – mysouthborough

Posted: at 6:38 pm

SomethingIjust learned and confirmed that I want to share all registered voters can participate in the Republican or Democratic primaries.

As Ive previously written, if you are a member of one of the two big parties, you can only vote on their ballot. If you are unenrolled in either, you can choose which to vote in.

What I hadnt realized was that voters registered for third parties (Libertarian, Green, Rainbow, etc), also get to participate and choose their ballot. That is because none of those political groups met the threshold to be treated as a real party in this primary. (When third parties do qualify for their own ballots, members are then restricted to voting on those ballots.)

Libertarians currently have the same status as members of the Pizza Party and a long list of other political designations. (That may change for the 2024 primaries.)

Below is my reminder of who is on each ballot and where/how you can cast yours.

With todays downpour, Im guessing many voters wish they took advantage of early alternative options. If you still have your mail-in ballot make sure to get it into the drop box at the Town House (17 Common St) before 8:00 pm.

Otherwise, you need to head to the gym at Trottier Middle School (49 Parkerville Road) to vote today. The polls are open until 8:00 pm. (The entrance is on the side of the building facing the outdoor track.)

If you have any questions about voting, you can leave a voicemail for the Town Clerk at 508-485-0710 ext 3005 or email townclerk@southboroughma.com. (The office is closed today so staff can oversee the election. You can find them in person at Trottier.)

Below are details on who is competing for votes in the primaries. (For those that have campaign websites I could find, I inserted links so you can research their positions.) Only Democratic and Republican parties are holding primaries for our precincts.

Governor

Lt. Governor

Attorney General

Secretary of State

Auditor

Governors Councillor Third District

We already know which candidates will be on the ballot this fall for the following positions. (Some of the uncontested candidates dont even have opponents on another primary ballot. The deadline has passed for Non-Party candidates to file to add their names to the November ballot. Im not aware that any have, but cant yet rule out that possibility.)

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Vote in the State Primary - mysouthborough

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Group catering to nonpartisan voters launches ahead of the election The Nevada Independent – The Nevada Independent

Posted: at 6:38 pm

Ash Mirchandani is tired of battleground politics, which he described as a landscape where partisan bickering takes precedence over consensus-building progress.

So the Southern Nevada resident and registered nonpartisan decided to do something about it by launching the Coalition of Independent Nevadans (COIN), a group he envisions as a neutral platform to engage more nonpartisan voters in the political process.

If we can hold both parties to a higher standard of working with each other and creating meaningful common sense-driven policies, then our job is done, said Mirchandani, managing principal of Kaizen Strategies, a government relations firm, and president of the United Citizens Foundation, which provides mental health services for children.

The coalitions formation comes as nonpartisans represent a growing portion of the Nevada electorate. In July, 530,941 people were registered as nonpartisans, making up 29 percent of active registered voters statewide, according to data from the secretary of states office. By comparison, Democrats account for 33 percent of active registered voters, while Republicans comprise 30 percent. The remaining voters belong to minor political parties, such as the Libertarian Party and Independent American Party, among others.

Lumped together, voters who registered as nonpartisans or members of minor political parties account for 37 percent of the Nevada electorate.

Nonpartisans alone are a large enough voting bloc that they could sway the outcome of the upcoming midterm elections a fact not lost on candidates as they attempt to court those coveted votes.

Thats why one of the coalitions first acts will be interviewingand then endorsing candidates for a variety of statewide, legislative and local elected offices, said Mirchandani, who serves as the groups chair. A panel of nonpartisan voters will conduct the interviews, with each person ranking the candidates based on an agreed-upon scoring system. If the candidate scores fall within a narrow range, the panelists will have a group discussion and then vote.

Mirchandani said the beauty of the group is that none of the panelists are heavily involved in the political sphere. Theyre all volunteers.

They are everyday people that are taking out time because they care, he said.

COIN plans to announce its list of endorsements toward the end of September and, in the future, hold other events, such as listening tours.

Editors Note: This story appears in Indy 2022, The Nevada Independents newsletter dedicated to comprehensive coverage of the 2022 election. Sign up for the newsletter here.

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Group catering to nonpartisan voters launches ahead of the election The Nevada Independent - The Nevada Independent

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DNA – Definition, Function, Structure and Discovery – Biology Dictionary

Posted: at 6:34 pm

DNA Definition

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a biological macromolecule that carries hereditary information in many organisms. DNA is necessary for the production of proteins, the regulation, metabolism, and reproduction of the cell. Large compressed DNA molecules with associated proteins, called chromatin, are mostly present inside the nucleus. Some cytoplasmic organelles like the mitochondria also contain DNA molecules.

