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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Space colonization then and now – Santa Ynez Valley News

Posted: May 6, 2017 at 3:16 am

Many years ago, when I first went to college, I joined two off-campus organizations, both of which were dedicated to getting people living and working in outer space.

I saw expansion into space as the solution to many of the worlds biggest problems, including energy shortages, overpopulation and world hunger to name a few, and I could see myself actually doing it, going off and living or working in a space colony somewhere between Earth and the moon more specifically at L5, a point in space that is always in the same spot relative to Earth and the moon.

I became somewhat of a disciple of physicist Gerard ONeill, and his cylinder design, to the point I could explain its key features and concepts to others, including mirrors, farming pods, dimensions, rotation and scenery, and the use of an electromagnetic mass driver to mine materials from the moon and asteroids, so the colony could be constructed entirely on-site, in space.

Now, with space travel finally becoming a reality thanks to billionaires Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson and their privately funded space race, I no longer have any interest in moving away from our home planet. Not that I could even if I wanted to, given the hefty price tag for a seat on any of these expeditions.

Bezos and Branson are each selling a five-minute thrill ride to suborbital space, which is about 62 miles from Earths surface, for around $250,000 a seat, while Musk is selling a one-week trip around the moon, 300,000 miles, for an undisclosed amount that is estimated to be between $35 million to $100 million a ticket.

I dont remember when it was I first stopped wanting to go into space, but my guess is it was after I moved to a place where I could live, each and every day, in close contact with the Earth and its beauty. Not that I didnt have an appreciation for such beauty before that, or I hadnt experienced its transformative effect on the heart and the senses, or I wasnt already in love with life and people, but growing up in a flat personality-less suburb, my natural impulse and inevitability was to move away and go somewhere else, and I guess a space colony was one possible place to move to, even though I knew California was the much greater likelihood.

As my love for and connection to Earth increased, my desire to leave it behind diminished.

Add to that my growing sense of self-awareness, which included the realization that I am extremely uncomfortable riding in fast cars, boats on the ocean, small airplanes performing trick maneuvers or any size plane during moments of turbulence and roller coasters and drop towers and pendulum rides and gravity rides and other such horrors at carnivals and amusement parks, and it all added up to, why would I want to ride in a spaceship of any sort?

I believe the ongoing survival of our species will necessarily involve and require space colonization. Then again, dont the Hopis say humanity already started and ended, then started again seven other times in our history, so in the big picture is it really that big of a deal? Throw in some Einstein and Mayer to remind us that energy and mass are neither created nor destroyed, but transformed, converted, redistributed, reassembled and re-expressed.

Im a fan of science, and of ever expanding our horizons, so I support space colonization efforts. But it is no less difficult or palatable for me to try and conceive of our extinction, transformation, evolution than it is to imagine us spreading our greed and war, fear and violence and prejudice and pollution to the rest of the universe.

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Genetic Engineering: We Can, But Should We? – Veritas News

Posted: at 3:15 am

by Gretchen Bird, Cody Cook and Garrett Edinger

If you had the ability and unlimited resources, would you prevent Down syndrome among the worlds population? What about if your child had Down syndromewould you then take the initiative to turn off the extra chromosome that causes Down syndrome? Even further, if given the choice, would you select a particular eye color for your child? Hair color? Height? Athletic ability? Natural intelligence? With new technologies, the ability to select for these attributes is a possibility.

Recent advancements in biomedical technologies have brought us new ways of treating disease and improving human lives, some of which are described above. New technologies called CRISPR/Cas9 have made it possible for scientists to edit a humans genetic information in a precise and targeted way; however, these technologies have also raised many ethical concerns.

Matt Atherton explains CRISPR in the International Business Times, CRISPR is a gene-editing tool. It allows scientists to not only examine every single strand of DNA in an embryo, but also adapt them. It is an incredibly efficient and precise mechanism for targeting genes. The basis for the practice comes from bacteria.

With this new biomedical technology, it is possible for us to change the genetic information of a human. The question of whether or not we can edit DNA has been answered. Now we need to ask ourselves, examining our hearts and our motives, to see if we should. Proponents of human gene editing say that it can be used to remove heritable diseases from human genes and prevent congenital disease. Nevertheless, many people feel that editing heritable genes, or the human germline, would be unethical and potentially dangerous.

