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Category Archives: Transhuman News
Newly identified method of gene regulation challenges accepted … – Phys.Org
Posted: June 15, 2017 at 8:47 pm
June 15, 2017
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have discovered an unexpected layer of the regulation of gene expression. The finding will likely disrupt scientists' understanding of how cells regulate their genes to develop, communicate and carry out specific tasks throughout the body.
The researchers found that cellular workhorses called ribosomes, which are responsible for transforming genes encoded in RNA into proteins, display a never-before-imagined variety in their composition that significantly affects their function. In particular, the protein components of a ribosome serve to tune the tiny machine so that it specializes in the translation of genes in related cellular pathways. One type of ribosome, for example, prefers to translate genes involved in cellular differentiation, while another specializes in genes that carry out essential metabolic duties.
The discovery is shocking because researchers have believed for decades that ribosomes functioned like tiny automatons, showing no preference as they translated any and all nearby RNA molecules into proteins. Now it appears that broad variation in protein production could be sparked not by changes in the expression levels of thousands of individual genes, but instead by small tweaks to ribosomal proteins.
'Broad implications'
"This discovery was completely unexpected," said Maria Barna, PhD, assistant professor of developmental biology and of genetics. "These findings will likely change the dogma for how the genetic code is translated. Until now, each of the 1 to10 million ribosomes within a cell has been thought to be identical and interchangeable. Now we're uncovering a new layer of control to gene expression that will have broad implications for basic science and human disease."
Barna is the senior author of the study, which will be published online June 15 in Molecular Cell. Postdoctoral scholars Zhen Shi, PhD, and Kotaro Fujii, PhD, share lead authorship. Barna is a New York Stem Cell Robertson Investigator and is also a member of Stanford's Bio-X and Child Health Research Institute.
The work builds upon a previous study from Barna's laboratory that was published June 1 in Cell. The lead author of that study was postdoctoral scholar Deniz Simsek, PhD. It showed that ribosomes also differ in the types of proteins they accumulate on their outer shells. It also identified more than 400 ribosome-associated proteins, called RAPs, and showed that they can affect ribosomal function.
Every biology student learns the basics of how the genetic code is used to govern cellular life. In broad strokes, the DNA in the nucleus carries the building instructions for about 20,000 genes. Genes are chosen for expression by proteins that land on the DNA and "transcribe" the DNA sequence into short pieces of mobile, or messenger, RNA that can leave the nucleus. Once in the cell's cytoplasm, the RNA binds to ribosomes to be translated into strings of amino acids known as proteins.
Every living cell has up to 10 million ribosomes floating in its cellular soup. These tiny engines are themselves complex structures that contain up to 80 individual core proteins and four RNA molecules. Each ribosome has two main subunits: one that binds to and "reads" the RNA molecule to be translated, and another that assembles the protein based on the RNA blueprint. As shown for the first time in the Cell study, ribosomes also collect associated proteins called RAPs that decorate their outer shell like Christmas tree ornaments.
'Hints of a more complex scenario'
"Until recently, ribosomes have been thought to take an important but backstage role in the cell, just taking in and blindly translating the genetic code," said Barna. "But in the past couple of years there have been some intriguing hints of a more complex scenario. Some human genetic diseases caused by mutations in ribosomal proteins affect only specific organs or tissues, for example. This has been very perplexing. We wanted to revisit the textbook notion that all ribosomes are the same."
In 2011, members of Barna's lab showed that one core ribosomal protein called RPL38/eL38 is necessary for the appropriate patterning of the mammalian body plan during development; mice with a mutation in this protein developed skeletal defects such as extra ribs, facial clefts and abnormally short, malformed tails.
Shi and Fujii used a quantitative proteomics technology called selected reaction monitoring to precisely calculate the quantities, or stoichiometry, of each of several ribosomal proteins isolated from ribosomes within mouse embryonic stem cells. Their calculations showed that not all the ribosomal proteins were always present in the same amount. In other words, the ribosomes differed from one another in their compositions.
"We realized for the first time that, in terms of the exact stoichiometry of these proteins, there are significant differences among individual ribosomes," said Barna. "But what does this mean when it comes to thinking about fundamental aspects of a cell, how it functions?"
To find out, the researchers tagged the different ribosomal proteins and used them to isolate RNA molecules in the act of being translated by the ribosome. The results were unlike what they could have ever imagined.
"We found that, if you compare two populations of ribosomes, they exhibit a preference for translating certain types of genes," said Shi. "One prefers to translate genes associated with cell metabolism; another is more likely to be translating genes that make proteins necessary for embryonic development. We found entire biological pathways represented by the translational preferences of specific ribosomes. It's like the ribosomes have some kind of ingrained knowledge as to what genes they prefer to translate into proteins."
The findings dovetail with those of the Cell paper. That paper "showed that there is more to ribosomes than the 80 core proteins," said Simsek. "We identified hundreds of RAPs as components of the cell cycle, energy metabolism, and cell signaling. We believe these RAPs may allow the ribosomes to participate more dynamically in these intricate cellular functions."
"Barna and her team have taken a big step toward understanding how ribosomes control protein synthesis by looking at unperturbed stem cells form mammals," said Jamie Cate, PhD, professor of molecular and cell biology and of chemistry at the University of California-Berkeley. "They found 'built-in' regulators of translation for a subset of important mRNAs and are sure to find more in other cells. It is an important advance in the field." Cate was not involved in the research.
Freeing cells from micromanaging gene expression
The fact that ribosomes can differ among their core protein components as well as among their associated proteins, the RAPs, and that these differences can significantly affect ribosomal function, highlights a way that a cell could transform its protein landscape by simply modifying ribosomes so that they prefer to translate one type of genesay, those involved in metabolismover others. This possibility would free the cell from having to micromanage the expression levels of hundreds or thousands of genes involved in individual pathways. In this scenario, many more messenger RNAs could be available than get translated into proteins, simply based on what the majority of ribosomes prefer, and this preference could be tuned by a change in expression of just a few ribosomal proteins.