DNA is usually a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, although single-stranded DNA is also known. Nucleotides in DNA are molecules made of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are of four types adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. The phosphate and the deoxyribose sugars form a backbone-like structure, with the nitrogenous bases extending out like rungs of a ladder. Each sugar molecule is linked through its third and fifth carbon atoms to one phosphate molecule each.

DNA was isolated and discovered chemically before its functions became clear. DNA and its related molecule, ribonucleic acid (RNA), were initially identified simply as acidic molecules that were present in the nucleus. When Mendels experiments on genetics were rediscovered, it became clear that heredity was probably transmitted through discrete particles, and that there was a biochemical basis for inheritance. A series of experiments demonstrated that among the four types of macromolecules within the cell (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids), the only chemicals that were consistently transmitted from one generation to the next were nucleic acids.

As it became clear that DNA was the material that was transferred from one generation to the next, its functions began to be investigated.

Every DNA molecule is distinguished by its sequence of nucleotides. That is, the order in which nitrogenous bases appear within the macromolecule identify a DNA molecule. For instance, when the human genome was sequenced, the nucleotides constituting each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes were laid out, like a string of words on a page. There are individual differences in these nucleotide sequences, but overall, for every organism, large stretches are conserved. The sugar phosphate backbone, on the other hand, is common to all DNA molecules, across species, whether in bacteria, plants, invertebrates or humans.

When a double-stranded DNA molecule needs to be replicated, the first thing that happens is that the two strands separate along a short stretch, creating a bubble-like structure. In this transient single-stranded region, a number of enzymes and other proteins, including DNA polymerase work to create the complementary strand, with the correct nucleotide being chosen through hydrogen bond formation. These enzymes continue along each strand creating a new polynucleotide molecule until the entire DNA is replicated.

Life begins from a single cell. For humans, this is the zygote formed by the fertilization of an egg by a sperm. After this, the entire dazzling array of cells and tissue types are produced by cell division. Even the maintenance of normal functions in an adult requires constant mitosis. Each time a cell divides, nuclear genetic material is duplicated. This implies that nearly 3 billion nucleotides are accurately read and copied. High-fidelity DNA polymerases and a host of error repair mechanisms ensure that there is only one incorrectly incorporated nucleotide for every 10 billion base pairs.

The second important function of genetic material is to direct the physiological activities of the cell. Most catalytic and functional roles in the body are carried out by peptides, proteins and RNA. The structure and function of these molecules is determined by nucleotide sequences in DNA.

When a protein or RNA molecule needs to be produced, the first step is transcription. Like DNA replication, this begins with the transient formation of a single-stranded region. The single-stranded region then acts as the template for the polymerization of a complementary polynucleotide RNA molecule. Only one of the two strands of DNA is involved in transcription. This is called the template strand and the other strand is called the coding strand. Since transcription is also dependent on complementary base pairing, the RNA sequence is nearly the same as the coding strand.

In the image, the coding strands and the template strands are depicted in orange and purple respectively. RNA is transcribed in the 5 to 3 direction.

One of the main functions of any hereditary material is to be replicated and inherited. In order to create a new generation, genetic information needs to be accurately duplicated and then transmitted. The structure of DNA ensures that the information coded within every polynucleotide strand is replicated with astonishing accuracy.

Even though it is important for DNA to be duplicated with a very high degree of accuracy, the overall process of evolution requires the presence of genetic variability within every species. One of the ways in which this happens is through mutations in DNA molecules.

Changes to the nucleotide sequence in genetic material allows for the formation of new allele. Alleles are different, mostly functional, varieties of every gene. For instance, people who have B blood group have a certain gene resulting in a particular surface protein on red blood cells. This protein is distinct from the surface antigens in those who have blood group A. Similarly, people with sickle cell anemia have a different hemoglobin allele compared to those who do not suffer from the illness.

The presence of this variability allows at least some populations to survive when there is a sudden and drastic change to the environment. For instance, individuals carrying a mutated allele for hemoglobin are at risk for sickle cell anemia. However, they also have a higher chance of survival in regions where malaria is endemic.

These mutations and the presence of variability allow populations to evolve and adapt to changing circumstances.