X-linked hypophosphatemia, or XLH, which results in a form of dwarfism, is one example of a genetic disease that scientists believe could be treated using CRISPR technologies. This would be accomplished by editing the DNA in the sperm and egg cells of parents who carry the genes for the disease. By removing the DNA that codes for the disease using CRISPR, sperm and egg cells from the parents could be produced that no longer code for the disease; these cells could then be used to accomplish in vitro fertilization. The parents would then have an XLH-free baby. Huntingtons disease, azoospermia, and certain inherited forms of cancer are just a few of the many genetic diseases that have been mentioned as potential applications of CRISPR. Theoretically, CRISPR could be used to treat any number of genetic and inherited diseases.

While many people feel that it would be irresponsible for us neglect a technology that has such great power to cure life-altering disease, others feel that it would be dangerous, and might result in a world where gene editing is used for more than treating disease. While many scientists agree that CRISPR could be used to treat disease, it also raises concerns of its less admirable uses. CRISPR could also be used to change aesthetic appearance. Everything from height, to hair color, to eye color, to body size, could be selected for using CRISPR. Moreover, these changes would most likely only be available to the very rich. CRISPR also presents the possibility that genes could be changed in unintended ways that doctors and scientists did not intend, especially if the changes are heritable.

Public opinion about the uses of new genetic modification tools is still much divided. According to an article by Antonio Regalado in MIT Technology Review, 50% of U.S. adults believe that changing a babys genetic characteristics to reduce the risk of serious disease is taking medical advances too far. Eighty-three percentsay it is taking medical advancements too far if it is used to increase a babys intelligence.

Although this technology is still in its infancy, it already presents us with many questions going forward. While it can improve lives, CRISPR could also change the world in ways that would alter society at the most fundamental level. It could create a world in which everyone is genetically modified for inconsequential aesthetic purposes, rather than for the sake of their health. Its effects would be felt far beyond any lab. Real people and real families are at the heart of what CRISPR can do, and we need to remember that it is their lives that would be affected most by this technology. We cannot forget that human dignity and value are defined independently of ones intellect, athleticism, or any other surface quality. As one mother of a child with Down syndrome stated to one of the scientists who helped develop CRISPR, Theres something about him [her child with Down syndrome] thats so special. Hes so loving in a way thats unique to him. I wouldnt change it.

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Scientists discover genetic mutation that causes rare skin disease … – Medical Xpress

Posted: at 3:15 am

May 5, 2017 Credit: Wits University

Scientists have discovered the genetic mutation that causes the rare skin disease, keratolytic winter erythema (KWE), or 'Oudtshoorn skin', in Afrikaners.

Researchers at the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and the Division of Human Genetics at Wits, in collaboration with peers in Europe, the US and Canada published this research in the May issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.

KWE causes a redness of the palms and soles with consecutive cycles of peeling of large sections of thick skin, often exacerbated during winter months. Oudtshoorn is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa where the disorder was present in large families.

Afrikaners are Afrikaans-language speakers descended from predominantly Dutch, German and French settlers, who arrived in South Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries. Afrikaners have a high risk for several genetic disorders, the best known being familial hypercholesterolaemia (inherited high cholesterol leading to heart attacks early in life) and porphyria (sensitivity of the skin to ultra-violet exposure and adverse reactions to specific drugs).

These disorders are common because of founder mutations brought to South Africa by small groups of immigrants who settled in the Cape of Good Hope and whose descendants are now spread throughout the country. KWE is one of these less well-known founder genetic disorders.

KWE was first described as a unique and discrete skin disorder in 1977 by Wits dermatologist, Professor George Findlay. He noticed that it occurred in families and had a dominant mode of inheritance i.e., on average, if a parent has the condition about half the children inherit it in every generation.

In addition to identifying the genetic mutation for scientific purposes, this research now enables dermatologists to make a definitive diagnosis of KWE in patients. It further enables researchers to understand similar skin disorders and is a starting point for developing possible treatments.

Gene mutations

Since the late 1980s, three MSc and three PhD students at Wits researched the disorder, firstly under the supervision of Professor Trefor Jenkins and from about 1990 guided by Professor Michle Ramsay, Director and Research Chair in the Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience. In 1997, Wits MSc student Michelle Starfield and a group in German mapped the KWE trait to a region on the short arm of chromosome 8. The researchers showed that it was likely that the South African families all had the same mutation, but that the German family had a different mutation.

In 1997, Wits MSc student Michelle Starfield and a group in Germany mapped the KWE trait to a region on the short arm of chromosome 8. The researchers showed that it was likely that the South African families all had the same mutation but that the German family had a different mutation. This research preceded the sequencing of the human genome and subsequent research focused on characterising this region of the genome and examining good candidate genes. The KWE mutation remained elusive.