Barna and her colleagues are now planning to test whether the prevalence of certain types of ribosomes shift during major cellular changes, such as when a cell enters the cell cycle after resting, or when a stem cell begins to differentiate into a more specialized type of cell. They'd also like to learn more about how the ribosomes are able to discriminate between classes of genes.
Although the findings of the two papers introduce a new concept of genetic regulation within the cell, they make a kind of sense, the researchers said.
"About 60 percent of a cell's energy is spent making and maintaining ribosomes," said Barna. "The idea that they play no role in the regulation of genetic expression is, in retrospect, a bit silly."
Explore further: In creation of cellular protein factories, less is sometimes more
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Again we're shocked to discover that the higher energy environment our solar system experiences, the greater the tightening and finite organizing we see at the cellular level. What will we find only to lose it as our system passes out of higher energy is astonishing. Looking thru this lens of higher energy in past cycles reforms myths into potential truths.
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Newly identified method of gene regulation challenges accepted ... - Phys.Org
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Cancer’s Big Infrastructure Problem – Forbes
Posted: at 8:47 pm
Forbes | Cancer's Big Infrastructure Problem Forbes That medicine is targeted against cancers caused by mutations in a particular gene, called TRK, but used in many different types of cancer. "The obvious solution is for patients to have their genes tested routinely, and for clinical trials to be ... |
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Cancer's Big Infrastructure Problem - Forbes
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Dynamic DNA helps ward off gene damage, study reveals – Phys.Org
Posted: at 8:47 pm
June 15, 2017 DNA double helix. Credit: public domain
Researchers have identified properties in DNA's protective structure that could transform the way scientists think about the human genome.
Molecules involved in DNA's supportive scaffoldingonce thought to be fixedgo through dynamic and responsive changes to shield against mutations, the research shows.
Experts say this finding is crucial to understanding DNA damage and genome organisation and could impact current thinking on DNA-linked diseases, including cancers.
In human cells, DNA is wrapped around proteins to form chromatin. Chromatin shields DNA from damage and regulates what genetic information can be reada process known as transcription.
Researchersled by the University of Edinburghshowed that a chemical called scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) binds to specific molecules known as caRNAs to form a protective chromatin mesh.
For the first time, this mesh was shown to be dynamic, assembling and disassembling and allowing the structure to be flexible and responsive to cell signals.
In addition, loss of SAF-A was found to lead to abnormal folding of DNA and to promote damage to the genome.
SAF-A has previously been shown in mouse studies to be essential to embryo development and mutations of the SAF-A gene have repeatedly been found in cancer gene screening studies.
Scientists say the findings shed light on how chromatin protects DNA from high numbers of harmful mutations, a condition known as genetic instability.
The studypublished in Cellwas carried out in collaboration with Heriot Watt University. It was funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC).
Nick Gilbert, Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh's MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, said: "These findings are very exciting and have fundamental implications for how we understand our own DNA, showing that chromatin is the true guardian of the genome. The results open new possibilities for investigating how we might protect against DNA mutations that we see in diseases like cancer."
Cutting-edge techniques used in the study were developed by the Edinburgh Super-Resolution Imaging Consortium, which is supported by the MRC, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Professor Rory Duncan, Head of the Institute for Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering at Heriot-Watt University said: "The molecules involved in this study are as small to humans as Jupiter is large. The bespoke microscope techniques that we developed to understand these very tiny structures are important not only for this project but for all of biology."
Explore further: In fruit fly and human genetics, timing is everything
Journal reference: Cell
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Video: Florida sheriff urges people to arm up and prepare. Outrage ensues – Hot Air
Posted: at 8:47 pm
In Brevard County, Florida, Sheriff Wayne Ivey has made a name for himself as being one of the most politically incorrect people in law enforcement. And by his own admission, hes fine with that. But hes drawn national attention for a new video which his department released this month, encouraging people to arm themselves and learn how to fight to protect their own lives and families in the event of a spontaneous terror attack such as weve been seeing around the globe. Its about six minutes long and is quite well produced, so give it a look.
Despite what youll see in the various media attacks being launched against him, Ivey isnt foaming at the mouth or spouting conspiracy theories. Nor is he encouraging anyone to break the law or do things they arent personally comfortable with. Hes simply reminding citizens that the cops cant be everywhere at once and sometimes it takes time for them to respond to reports of an attack. That delay may cost you your life or that of your loved ones if you arent able to defend yourself.
Ivey ranges all over the place in defense of his position, citing everything from news coverage of actual terror attacks using low tech weaponry to quotes from Sun Tzus Art of War. (Every battle is won or lost before its ever begun.) He encourages those with concealed carry permits to have their weapons on their person at all times where legally allowed. (Your firearm isnt going to do you any good at home when youre out of the house.) But for those who choose not to keep firearms, he asks them to get training on how to use other forms of weaponry ranging from tasers to golf clubs to chairs or even fire extinguishers.
That sort of advice should be the type of common sense which most everyone can get behind, right? Who are we kidding. People are tearing him apart over it. (Daily Mail)
The video attracted a barrage of both positive and negative comments on Facebook, although many criticized the sheriff for exaggerating the level of threat and spreading fear.
One commenter wrote: How is this helpful? The point of terrorism is to scare people and get a panicked response from them, to disrupt their everyday lives with anxiety.
You are doing far more harm than good by trying to get everyone armed and on edge.
And as usual, you wont need to look very far to find the same sentiments (and worse) on social media.
