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Maybe it wasnt exactly scientifically confirmed, but it was nonetheless clear that Saturdays March for Science in downtown Athens not a march, exactly, as things turned out exceeded the limits of the police-issued permit for the event in front of the federal courthouse on Hancock Avenue.

I think weve broken the law, folks! an exuberant Mark Farmer, a cellular biologist at the University of Georgia, told the crowd jamming the courthouse lawn from the steps into the street.

Because the local March for Science part of hundreds of such marches held around the world on Earth Day coincided with the popular G-Day intrasquad University of Georgia football game that brings thousands of visitors to town, organizers couldnt get a parade permit for downtown Athens, according to Farmer.

Instead, they were granted a permit to rally on the federal courthouse grounds outside the heaviest G-Day traffic from 11 a.m. until noon, with a limit of 400 people. But one glance around the crowded lawn made it clear that the actual number of people was well above that limit, with one estimate placing the crowd at 600 people or more, who waved signs and chanted as a line of speakers extolled the human progress made possible by science.

And, with a little lighthearted civil disobedience in his heart, as the rally was winding down Saturday morning, Farmer looked at the permit and said, I see nothing on here saying you cant all take your signs and walk downtown!

The Athens event and those held worldwide were aimed at promoting an understanding of science and defending science from issues such as proposed federal government budget cuts that could adversely affect scientific research in this country.

Waving signs with slogans like Grab them by the data and Science is not a liberal conspiracy, the hundreds of people who attended the March for Science in downtown Athens heard from a number of speakers including Marilyn Williams, the director of spiritual care at St. Marys Hospital in Athens.

Prior to becoming a chaplain, Williams worked for two decades in cancer research and health care management, and she spoke Saturday about the nexus between science and religion.

Theres no conflict between the two, she said. Both are just different approaches for understanding our world.

And, Williams said, pastoral care work shows the connection between faith and science.

We really do see where science and faith come together, she said. Theyve always been connected.

Also speaking Saturday was Kathy Fowler, a veterinarian and march organizer who suggested to the crowd that without science particularly the medical research that has improved human health and longevity many of the people at Saturdays march might not have been there.

The scientific discoveries of the the last few centuries are what allowed you to be here today, she said.

Human health has also been improved by scientific advancements in water quality and in properly handling wastewater, Fowler continued.

They all came about because of scientific research and discovery, she said.

The local focus on science will continue in neighboring Oconee County on Sunday, where the Oconee County Democrats will host a nonpartisan event called Walk and Talk with a Scientist.

The walk is scheduled for 3 to 5 p.m. at Herman C. Michael Park off Georgia Highway 53 and Elder Road. Scientists will gather at the walking trail, which is paved and about a third of a mile long.

People can choose a scientist and walk the trail with them while talking about that persons scientific investigations or study. Among the scientists participating in the event are a geologist, an expert in water toxicity, a botanist, a specialist in endangered species and an expert on coral reefs.

Across the United States on Saturday, one of the organizers of the first Earth Day, Denis Hayes, said the crowd he saw on the National Mall in Washington appeared energized and magical, almost like what he saw on the first Earth Day 47 years ago.

Hundreds turned out in light rain for a pro-science rally on the Vermont Statehouse lawn in Montpelier. One of the speakers, Rose Paul, director of conservation science for The Nature Conservancy of Vermont, told the crowd that Science is not a partisan issue. She said climate change is happening and scientists are needed to help understand how shifting weather patterns are affecting the world.

In Nashville, Tenn., hundreds of people braved pouring rain, marching through city streets and chanting science, not silence.

President Donald Trump said in an Earth Day statement that his administration is committed to keeping our air and water clean, to preserving our forests, lakes and open spaces and to protecting endangered species.

But that wont be done, he said, in a way that harms working families, and he added that the government is reducing unnecessary burdens on American workers and American companies, while being mindful that our actions must also protect the environment.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Hundreds in Athens join worldwide marches for science - Online Athens

DUANVALE, Jamaica Violet Brown spent much of her life cutting sugarcane in the fields around her home in western Jamaica. She attended church regularly, avoids pork and chicken and celebrated her 117th birthday last month.