In 2012 Thandiswa Ngcungcu, then a Wits MSc student in Human Genetics whom Ramsay supervised, chose KWE as a topic for her PhD. Ngcungu's research involved large-scale DNA sequencing during an internship on the Next Generation Scientist Programme in Novartis, Basel. The mutation was not detected by conventional data analysis so copy number variants (genetic changes) where regions of the genome are duplicated or deleted were investigated. Ngcungcu and the researchers then discovered a mutation in a region between genes that was present in all South African KWE-affected individuals studied.

During this time Dr Torunn Fiskerstrand, University of Bergen, Norway, independently discovered the genetic cause of KWE in Norwegians. Ramsay and Fiskerstrand collaborated. The different DNA duplications in the South African and Norwegian families overlapped at a critical genomic region called an enhancer (which 'switches on' the gene) providing strong evidence that this was, in fact, the KWE mutation.

For over a year the scientists researched how this duplicated enhancer caused KWE. They demonstrated that the mutation causes a nearby gene to produce more protein than normal and that this abnormal expression was the likely cause of the skin peeling. Exactly twenty years after determining that the KWE mutation lies on chromosome 8, the mutation that causes KWE was identified and published.

Solving the mystery of KWE was a journey of data analysis, ancestry mapping, genomic comparison and global collaboration. Ngcungcu continues her work as a postdoctoral fellow examining the genetics of another skin disorder, albinism, and as a lecturer in the Division of Human Genetics at Wits from July 2017.

Explore further: Gene ABL1 implicated in both cancer and a developmental disorder

More information: Thandiswa Ngcungcu et al. Duplicated Enhancer Region Increases Expression ofCTSBand Segregates with Keratolytic Winter Erythema in South African and Norwegian Families, The American Journal of Human Genetics (2017). DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.012

ABL1, a human gene well-known for its association with cancer now has been linked to a developmental disorder. The study, which was carried out by a team of researchers from institutions around the world, including Baylor ...

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Michele Carbone and colleagues, from the University of Hawaii, discovered that members of 4 families, apparently unrelated and living in different US States, shared the identical mutation of a gene called BAP1 that is associated ...

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Researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), in collaboration with other colleagues of the Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium (GELCC), have identified a gene that is associated with lung cancer.

Scientists have discovered the genetic mutation that causes the rare skin disease, keratolytic winter erythema (KWE), or 'Oudtshoorn skin', in Afrikaners.

Salk Institute scientists have developed a novel technology to correct disease-causing aberrations in the chemical tags on DNA that affect how genes are expressed. These types of chemical modifications, collectively referred ...

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Tourette disorder (also known as Tourette syndrome) afflicts as many as one person in a hundred worldwide with potentially disabling symptoms including involuntary motor and vocal tics. However, researchers have so far failed ...

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Dr. John Walley Littlefield, Groundbreaking Geneticist – Patch.com

Posted: at 3:15 am


Patch.com
Dr. John Walley Littlefield, Groundbreaking Geneticist
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John Walley Littlefield, M.D., a renowned physician-scientist whose work dramatically advanced the field of genetics and touched countless human lives, died peacefully on Thursday, April 20, surrounded by his family and loved ones. He was 91. A former ...

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DNA Delay – WWMT-TV

Posted: at 3:15 am

(NEWSCHANNEL 3) Newschannel 3s I-Team is exposing a grim reality that police, medical examiners, and families in Michigan now face.

There will be many more lonely bodies that lay in a morgue unidentified, said Kellie Yunginger.

Newschannel 3 has learned that for the foreseeable future, unidentified bodies have almost no chance of being tested for DNA.

The type of DNA work needed in these cases is highly specialized. In fact, investigators in Michigan really only have one option, shipping the bones down to a lab in Texas.

That lab just sent out a letter saying, effective immediately, they cant accept any new cases.

The bones belong to people who lived with a name but died without when. Instead of being laid to rest, they lie in labs and rest in boxes.

Having these people in this limbo is kind of the worst fate I think, said Carolyn Isaac.

Isaac is a forensic anthropologist at the Medical Examiners office in Kalamazoo. The lab there takes in bodies from nine local counties. Most of the bodies can be identified within a week through family or fingerprints, dental records or even tattoos, but there are four or five each year who get slapped with a label Isaac dreads, unidentified.