That was predictable, I suppose. Even if hes not insisting everyone have guns, the anti-gun groups cant stand to hear about anyone suggesting fighting back. Sheriff Ivey seems to have clear eyes when it comes to the possibility of an attack by jihadist forces, but not quite so much when it comes to the home front. Perhaps he should have kept one other old adage from Sun Tzu in mind. If you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles if you do not know your enemies nor yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle.
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Video: Florida sheriff urges people to arm up and prepare. Outrage ensues - Hot Air
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LETTER: Yearbook censorship is left-wing gone amok – Courier-Post – Cherry Hill Courier Post
Posted: at 8:47 pm
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They have taken their cue from the left-wing media, and dictate whatever they choose to show the American people.
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The Courier-Post 2:46 p.m. ET June 15, 2017
Grant Berardo, a Wall High School junior, saw his image digitally altered with a plain black T-shirt in his yearbook. Mike Davis
Wall Township High School junior Grant Berardo's T-shirt was digitally altered in the school's yearbook.(Photo: Courtesy of Joseph Berardo, Jr.)
Thank you, Courier-Post, for publishing the article Teens T-shirt censored in yearbook about Grant Berardo, the Wall Township High School junior who chose to have his yearbook photo taken while wearing a Trump T-shirt. He was very disappointed when it was Photoshopped and shown in the yearbook with the Trump logo removed. He was not breaking any of the schools dress codes.
Wall school superintendent, Cheryl Dyer, said that she was investigating who was responsible. I was pleased to hear that. In this case, it was discovered later that day that the guilty party allegedly was the adviser of the yearbook and has now been suspended. This only demonstrates how emboldened the snowflakes have become. They may feel that it is their privilege to take it upon themselves, fearing no ill consequences for their actions.
They have taken their cue from the left-wing media, and dictate whatever they choose to show the American people. Where has much of our freedom of speech gone? Or is it only for the left? I can see now why President Donald Trump tweets. It is really one of the few avenues left open for the president to get the truth out to the people.
Mickie Shea
Marlton
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LETTER: Yearbook censorship is left-wing gone amok - Courier-Post - Cherry Hill Courier Post
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Facebook Aims to Start Debate on Censorship, Fake News – Variety
Posted: at 8:47 pm
Variety | Facebook Aims to Start Debate on Censorship, Fake News Variety Facebook is getting ready to explain itself. The social media juggernaut kick-started an effort to more openly debate questions of free speech and censorship, false and misleading news and the impact social media has on democracy Thursday, announcing a ... Facebook requests input on hard questions about censorship and ... Facebook wants your inputs regarding censorship, false news, and ... Hard Questions | Facebook Newsroom |
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Facebook Aims to Start Debate on Censorship, Fake News - Variety
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Blood Drive Creator Talks Grindhouse, Censorship, Cop Erections – Den of Geek US
Posted: at 8:46 pm
There a lot of shows that call themselves groundbreaking, but the 13 episodes of Blood Drivereally will test the barriers of speed, tone, and language.
While many shows that would tout themselves as groundbreaking might take that role seriously, Blood Drive takes itself ridiculously. This is part of what makes it so different. Sure, the series from Syfy and Universal Cable Productions takes on such weighty subjects as fracking, corporate greed and police brutality, but it never gets heavy enough to slow the pace, gasps or laughs.
Den of Geek spoke with the driving forces behind Blood Drive before the checkered flag drops. Lead actors Christina Ochoa, Colin Cunningham, and Alan Ritchson parked themselves long enough to discuss characters, themes, and production notes. But they all did it with the enthusiastic giggles of artists given a chance to go full throttle.
They were given the keys to this monstrous machine by the shows creator and writer James Roland, who was getting coffee on shows like Mad Men and Weeds before this, and showrunner John Hlavin, best known for writing the screenplay for Underworld Awakening and episodes of The Shield. Between gales of laughter, heres what they told us.
Den of Geek: Ill be asking this to everyone: How many times did you have to take the driving test before you passed?
James Roland: It was actually who we had to kill. John had me kill somebody.
Did Syfy give you any shit about language? The first episode is called The Fucking Cop and theres one episode called The Fucking Dead. Was there a problem with that? Because when we turn on cable and hit the info button, we see these things.
James: They were cool about it
John Hlavin: That one in particular, because the title we knew we would be on DVRs, we were somewhat concerned but, honestly, Syfy from a content standpoint, really gave us quite a bit of rope. Wouldnt you say, James?
James: Yeah, we talked about it at first, saying uh oh, what are you going to do? It was like real far out. But once they started seeing the cuts and they started getting into it, I remember at one point S&P said something like give us a couple weeks, we need to wrap our heads around this. I think of all the battles they had to fight, that became the one they didnt even have to worry about. So they were pretty great about it. I think were going to be the first, on their network at least, show that doesnt bleep fuck. Thats what I heard, I dont have that confirmed. So, yeah, it was kind of a free-for-all with the language. It was great.
I can bleep out the unconfirmed bit later. So there werent intense production note sessions like the ones between Slink and Heart Enterprises?
James: Theres a lot of fun stuff with that. Almost everything Slink says, I think youre referring specifically to episode three?
Yes.
James: Almost everything thats on those note calls is our twisted variation on actual notes calls. All the stuff with the executives throughout the show, its all based in truth. But also totally focused through our crazy lens.
I love the way you play with censorship. You use visual puns. My favorite is the cops erections. How much leeway are you really giving him?
John: First off, can we just say, please put that in your article, that you have stated that that is your favorite part. The thing is, it made the show feel more salacious than it was. There were times we were covering up things that actually, probably, could have been okay, and there were times we did it to get around things. There were times we were gonna do things that we ended up not doing, but we were having a lot of fun with pulling that ride on that bar, playing with censors. We were very lucky, in this regard, at Syfy and UCP. They were really supportive of the vision of what the show was and how it evolved as we moved forward into a kind of a commentary on what its like to make a television show. They were really gracious about it.