On another level, DNAs role as genetic material and an understanding of its chemistry allows us to manipulate it and use it to enhance quality of life. For example, genetically modified crops that are pest or drought resistant have been generated from wild type varieties through genetic engineering. A lot of molecular biology is dependent on the isolation and manipulation of DNA, for the study of living processes.

When its definitive role in heredity was established, understanding DNAs structure became important. Previous work on protein crystals guided the interpretation of crystallization and X-Ray differaction of DNA. The correct interpretation of diffraction data started a new era in understanding and manipulating genetic material. While initially, scientists like Linus Pauling suggested that DNA was perhaps made of three strands, Rosalind Franklins data supported the presence of a double helix.

The structure of DNA therefore, was elucidated in a step-wise manner through a series of experiments, starting from the chemical isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid by Frederich Miescher to the X-ray crystallography of this macromolecule by Rosalind Franklin.

The image is a simplified representation of a short DNA molecule, with deoxyribose sugar molecules in orange, linked to phosphate molecules through a special type of covalent linkage called the phosphodiester bond. Each nitrogenous base is represented by a different color thymine in purple, adenine in green, cytosine in red and guanine in blue. The bases from each strand form hydrogen bonds with one another, stabilizing the double-stranded structure.

The structure of the sugar phosphate backbone in a DNA molecule results in a chemical polarity. Each deoxyribose sugar has five carbon atoms. Of these, the third and the fifth carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with phosphate moieties through phosphodiester bonds. A phosphodiester linkage essentially has a phosphate molecule forming two covalent bonds and a series of these bonds creates the two spines of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Alternating sugar and phosphate residues results in one end of every DNA strand having a free phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon of a deoxyribose sugar. This is called the 5 end. The other end has a reactive hydroxyl group attached to the third carbon atom of the sugar molecule and makes the 3 end.

The two strands of every DNA molecule have opposing chemical polarities. That is, at the end of every double-stranded DNA molecule, one strand will have a reactive 3 hydroxyl group and the other strand will have the reactive phosphate group attached to the fifth carbon of deoxyribose. This is why a DNA molecule is said to be made of antiparallel strands.

A DNA molecule can look like a ladder, with a sugar phosphate backbone and nucleotide rungs. However, a DNA molecule forms a three-dimensional helical structure, with the bases tucked inside the double helix. Hydrogen bonding between nucleotides allows the intermolecular distance between two strands to remain fairly constant, with ten base pairs in every turn of the double helix.

Nucleotide bases on one strand interact with those on the other strand through two or three hydrogen bonds. This pattern is predictable (though exceptions exist), with every thymine base pairing with an adenine base, and the guanine and cytosine nucleotides forming hydrogen bonds with each other. Due to this, when the sequence of a single strand is known, the nucleotides present in the complementary strand of DNA are automatically revealed. For instance, if one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence 5 CAGCAGCAG 3, the bases on the other antiparallel strand that pair with this stretch will be 5 CTGCTGCTG 3. This property of DNA double strands is called complementarity.

Initially, there was debate about the manner in which DNA molecules are duplicated. There were three major hypotheses about the mechanism of DNA replication. The two complementary strands of DNA could unwind at short stretches and provide the template for the formation of a new DNA molecule, formed completely from free nucleotides. This method was named the conservative hypothesis.

Alternatively, each template strand could catalyze the formation of its complementary strand through nucleotide polymerization. In this semi-conservative mode of replication, all duplicated DNA molecules would carry one strand from the parent and one newly synthesized strand. In effect, all duplicated DNA molecules would be hybrids. The third hypothesis stated that every large DNA molecule was probably broken into small segments before it was replicated. This was called the dispersive hypothesis and would result in mosaic molecules.

A series of elegant experiments by Matthew Meselson, and Franklin Stahl, with help from Mason MacDonald and Amandeep Sehmbi, supported the idea that DNA replication was, in fact, semi-conservative. At the end of every duplication event, all DNA molecules carry one parental strand and one strand newly created from nucleotide polymerization.

As microscopes started to become more sophisticated and provide greater magnification, the role of the nucleus in cell division became fairly clear. On the other hand, there was the common understanding of heredity as the mixing of maternal and paternal characteristics, since the fusion of two nuclei during fertilization had been observed.

However, the discovery of DNA as the genetic material probably began with the work of Gregor Mendel. When his experiments were rediscovered, an important implication came to light. His results could only be explained through the inheritance of discrete particles, rather than through the diffuse mixing of traits. While Mendel called them factors, with the advent of chemistry into biological sciences, a hunt for the molecular basis of heredity began.