Those complicated cases are the ones they typically send off to the University of North Texas Center for Human Identification.

We sent this whole vertebra to get DNA analysis, said Isaac.

UNT performs specialized sampling to upload into CODIS, the DNA database run by the FBI. The hope is to strike a match with a person whos been reported missing and solve two mysteries at once.

The National Institute of Justice has footed the bill for the past thirteen years with special grant money set aside for the voiceless victims.

Now, according to an urgent memo, the lab was recently notified that the grant would not be offered this year, or next year, so they will not be able to offer DNA testing or accept new submissions.

This is extremely crippling to law enforcement efforts, said Det. Sgt. Sarah Krebs, Michigan State Police.

Det. Krebs runs the Missing Persons Clearinghouse for Michigan State Police, working with both unidentified remains and the families of the missing.

How many cases would you anticipate this would affect in Michigan? asked Newschannel 3s Alex Jokich.

Oh, Im going to say its going to affect hundreds of cases, said Det. Krebs. It has put an absolute halt to our efforts.

UNT was told the money is being redirected to other DNA needs like backlogged rape kits, but Det. Krebs believes slashing the missing persons grant slashes whatever hope the families have left.

Its very hard to tell a family if we cant identify their loved one any other way, hey, we may not be able to do this unless this grant gets refunded, said Det. Krebs, so its caused some heartache.

Kellie Yunginger knows the heartache all too well.

We never did anything to deserve this, and neither did Rich, said Yunginger.

Yungingers cousin, Richard Hitchcock, disappeared from Allegan 26 years ago. Shes spearheaded the efforts to find him and shudders at the thought that with the current cuts, if his body is found, it could sit untested in a morgue somewhere while she keeps up a futile search.

How sad its a possibility that someone could just sit in a lab forever because no one thinks its worth it, said Yunginger.

The Medical Examiners Office in Kalamazoo showed Newschannel 3 two skulls they recently got in.

We really have no hope of identifying this individual, said Isaac.

Theyd normally send the skulls to Texas. Isaac says its the worst feeling, knowing theres probably a family out there looking for someone.

Seeing their case numbers every week, just staring back at us, that these people arent identified and maybe never will be, said Isaac.

The Center for Human Identification in Texas says theyre working with the federal government toward a resolution on this issue.

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24 Years Later, DNA Leads to Arrest in Manhattan Attack on a Girl … – New York Times

Posted: at 3:15 am


New York Post
24 Years Later, DNA Leads to Arrest in Manhattan Attack on a Girl ...
New York Times
The arrest in the rape of an 11-year-old girl in Upper Manhattan was the latest product of an effort by Cyrus R. Vance Jr., the Manhattan district attorney, to focus ...
DNA links child rapist to 1993 sex attack, officials say | New York PostNew York Post
Rapist's DNA links him to 1993 sex assault of girl, 11, in NYC - NY ...New York Daily News

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The Making Of DNA., Kendrick Lamar And Mike Will Made-It’s Militant Masterpiece – BuzzFeed News

Posted: at 3:15 am

The inside story of Damn.'s showstopping second single, as told by the super producer who made it.

Last week, Mike Will Made-It (referred to as "Will" for the rest of this story) notched his second No. 1 hit on the Billboard singles chart so far this year. Humble., the three-minute riot he produced for Kendrick Lamar, follows Black Beatles, Rae Sremmurds strip-club anthem turned viral sensation, which descended the charts peak in January. One of the most continuously in-demand hitmakers of this decade, Will is a strong bet to summit again (hes a rumored collaborator on Katy Perrys fifth album, among other percolating projects hed rather not talk about), but his achievement with Lamar is a special milestone. Will produced three songs on Lamars widely acclaimed new album, Damn. two of which, Humble. and DNA., have reached the top five on Billboard in a culmination of a half-decade of missed connections with the rapper, spanning what he (only half-jokingly) estimates are over 1,000 unused beats.

Will, born Mike Williams, 28, first met Lamar in 2011 through the latters label-mate Schoolboy Q. He sent beats while the rising star was working on his first two groundbreaking albums, 2012s Good Kid, M.A.A.D. City and 2015s To Pimp a Butterfly, but struck out on both occasions.

I never got discouraged or asked him, Why didnt I make your album? or Why this and that? Will told BuzzFeed News. After hearing those projects, I could see why my beats didnt really match.