Also, to James point, we were very aware of the fact when they were giving us notes that there was an excellent chance those notes were going to wind up in some form or another coming out of Slinks mouth in a critical, critical way.
James: Later on Slink starts really interacting more with the executives at Heart. We were originally spoofing, giving these Easter Egg references to our executives and we had trouble clearing those names. Then we just said, what are we hiding the salami for? Lets just call them the names of our executives. Then it be became, not to give away too many spoilers, but a lot of those executives dont make it. We were afraid how they would take it. Like, oh my god, are we crossing a line, killing off our executives? And they loved it and then it became a request. They started asking can so and so get in the show? Can you kill this person? They loved it.
Okay, I want to work at Heart Enterprises. What should I put on my resume?
James: The fact that you want to work there alone is almost enough to get you in.
John: Yeah, you probably better talk to your bosses about that.
James: Well, we talked a lot about that. We actually had an ethos for Heart Enterprises, to put a method behind the madness. Cos its so easy to just have a Machiavellian villain, you see this in comic book movies, you think, why are they going about things this way, when it would be more convenient for the sake of plot. We really talked about how, because they are so evil, they dont care if they have a faulty product. If their iPhones blow up and kill ninety people, they say great. Like the same way they did with the Joker from The Dark Knight, where he works for Chaos and goes about things that might actually destroy him just because he has that methodology. Thats what were talking about with Heart. Its about the amount of chaos. Its the collateral damage that makes the company what it is.
At one point we talked about an intern seeing that first day at Heart Enterprises and what it takes to get in. But they literally, youll find this out a little later in the show, they actually do recruit psychos. They talk about their hiring practices. Some of that will be in the show in later episodes.
Will they be working on their dental plan?
James: Exactly. Theyll have to have a good one to keep up.
You mention that Slink is a Machiavellian character, or is he the ultimate company man?
James: Youll have to find out. In the first couple episode one of the things that was fun was putting such a powerful character. Hes a god to the racers. But whos the god to the god? Whos the step above that? We had a lot of fun with that. Whenever you see Slink at Heart Enterprises you get to see people that actually have more power than him, and what thats like. It actually makes him more of a dimensional character, too, than just the standard villain.
John: A lot of what we realized after we cast Colin and started to watch him work that there was a lot more to play in that character. A lot of credit goes to Colin as well for really finding who he was and letting us play with it once we realized that his voice was so specific. He did a truly amazing job bringing that guy to life. Theres a lot of ways he could have gone with that character and he went a way we didnt see coming even though James had written very interesting ideas, he found layers that made him more interesting than we had even thought of. So, many kudos to Colin for that.
Have you ever grossed yourself out with an effect you thought up yourself?
[Evil laughter] James: I wanted really badly, but we couldnt afford it, to make a perfect human rubber filled with strawberry jam to feed into the engine so we could see the whole thing from start to finish. But even what we ended up with was pretty horrible, a man getting his head chewed up. What the show did to Christopher in that chamber, I think in episode 4.
John: Episode 4 was our point of no return.
James: That wasnt an effect but, James Roday directed that episode, some of that was hard to watch.
Yeah, some of the stuff they were throwing up against the walls...
John: Kudos, by the way, to both those actors. They just showed up and fucking grabbed these parts and got inside of them, James was on set the entire time in Cape Town. We were always blown away here in LA, wed get the dailies and there just wasnt a bad performance. Everybody really embraced their roles and James Roday did a great job in bringing them out and capturing them. We were really, from the very first set of dailies, we heard from UCP that day, and Syfy, and they said Holy shit. I dont think they expected it to be as good as we thought could be. And then it was actually better than we all expected.
I love how you go from monster-of-the-week episodes, to changing styles from one style of grindhouse to the next. How did you come up with those dynamics?
James: That was almost an accident. When I pitched the premise to my manager, before it was even written, I phrased it as a grindhouse TV show, Road Trip Through a Grindhouse World, and he lit up and said write that, write that. I had the premise before that but never thought of it in that way. Then it naturally leaned into, if youre going to have a road trip, you might as well have a story of the week. It seemed very natural.
Grindhouse isnt a cinematic movement or genre. It was specifically a place that played exploitation films. Its endless the amount of styles and artistry that was going into that, good or bad. It was a really fertile ground to pick from. So how do we control that? Each week they just drive into a different movie. That seemed to click with everybody. It helped them wrap their heads around the world that we created.
The next challenge was how to fuck people up, especially on a lower budget. Kudos to the crew down there, and our directors, David Straiton really helped form the whole world. David directed four of the 13 episodes. But he was also down there every day as an executive producer and he really worked to form not only the look of the show, but how we went about shooting it, and how we went about creating a different look and a different vibe for each episode.
We were also in a place, I think a lot of shows tell their crews and tell their guest directors, we want your thumb print to be on this show, but they dont really mean it. For us, it was totally the case. I saw a lot of wide-eyed directors down there filled with excitement and fear. They were given the reins artistically. In episode 5 there was a whole set that was built that defies gravity. It switches gravitational pull into different directions. None of that was scripted. The director in that episode worked with the production designer to create this whole concept. He took a scene that was a pretty straightforward scene and turned it into this little miracle, an awesome moment. I dont think theres a lot of shows that give their directors or their department heads creative freedom like that. It just let people off the hook. Our costume designer, Danielle Knox, and our production designer, Andrew Orlando, come from this grindhousy kind of world. They love those kinds of movies so they just pulled it off fast. They really leaned into the challenge of making a 45-minute movie of a different genre every week and god knows how they managed to pull it off.
James: Yes, we talked about Videodrome in the writers room. We talked a lot about Cronenberg. We really described the world as if Roger Corman and David Cronenberg helped god create the world. Because Roger Corman is a visionary in a lot of ways. He gets knocked down a lot because of the quality of his pictures, but a lot of them are better than people give him credit for. I just saw The Man With the X-Ray Eyes at a little festival and its the damnedest film. Even though some of its pretty dated and the low budget.