On Saturday, she is believed to have become the world's oldest living person following the death of Emma Morano of Italy, born Nov. 29, 1899.

Brown told The Associated Press she is surprised but grateful to have lived this long.

"This is what God has given me, so I have to take it long life," Brown said in an interview in her home in the town of Duanvale.

Brown is considered to be the oldest person in the world with credible birth documentation, according to Robert Young, director of the supercentenarian research and database division at Gerontology Research Group, a network of volunteer researchers into the world's oldest people. Its website says she was born on March 10, 1900.

Brown has not yet been declared the world's oldest by Guinness World Records, considered to be the official arbiter of the oldest person title but Guinness depends heavily on Young's group. Young said he has met Brown and examined her birth certificate, which was issued by the British authorities who governed Jamaica at the time of her birth.

"She's the oldest person that we have sufficient documentation for at this time," Young said.

Jamaica's prime minister congratulated Brown on Twitter.

Guinness said it was researching a number of candidates for the new world's oldest person title.

"It can be a uniquely complex and sometimes lengthy process," Guinness spokeswoman Elizabeth Montoya said. "There is no confirmation of a new title holder until our thorough processes are complete."

Brown has two caregivers and spends most of the day resting in the home she shares with her 97-year-old son. She is able to sit up by herself and walk short distances. And while she is hard of hearing, she offered swift, complete responses to questions about her life and family.

The secret to long life is hard work, she said.

"I was a cane farmer. I would do every work myself," she said. "I worked, me and my husband, over that hill."

She also credited her Christian faith for her long life.

"I've done nearly everything at the church," she said. "I spent all my time in the church. I like to sing. I spent all my time in the church from a child to right up," to today, she said.

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At 117, world's oldest woman works hard and avoids pork - Greensboro News & Record

Researchers found that a protein in human umbilical cord blood plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people. Mike Kemp/Rubberball/Getty Images hide caption

Researchers found that a protein in human umbilical cord blood plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people.

Decades ago, scientists surgically attached pairs of rats to each other and noticed that old rats tended to live longer if they shared a bloodstream with young rats.

It was the beginning of a peculiar and ambitious scientific endeavor to understand how certain materials from young bodies, when transplanted into older ones, can sometimes improve or rejuvenate them.

From the beginning, the findings were exciting, complex and, sometimes, contradictory. For example, scientists have shown that young blood can restore cell activity in the muscles and livers of aging mice. They've also found that linking old mice to young ones helped reverse heart muscle thickening.

On the other hand, researchers weren't able to replicate some of the most eye-catching findings and another study concluded that, in mice that swapped blood without being connected surgically, the negative effects of being exposed to old blood outweighed the benefits of getting young blood.

What was clear was that, like humans, as mice age their bodies and their behavior change on a fundamental level. For example, older mice stop building nests, and they tend to become forgetful, taking a long time to remember how to escape from a maze.

"We see a pretty dramatic difference between young and aged mice in terms of their performance," says Joe Castellano, a neuroscientist at Stanford University School of Medicine.

Castellano and his colleagues wondered if young human blood might have beneficial effects for aging mice.

Now, they report in the journal Nature that they've found a protein in human umbilical cord blood that improved learning and memory in aging mice. It's an exciting find in the field of regenerative medicine.

But, scientists caution, it does not mean people should start ordering umbilical cord blood online. There is no indication that it would work in humans.

For their study, Castellano and his colleagues collected plasma, which is the watery part of blood, from people of different ages. Some were in their 60s and 70s, others in their 20s. They also collected plasma from human umbilical cords.

Then, they injected human plasma from those different age groups and from umbilical cord blood into mice several times over the course of a couple of weeks.

The mice were 12 and 14 months old, which is approximately the mouse equivalent of being in your late 50s or 60s.

When they dissected the mouse brains and inspected the hippocampi, they found that certain genes linked to making new memories had been turned on in some of the mice.

"So, we had a hint early on that one of these donor groups, specifically the [umbilical] cord plasma, might be having an effect on the brain itself," he says.

Next, they injected more aging mice with human plasma and tested the animals' ability to remember things.