In late 2015, though, the stars finally aligned. Will who had accumulated hits for Future, Jay Z, Kanye West, Beyonc, Perry, and Miley Cyrus connected with Lamar in Atlanta toward the end of the To Pimp a Butterfly tour, as the rapper was beginning sessions for what would become Damn. He spoke to BuzzFeed News previously about one product of their collaboration the polemical, U2-featuring XXX. Below, taken from the same conversation, are two short stories about the volcanic second single DNA., which illuminate Wills particular gifts as a song whisperer, and reveal the friendly rivalry (and Rick James concert DVD) that produced one of the years breakout hits.

The first story is a story of creative overabundance. It concerns the first of the two distinct sections on DNA. (I got I got I got loyalty got royalty inside my DNA) and starts late last year, after production on the song had wrapped. Will was frantically searching his laptop for the hazy, two-and-a-half-second guitar sample that loops throughout this section and gives it a psychedelic backbone. He needed to tell Lamars team the origin of the sample, so they could contact the songwriter and clear its usage a prerequisite for including the song on the album. But Wills memory was failing him.

Will is a walking font of far-flung sonic ideas and musical non sequiturs: He told BuzzFeed News that hed made between four and six other beats the night he produced DNA. The first part of the song took him only about 10 minutes while jamming with Rae Sremmurd who are signed to his Ear Drummer Records label in the basement of the sibling duos sprawling house in Encino, California.

Something about the instrumental made Will think of Lamar. He likes to think he could produce music for anyone, like a musical MacGyver with the right song for any job (his dream is to work with Adele), and he reserves a certain phylum of beat for the artist he refers to as Dot (a reference to K. Dot, Lamars first stage name).

I try to send him beats that I think could stand on their own, because I know when Dot gets on them hell take them even further, Will said. A lot of people use beats as a crutch and try to hide behind them, but he takes them to the next level.

Searching for the guitar sample on an old computer, Will eventually discovered the answer: There was no guitar sample. On a hot streak at Rae Sremmurd's house, he'd recorded it himself and simply forgot. I kept thinking, did I really play this? he laughed, still amused at the goose chase. I dont know what kind of vibe I was on that night.

The second story is about creative competition. While still recording DNA., Lamar summoned Will to his studio in Los Angeles to build the second section of the song, based on a breathlessly intense a capella in which he raps as if the roof is caving and he wants it to fall. He asked Will to add drums under the vocal track: It dont have to be like a full beat or anything, Will recalled Lamar saying. I just want you to make it knock.

But Will heard the verses ferocity as a challenge (I can't let him just outdo the beat like that, he remembers thinking) and started cooking up an equally formidable instrumental as Lamar looked on. I wanted it to sound like a horse race, Will said.

After adding some drums snarling 808s, some triangle, and a clap he searched a folder full of vocal samples on his laptop and pulled out a snippet of Rick James shouting Gimme some ganja! before a performance of Mary Jane from the documentary Rick James Super Freak Live 1982. He peppered the command over Lamars raps, sporadically hammering on the word Gimme like a machine gun.

I just felt like what Kendrick was rapping was like some ganja, like some piff, Will said, using another synonym for weed. I wanted it to sound like somebody's right there standing next to him, in his ear just screaming at him, like, Gimme some ganja! Gimme some more bars! Go harder!'

When he was finished with the track, he asked Lamar what he thought of the horse race, half wondering whether hed overstepped his bounds. But the rapper was charmed. According to Will, he said so in a characteristically understated fashion. I like that shit.

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DNA Experts Take the Stand: Conley Trial – Story | CNYHomepage – WUTR WFXV CNYhomepage

Posted: at 3:15 am

It was the shortest day we've seen so far but packed with a ton of evidence. One piece disconnecting a Yoder while connecting Conley to the fatal drug.

Microscopic strands of evidence, may carry a very large role. DNA experts taking the witness stand today explaining how the anonymously submitted letters and the evidence connected to the fatal dosage of colchicine do not add up and Adam Yoder's finger prints- not found.

"Adam Yoder is excluded as a DNA contributor obtained from the vial"- and how about William Yoder? "The mixture DNA of obtained from the vial is at least 115 times more likely if it originated from three unknown unrelated individuals than if it orig anted from William Yoder and two unrelated individuals this likelihood ratio is inconclusive result based on labs--therefore no conclusion that be determined if William Yoder is a contributor in DNA obtained."

The annalist who spent hours going through those letters walking the court through the process of learning their true author.

"The partial DNA profile from the stamp from the coroners office matched the DNA profile consistent with the DNA profile of Kaitlyn Conley." "Is there a stat that goes along with that?" "Yes I did generate a stat to the match to the evidence item and the probability of matching the partial profile was one in 395 million."