But then you take Cronenberg who lived in this world of schlocky, weird shit, man, but theres an intelligence to it. No matter how silly it got theres always a gravity that would kind of surprise you, or an imagery that would unsettle you and was very striking. And that was, especially in the side of the world that Christopher [Thomas Dominique] and Aki [Marama Corlett] and Heart Enterprises have, we talked about Cronenberg quite a bit.
I spoke with Corman for the newest Death Race reboot, and he saw it as a social commentary, so Im wondering: The Scar is caused by fracking, is this ultimately ecologically conscious grindhouse?
John: Truthfully, not really as much as you think. I mean were always in the room, certainly thinking about the world at large, but we werent necessarily trying to make an allegory. The number one rule for us was entertain, and if there was a chance to have a little fun with satire, we would lean into that direction. Certainly in the world that James created where gas is extraordinarily expensive, you see that water is being fought over. We never thinking of it as a future dystopia, we were always framed it as a stark vision of 1999.
The fracking thing, at the time of the writing, it was kind of on the decline. It may increase again under the new administration. But we heard all the horror stories of what could happen with fracking. It made a great place to indicate that to be so dependent on these fossil fuels is inherently evil because eventually theyll be gone and then what will happen?
James: The scar also is something that evolved for us.
John: So we put those together. The stuff coming out of the Scar went beyond oil. For the basis of that need to destroy something so you can live for a time in greater comfort, the stuff coming out of the scar was perfect. Its just pure evil. Its selfishness and greed and all those things. Theres nothing altruistic about it. It takes you to your worst place.
James: The concept of fracking, which just personifies the way we treat the world, were hurdling through space on this thing we call our home and were cracking it and breaking it and sucking it dry. I understand why we need oil for stuff like that. Im not crazy, but from the other perspective, its like, what the fuck are we doing? So when we struck upon that idea, even calling it the Scar was intentional. We have to face the fact that weve permanently hurt ourselves. All of that stuff was intentional, but Johns right. Ultimately, theres not much we can do about this, so lets have fun with it.
I also saw commentary in small details, like how the cops make their quotas in teeth. Did that come from living in LA?
James: Yeah, all that stuff, like the cameras being judge, jury and executioner, was from how everyone thought mounted cameras have been shown statistically to make everything better. All the interactions between policemen and civilians go smoother because everyones being watched and everyones on their best behavior. But that could so easily shift, because if one side controls where that data goes, then who is actually watching and who is supervising? We tried to pull all of those things. Things that are actually going on in our world and try and twist it and make it as terrible as possible.
Christina Orchoas great uncle is a Nobel prize-winning biochemist. Were you tempted to go to him for the science behind running a car on human blood?
James: We dont need to go to him. We can go to her, man. Shes one of the smartest people Ive ever met. She had some fun with that. She runs in very elite scientific circles. At least elite by my standards. At some point she actually did have somebody working on whether it was possible, and the answer is no. We always knew that. There is going to be a certain amount of people who watch the show who go its impossible for cars to run on human blood. But its impossible for a person to turn into a wolf and run around during the full moon too. Monsters have always been metaphors and these cars, theyre just the monsters of the show, in many ways. But she totally went down that road too and had a lot of fun with it.
Which character best represents you on the show?
James: John you go first.
John: Oh my god. I guess, probably as the showrunner, when you see Slink arguing with executives or putting up with whatever he puts up with, when we were in the room, those things we discussed. But honestly, all these things came out of Rolands insane head. You wouldnt know that from meeting James, hes the nicest guy in the world, but theres some dark shit up there.
James: My wife always likes to say that I split myself in half and one half was Arthur and the other half was Slink, which is weird. I think Arthur kinds of clings to his morality and his demanding of rules and that chaos shouldnt be going on. Even in the face of impossible odds. Our show is a David and Goliath story and theres no fucking way Goliath would have lost. Lets face it. Its a myth for a reason. I basically took that part of my personality and put it into a body I will never have and that would be Arthur. And all of the writers and key creators of the show are connected with Slink in that kind of way because everybody is scared of this thing that they create. That this thing they put all this work into is going to go out there and everyones going to tear it apart and shit on it or not like it. Try to make it their own. Every artists feels that way when theyre creating something.
So Slink was a way to live out those dark desires. We see that in the first trailer, you try to give me notes and Im going to throw a knife in your chest. It sounds creepy to say, but its wish fulfillment. Im friends with all our executives, we have a great working relationship. Its not to say that that obviously is all hyperbole and ridiculousness. But when you like somebody and they hesitate and go, ah, but lets talk about things I dont like, that always sucks. Theres no way that doesnt suck. It makes sense that writers and creators really connect with Slink.
Is there really much difference between making a show like this and working on Shield or Madmen?
John: Well theres a huge budgetary difference. For my part, Im not sure now, the Blood Drive experience was very different. Because every time you have an idea, we have great writers on this show and we would sit in a room together and, normally, when youre writing a show, someone will say oh this is a crazy idea, we could never use this. That was always the idea on Blood Drive we would end up using. There was no boundary to what we could do, as long as we hung on to the narrative of the story, we had a lot of freedom.
The downside to that is, if the canvass is too big, you can end up being a little sloppy. I think we guarded against that by making sure we never did quote unquote gags or went to an easy gag. We always tried to keep it connected to our world. I would say and I dont think this is hyperbole there is nothing like Blood Drive on the air, at least not to my knowledge. And I cant even remember a time when it was. Its sort of a one-hour action-drama with a lot of comedy but its also inside of a genre that for some reason, I dont think even Netflix has a comparison, there nothing that does grindhouse. And James will tell you that when we were premiering this thing at the Egyptian he made the point that was really smart. When youre making a show for this little money its not grindhouse, it forces to you have to make grindhouse decisions. We didnt have the money to shoot certain things so we had to figure it out the way they had to figure it out in the 70s and the 80s, when they didnt have the money.