DNA was first chemically isolated and purified by Johann Friedrich Miescher who was studying immunology. Specifically, he was trying to understand the biochemistry of white blood cells. After isolating the nuclei from the cytoplasm, he discovered that when acid was added to these extracts, stringy white clumps that looked like a tufts of wool, separated from the solution. Unlike proteins, these precipitates went back into solution upon the addition of an alkali. This led Miescher to conclude that the macromolecule was acidic in nature. When further experiments showed that the molecule was neither a lipid nor a protein, he realized that he had isolated a new class of molecules. Since it was derived from the nucleus, he named this substance nuclein.

The work of Albrecht Kossel shed more light on the chemical nature of this substance when he showed that nuclein (or nucleic acid as it was beginning to be called) was made of carbohydrates, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. Kossel also made the important discovery connecting the biochemical study of nucleic acids with the microscopic analysis of dividing cells. He linked this acidic substance with chromosomes that could be observed visually and confirmed that this class of molecules was nearly completely present only in the nucleus. The other important discovery of Kossels was to link nucleic acids with an increase in protoplasm, and cell division, thereby strengthening its connection with heredity and reproduction.

By the turn of the twentieth century, molecular biology experienced a number of seminal discoveries that brought about an enhanced understanding of the chemical basis of life and cell division. In 1944, experiments by three scientists, (Avery, McCarty and McLeod) provided strong evidence that nucleic acids, specifically DNA, was probably the genetic material. A few years later, Chargaffs experiments showed that the number of purine bases in every DNA molecule equaled the number of pyrimidine bases. In 1952, an elegant experiment by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed DNA as the genetic material.

By this time, advances in X-Ray crystallography had allowed the crystallization of DNA and study of its diffraction patterns. Finally, these molecules could be visualized with greater granularity. The data generated by Rosalind Franklin allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to then propose the double-stranded helical model for DNA, with a sugar-phosphate backbone. They incorporated Chargaffs rules for purine and pyrimidine quantities by showing that every purine base formed specific hydrogen bond linkages with another pyrimidine base. They understood even as they proposed this structure that they had provided a mechanism for DNA duplication.

In order to visualize this molecule, they built a three-dimensional model of a double helical DNA, using aluminum templates. The image above shows the template of the base Thymine, with accurate bond angles and lengths.

The final model built by Watson and Crick (as seen above) is now on display at the National Science Museum in London.

1. Which of these statements about DNA is NOT true?A. In eukaryotes, DNA is present exclusively in the nucleusB. DNA is the genetic material for some virusesC. DNA replication is semi-conservativeD. None of the above

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. Even in eukaryotes, DNA does exist outside the nucleus. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts carry some DNA molecules.

2. Which of these scientists designed an experiment to show that DNA replication was semi-conservative?A. MeselsonB. James WatsonC. Linus PaulingD. All of the above

Answer to Question #2

A is correct. Among these three scientists, only Meselson was involved in the design of the experiment that showed how DNA was replicated. Linus Pauling was involved in developing X-Ray crystallography as a method for understanding the structure of biological macromolecules. James Watson used the X-Ray diffraction data generated by Rosalind Franklin to propose the double helical model for the three-dimensional structure of DNA.

3. Why was the rediscovery of Mendels experiments important for the development of molecular biology?A. Mendels experiments suggested that DNA was the hereditary materialB. Mendels laws of inheritance suggested that there were discrete biochemical particles involved in heredityC. Mendels experiments with pea plants gave molecular biologists a useful model organismD. All of the above

Answer to Question #3

B is correct. Until Mendel experimented with pea plants, it was never clear how heredity was achieved. Though the gross mechanisms involved were always known, the details were never clear. Common knowledge seemed to suggest that traits reached an average between parents. For instance, with one tall parent and a short parent, the offspring was usually of intermediate height. Similarly for skin coloring and so on. However, once Mendel had done his experiments using true breeding specimens, it was fairly clear that discrete particles were being inherited. This, along with advancements in chemistry, allowed the development of molecular biology and biochemistry as fields of study. There was nothing in Mendels experiments to suggest that DNA was the genetic material. In addition, Mendels pea plants are not really preferred as model organisms because of the vast areas needs to cultivate the specimens and their long generation time.

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DNA - Definition, Function, Structure and Discovery - Biology Dictionary

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