For example, they watched how long it took the mice to escape from a maze the mice had done before, using visual cues to choose an exit that would lead to safety.

Castellano says it's basically like observing a person try to navigate through a crowded garage to locate their parked car.

Before being injected with umbilical cord blood, Castellano says, "their performance wasn't very impressive." It took them a long time to learn and remember the location of the escape hole, and some of them didn't manage at all. "But after cord plasma treatment, both the time [it took to] find it, the rate at which they'd find it and the fact that they do find it was improved and changing," he says.

Similarly, mice treated with human umbilical cord blood performed better on a second memory test. That test involved introducing mice to a chamber and then delivering a little shock to their feet. Mice that remembered the unpleasant experience would, when reintroduced to the chamber, freeze in anticipation of the shock. A forgetful mouse, on the other hand, would go about its usual business.

Castellano says the mice that had received umbilical cord plasma froze more often.

"We were, first of all, surprised and excited that there was something in human plasma, and more specifically there's something exciting about cord plasma," he says.

After a series of other experiments, Castellano and his colleagues concluded that one protein, called TIMP2, in human umbilical cord blood was likely responsible for the improvement.

When they removed TIMP2 from cord plasma and injected the plasma into mice, they didn't observe any improvement on the memory tests. And when they injected plasma containing TIMP2 into elderly mice, they again observed improvement in memory and learning tasks.

"The really exciting thing about this study, and previous studies that have come before it, is that we've sort of tapped into previously unappreciated potential of our blood our plasma and what it can do for reversing the harmful effects of aging on the brain," says Castellano.

It's an intriguing hint at how potential therapies might someday work to prevent age-related illness, including Alzheimer's disease, from developing.

"The desired outcome is overall whole body rejuvenation," says Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical gerontologist who founded the SENS Research Foundation.

The study by Castellano and colleagues, he says, is an "excellent" starting point.

"The only thing, of course, is that it's a mouse experiment and mouse experiments often don't actually translate faithfully into the human setting," he says.

And Castellano agrees that this finding does not mean that people should start sprinkling TIMP2 protein on their cereal or signing up for umbilical cord transfusions.

First off, he says, there's no evidence that elderly humans would experience the same effects as the mice did in this study. It's also unclear what would happen to mice if they received the plasma for more than just a few weeks.

There's also the nagging worry that, while proteins like TIMP2 may be beneficial for developing babies, they could be harmful in older humans.

"Maybe there's a reason that older brains aren't exposed to certain proteins any longer," says Castellano.

And Irina Conboy, who studies aging and degenerative diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that the TIMP2 protein is actually present in higher levels in people with Alzheimer's disease.

That runs counter to the argument made by Castellano and colleagues that TIMP2 is associated with improved memory and learning, and that TIMP2 levels would drop as people age.

"TIMP2 is a very well-known protein," she says. She also notes that one of Castellano's co-authors, Tony Wyss-Coray, is the board chair for a company called Alkahest, which has separately studied plasma injections as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's.

And, Conboy says, there is no indication that the TIMP2 Castellano and colleagues detected in mouse brains actually came from the injections of human plasma. It's unclear, she says, whether a protein in plasma could actually make its way from a mouse's bloodstream into its brain, or that, once there, it could actually impact brain function.

Last year, Conboy published a study in which she and colleagues swapped half of the blood in old mice with that of young mice, and vice versa. They saw signs of regeneration in the muscles and liver.

But, says Conboy, "There was zero positive effect on the brain. The mice were not smarter. They did not learn better."

Such conflicting results reflect two fundamentally different ways of thinking about aging.

From the point of view of Castellano and colleagues, aging involves a loss of beneficial materials; for example, diminishing amounts of proteins that were once present in the plasma.

To Conboy, however, "The problem is not that you run out of positive things, but that you accumulate negative things."

She and others hold that proteins likely accumulate with old age, sometimes inhibiting certain functions, including the growth of new cells.

"We have hundreds of proteins that change with age," she says, and finding a way to reduce the effects of aging will likely require tinkering with a huge bouquet of them.

"If you are looking for miracles, it will not come from [injecting] bodily fluids," she says. "There will not be one silver bullet."

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Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds - NPR