If you freeze screen the first episode youll see that theres a guy driving early on. It was fairly obviously a male driver with a wig and a goatee, not Christina. And we were going back and forth on what to do and James emailed us and said, hey if this is grindhouse we leave it. You just have to defend your buddy. Like other shows Ive worked on, in terms of another show Im running now, youd would always fix it. You would worry that these little details would ruin the experience but on Blood Drive those little details actually enhance the experience.
James: Well, on those other shows, I was grabbing coffee. But all of that rings true. That was the challenge and the hurdle we faced every week in the writers room was how crazy can we get? Great. We always said lets use the crazy a safety net never as a crutch, because if we fail on a scene its gonna be weird enough with tension to be enjoyable, but you never want to depend on that. you want to try and build up a character-driven scene in the middle of an action sequence just like any other show.
Stunt driving, is it any easier now than it was in the seventies because of the effects they didnt have then?
John: Roland, go ahead.
James: One of the things that saved us was being able to do all the car stuff on a sound stage, but also we knew, even on Madmen. I loved Madmen, and there werent many shows that looked as good as Madmen, and yet when they did driving, and it was green-screen driving you could very much tell that it was green-screen driving. It was the best green screen driving on TV, but it was still green screen driving. We went the other way. We actually used rear projection for the driving and used a videogame engine to generate the exteriors. We could alter the angles of the sun. We could alter everything in that environment around those cars at a reasonable price because we also blew it out and did these cool silver things. So it didnt have to be 100 percent photorealistic David Straiton and our EVP Huroan LEay came up with this amazing way to kind of shoot through glass and these weird filters to give this really cool effect to the inside of the car. That saved our ass.
In the seventies, theyd be shooting this thing for real. With a guy in the back seat with a mounted camera or it you would have to make a process trailer, which takes forever. So, yeah, I think that definitely saved our ass and modern technology saved our ass. We always said that it would. We look at 16 millimeter film through this nostalgic lens and it certainly looks beautiful, but if Corman had a digital camera they would have grabbed it in an instant. As long as the aesthetic was okay, and they didnt care about aesthetic to a certain degree but ultimately it was how do we get this done. We couldnt have made this show if we didnt have modern technology.
I have a sense that the 10 million is a bait and switch. Im afraid to ask, but is the Blood Drive a larger audition that theyre on?
John: Its gonna take you to a place where, we felt when we got to the end of this thing, there were some surprises for us. James came in with a five-year plan for the show and at the end of the season we always get to a more interesting place if it sticks to James original vision. After this whole thing has made its run, lets get on the phone again and talk about it.
Do you remember your first cars?
John: Mine was a 1988 honda Civic. 1980.
James: Better than mine, I dont know year but I had a 3 cylindar Geo Metro, I didnt even know it was possible. It was basically a golf cart.
John: James was in such a daze when he got back from Cape Town, cos he had just gotten a new car that had been in a car in a garage for six months that, the first time you drove it, didnt you crash it?
James: Yeah, I pulled out to the end of the driveway. Looked left, looked right and pulled right in front of somebody, It was a pretty fitting welcome home to America after leaving to film car insanity.
I take it that neither of you were big drag racers.
John: Theres not much drag racing in Clevland, Ohio.
James: I think the reason why we focused on Classic American Cars as much as possible is the artistry, I love them. The Camero is a gorgeous piece of art. Its incredible. Weve gotten away from that, to a certain degree. But also somebody asked me, one of the writers, you must be really into cars and stuff. I said, well, I wrote a show where cars literally destroy the world and then turn into monsters. Car culture is a two headed beast. I love vehicles as much as any other red-blooded American but theres a price for that. The pride that we put into these things literally emit poisons as you drive them., Were seeing the long-term ramifications of that. That was always the metaphor: a beautiful red Camero and when you open the hood, theres something dark underneath.
Blood Drivepremieres on Syfy on June 14th.
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John Robson: A radical future isn’t just coming. It’s arriving, now, and perhaps we should give some thought to it? – National Post
Posted: at 8:45 pm
Oh dear. I have seen the future and I think it works. So if were going to worry wed better get moving because it certainly is.
I say all this after my first day at Moses Znaimers 18th ideacity conference (you can watch the free live stream at ideacity.ca, and that is also where the talks will be archived), where it was clear by lunch that many medical breakthroughs I thought decades away are at the door or in the vestibule. As for lunch itself, get ready for beef made from plants that you cant tell from the real thing. I know. I ate some. Im telling you, this stuff isnt just coming. Its here.
We got a fascinating look at the rapid evolution of organ transplants, including a machine wheeled out on stage with a pig lung inside being aerated, irrigated and generally kept alive. I never thought before about what the outside of a lung looks like. Very cool, and very practical. But were not just talking better lung transplants.
In the near future it would not just be possible for two men or women to have a biological child. One person could be both father and mother
Were talking titanium bones, designer children and artificial wombs. And while I dont know that preventative repair medicine will ever really let us live forever, barring accidents, one presenter argued convincingly that in the near future it would not just be possible for two men or women to have a biological child. One person could be both father and mother, using a sperm and an egg manufactured from their skin cells. But wait. You also get
Gene sequencing for that or any other child. Eliminating genetic defects that cause inherited degenerative diseases is hard to oppose. But why stop there? All sorts of things are drawbacks in life, including being short. And we may soon be able to edit them out with the new, astonishingly fast and cheap CRISPR/Cas9 method. Or its successors successor.
Dont get me wrong. The conference has been thought-provoking, rigorous yet accessible and highly relevant, including a fascinating, high-spirited talk on the human digestive tract. But its also been disquieting.