And that DNA on the stamp isn't the only tie to the defendant. Her DNA found on another piece of crucial evidence. The wrapper holding the colchicine in Adam Yoder's jeep

"There again was a major contributor on the outside of the cardboard wrapper-someone that I could pick out of every location and the major contributor was Kaitlyn Conley."

Court is back again tomorrow. Judge Dwyer telling us it'll be a long day.

Reporter Nicole Todd will be tweeting again live updates from the courtroom at @NicoleTodd_WUTR

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I found a Minuteman, a shoemaker and an indentured servant in my DNA Shaffer – News & Observer (blog)

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I found a Minuteman, a shoemaker and an indentured servant in my DNA Shaffer
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This week, I discovered that I have a second cousin named Kermit who lives in New Mexico a retired crane operator and complete stranger who shares some of my Norwegian-Irish DNA. It all started with a container of my spit. For $99, I paid ancestry ...

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I found a Minuteman, a shoemaker and an indentured servant in my DNA Shaffer - News & Observer (blog)

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Handstanding skunks’ DNA holds clues to ancient climate – CBS News – CBS News

Posted: at 3:15 am

Western spotted skunks striped skunks' smaller cousins that stand on their "hands" to blast their smelly defensive spray are helping scientists piece together a picture of how ancient climate change shaped animal populations millions of years ago, and could provide clues for how present climate change may affect animals alive today.

These endearing and widely distributed skunks have been around for about 1 million years and live in a range of habitats across western North America. But even thoughthe skunksall belong to one species,Spilogale gracilis, genetic differences divide them into three distinct groups that are known as clades, and scientists have puzzled over what might have driven these changes in the skunks' DNA. [The 12 Weirdest Animal Discoveries]

Researchers investigating these adorable little stinkers recently discovered the likely scenario that led to these genetic divisions ancient climate change duringthe Pleistocene ice age, as glaciers divided skunk populations into habitats isolated from each other.

Unlike the bold bandsof white furlining the black backs of striped skunks, western spotted skunks' markings curve and twine like the walls of a maze, with a single large spot marking the center of their heads. They are the smallest of the North American skunks, with males measuring about 16 inches in length and weighing about 22 ounces, according toa species descriptionby the Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

Because their distribution is so broad from British Columbia to northern Mexico, and from California to the central Great Plains groups of skunks could potentially be separated from each other by manynatural geographical barriers, such are rivers and mountain ranges. Scientists wanted to know whether geography could explain how skunk populations separated from each other and evolved unique genetic signatures, or if other land-shaping factors might have played a part, study lead author Adam Ferguson, collection manager of mammals at the Field Museum of Natural History, told Live Science.

"We were interested in whether we would see if genetic breaks are associated with older events major biogeographic events, like the Sierra, the Rockies, the Rio Grande or withclimate change," Ferguson explained.

In general, skunks aren't well-studied, probably because working with them comes with an odious olfactory price "even their tissues stink," Ferguson said. In fact, during each season of fieldwork, he puts aside what will be "the skunk clothes," an outfit that sometimes must be permanently retired when the season ends, he said.

Study lead author Adam Fergusun wearing impromptu Kleenex nose plugs not to block the smell of his study subject, but because he had a cold.

Courtesy of Adam Fergusun

For the study, the scientists sampled genetic data from 97 skunks representing a range of habitats and climates in thesouthwestern U.S.But the genetic differences that separated them didn't map to geographic features. For example, two skunk populations divided by mountains were mostly identical on a genetic level, the study authors found.

By modeling climate conditions during theice ageglacial maximum the period when ice covered the most land mass the researchers discovered that advancing glaciers could have effectively isolated habitat "refuges" from each other, allowing genetic differences to evolve in separated animal groups.

Their findings help to fill in the picture of how ancient climate change affected not only the western spotted skunks, but possibly other animals as well large and small that shared the skunks' habitats across the southwestern U.S. And this could help scientists predict how ecosystems and their inhabitants might be affected by present-day climate change, Ferguson said.

"If we have data from rodents, bats, small carnivores, large carnivores, reptiles, birds, we can say, 'How as a whole would theSonoran Desert communityrespond potentially to climate change across the board?' You can make these general predictions of how climate change might affect an entire community not just a single species," he told Live Science.

The findings were published online May 3 in the journalEcology and Evolution.

Original article onLive Science.

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