Presenter Andrew Stark did warn that living forever might bring all the pains we associate with mortality without even any prospect of an end to them. He said the problem isnt that we die, its that we live in time. And if hes right, then doing it longer, taller and sexier with custom earlobes wont help. (The immortality that writers like C.S. Lewis and Russell Kirk depict involves a radically different relationship to time that no amount of technique can deliver.)
A number of other speakers also touched on the need to debate the ethical issues. I myself would prefer to debate the morality but on the way to turning plants into meat and skin into sperm, scientific technique evidently transformed that old junk from the everyday concern of ordinary people to the arcane preserve of experts who have, sadly, no fixed points by which to navigate. Once we can choose what is right, in biology or morality, we have no basis for preferring any particular choice, which paradoxically gives us no place to stop and no basis for proceeding either.
To pick one example from the buffet, a presenter enthused about, as he put it, producing beef, pork or chicken from plants. But if were not stuck getting meat from a cow, why are we stuck with cow meat? Why not bork or picken? Or something radically new? To infinity and beyond!
But if were not stuck getting meat from a cow, why are we stuck with cow meat? Why not bork or picken? Or something radically new? To infinity and beyond!
If I were at the conference to cast my habitual pall of gloom over such prospects I would caution that many of our current problems stem from decades of exactly this blithe confidence and blind determination to improve on nature through technique. Food science, ingeniously combining heat, pressure and chemicals to turn plants into things never before eaten, from margarine to high fructose corn syrup, with flavours unknown to nature, already gave us Jacked Ranch Dipped Hot Wings Doritos that, Mark Schatzker notes in The Dorito Effect, have 34 ingredients. And it gave us an obesity crisis. How likely is it that food that tastes, smells, and otherwise behaves even less like what it is will make us healthy and happy next time?
I would also note that the tone of ideacity is, unsurprisingly, strongly environmentalist. Yet these projects are so stunningly unnatural that one presenter concluded cheerfully with Its Brave New World, possibly unaware that Huxleys novel was an agonized cry of warning and protest. But Im not here to cast a pall of gloom over such visions. Im here to cast a pall of gloom over the UN on Friday.
So for now Im a weatherman, whose main job is not to complain that wind blows dust into your eyes. Its to say theres wind coming, or a gale or even a hurricane. And the experts gathered here already convinced me a radical future is blowing in hard. And fast.
National Post
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John Robson: A radical future isn't just coming. It's arriving, now, and perhaps we should give some thought to it? - National Post
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Humans of the near future – Raconteur
Posted: at 8:45 pm
A new breed of human is on its way. Transhumanists are a group who seeks to accelerate the evolution of humanity through science and technology. Oliver Pickup investigates the movement, the implications for humankind and asks, is it morally wrong to augment humans?
The worlds preeminent cyborg artist, Neil Harbisson (pictured above), has been stopped several times a day, every single day, since March 22, 2004. Its impossible for him to forget the date: that Monday, 13 years ago, he had an antenna fixed to his skull in order to hear colour. The attention generated by the unique appendage can be really tiring, London-born Harbisson admits to Raconteur. But, he believes, such sights will be the norm, and sooner rather than later thanks to the inexorable march of technology.
Initially people questioned whether my antenna was a reading light, says the 34-year-old, who sees in grayscale but can sense colours (the majority of which are beyond the visual spectrum) 360 degrees around him through audible vibrations. By 2005 those who approached me thought it was a microphone; in 2007 most reckoned it was a hands-free device; and the following year a lot of them suggested it could be a GoPro camera. In 2012 the top guess was something to do with Google Glass, and more recently a selfie stick has been popular. Lately, people shout Pokmon atme.
Similarly, officials at Her Majestys Passport Office didnt quite know what to make of Harbissons antenna to begin with. On the photograph I submitted I argued that it was not electronic equipment but a new body part, and that I felt that I was a cyborg, a union between cybernetics and organism, he continues. Im not wearing technology; I am technology. It doesnt feel that Im wearing anything, its just an integrated part of my body; its merged with my skull so it is part of my skeleton. There is no difference between an arm, my nose, an ear, or my antenna. In the end, they agreed and allowed me to appear in my passport photograph with theantenna.
Harbisson had no real issue adjusting to sleeping with an antenna atop his head, but there were other teething problems. As I had become taller, at the beginning I would bump into doors upon entering cars, and get stuck in branches of trees, he says. And I would struggle to put jumpers on. I had to become used to the organ, the body part, as well as get used to the new sense, and it took a while. Having a new sense is something that most people have never experienced. It transforms your life because you perceive absolutely everything differently.
Moon Ribas, Harbissons Catalan partner and fellow cyborg artist who he met when the pair studied at Dartington College of Arts in Devon, has two implants in her arms that allow her to perceive the seismic activity of the Earth and the Moon. Formerly, she warped her vision for a three-month period by using kaleidoscope glasses, and would wear earrings that quivered depending on the velocity of people moving behindher.
For fun, the out-there couple enjoys linking to satellites using NASAs live feed from the International Space Station. Instead of using my eyes to see the images, I simply connect the antenna to the data that comes from the satellites, and then I receive vibrations in my head, depending on the colours, Harbisson says. They have so many sensors in space that are collecting data, but no-one is actually looking at it. I feel Im a sensestronaut or a mindstronaut because my senses are in space while my body is here onEarth.
Mindstronauting aside, its been a busy year for Harbisson, and a significant one for the future of humanity, with cyborgs in the ascendancy. At Marchs South by Southwest the annual conglomerate of film, interactive media, music festivals and conferences held in Austin, Texas Harbisson, Ribas, and BorgFest founder Rich MacKinnon presented a draft of the declaration of cyborg rights and also introduced an accompanying flag which you can only detect if you can senseinfrared.
We believe it should be a universal right for anyone to have a new sense or a new organ, argues Harbisson. Many people can identify strongly with cybernetics without having any type of implant, and there has been a lot of support. There may even be a cyborg pride parade in Austin nextyear.
Additionally, in February his startup Cyborg Nest, co-founded with Ribas in 2015, began shipping its first product, North Sense a $425 DIY embeddable device that gently vibrates when the user faces magnetic north. (Mind-boggling pipeline projects, kept under wraps, reportedly include silent communication using Bluetooth, a pollution-detecting device, and eyes in the back of thehead.)
Im not wearing technology; I am technology
Cyborg Nest is just one of a growing cluster of biohacker startups offering a variety of sense-augmenting implants, with body enhancements, prosthetics and genetic modifications are increasingly popular. Pittsburgh-based Grindhouse Wetware, for instance, has been developing implantables since 2012, such as Circadia, a device that sends biometric data wirelessly via Bluetooth to a phone or tablet, and Northstar, which allows gesture recognition and can detect magnetic north (as well as the rather gimmicky feature of mimicking bioluminescence with subdermal LEDs).
What does it mean to be human? The answering of this existential puzzler has powered progression for millennia, but now, as nascent technologies fuse physical, digital and biological worlds, it has never been more complex, and critical, to define the age-old question. Alarmingly, we are hurtling inexorably towards the singularity a hypothetical point when artificial intelligence advances so much that humanity will be irreversibly disrupted. But, in fact, the migration from man to machine has alreadystarted.
Entering Sir Tim Berners-Lee the Briton who created the World Wide Web 28 years ago into a Google search throws up almost 400,000 results. That figure is almost six times fewer than transhumanism, a movement few have heard of, yet one which is beating the heart of progress, albeit beneath theradar.
The touchstone definition from a 1990 essay by Dr. Max More, the Oxford University-educated chief executive officer of Arizona-based Alcor Life Extension Foundation, states: Transhumanism is a class of philosophies of life that seek the continuation and acceleration of the evolution of intelligent life beyond its currently human form and human limitations by means of science and technology, guided by life-promoting principles andvalues.
The benefits would be even broader across the whole of society if everybody got a little bitsmarter
A raft of tech billionaires are considered either de facto transhumanists or are fully signed up to the movement. Luminaries include Peter Thiel, the PayPal co-founder and Facebooks first professional investor worth an estimated $2.7 billion by Forbes, Elon Musk, of Tesla Inc. and SpaceX fame, Google co-founder Sergey Brin, and according to H+Pedia (an online resource that aims to spread accurate, accessible, non-sensational information about transhumanism) Facebooks CEO Mark Zuckerberg.
Dr. Anders Sandberg, a research fellow at Oxford Universitys Future of Humanity Institute, suggests that transhumanism questions the human condition, and tells Raconteur: It is in many ways a continuation of the humanist project, seeing human flourishing as a goal, but recognising that human nature is not fixed. Rather than assume it is all going to be an entropic mess, transhumanism suggests that many serious problems can be solved and that we do have a chance for a greatfuture.
There are practical, utilitarian, reasons why submitting ones body to technology makes sense at least to Dr. Sandberg and his fellow transhumanists. Consider that the Government spends 85.2 billion on education every year; even a slight improvement of the results would either be a huge saving or enable much better outcomes, he continues. One intelligence quotient (IQ) point gives you about a two per cent income increase, although the benefits would be even broader across the whole of society if everybody got a little bitsmarter.
Childhood intelligence also predicts better health in later life, longer lives, less risk of being a victim of crime, more long-term oriented and altruistic planning controlling for socioeconomic status, etc. Intelligence does not make us happier, but it does prevent a fair number of bad things from divorce to suicide and unhappiness.
While Dr. Sandberg suggests that the aforementioned DIY grinder self-surgery movement problematic he is firmly in favour of self-experimentation and bodyhacking. He flags up the apparent triumph of Elizabeth Parrish, CEO of Seattle-based BioViva, who in September 2015 underwent what her company labelled the first gene therapy successful against human ageing; it was claimed that the treatment had reversed the biological age of Parrishs immune cells by 20years.
The Swede is also optimistic about the prospect of mind uploading, or whole-brain emulation, as he prefers to call it. He acknowledges that the enabling technology is decades away but believes we could become software people with fantastic benefits: no ageing; customisable bodies; backups in case something went wrong; space travel via radio or laser transmission; and existing as multiplecopies.
Little surprise, then, that Dr. Sandberg is keen on cryonics the deep-freezing of recently deceased people in the belief that scientific advances will revive them and is fully signed up for Dr. Mores Alcor, the largest of the worlds four cryopreservation facilities. It currently houses 117 patients, who are considered suspended, rather than deceased: detained in some liminal stasis between this world and whatever follows it, or does not, Irish author Mark OConnell writes in To Be a Machine on the subject of humans of thefuture.
For Dr. Sandberg, the $200,000 cost of whole-body perseveration is justifiable as it would be irrational not to take the negligible odds that technologic advances will revive him, at some point. Sure, the chance of it working is small say five per cent but that is still worth it to me, he says. And after all, to truly be a human is to be a self-changing creature.
David Wood, chairman of London Futurists, counters that question by firing a cluster of his own, asking Raconteur: Is it morally wrong to teach people to read, or vaccinate people? Is it morally wrong to extend peoples lives by using new medical treatments, or seek a cure for motor neurone disease, or cancer, or Alzheimers? They are all forms of augmentations.
Having warmed up the Scot, who boasts two degrees from Cambridge University (his thesis for the second was entitled Philosophy in the wake of quantum mechanics), launches his next salvo. Recall the initial moral repugnance expressed by people when heart transplants first took place, he continues. Or when test-tube babies were created, or when transgender operations were introduced. This moral repugnance has, thankfully, largely subsided. It will be the same, in due course, for most of the other enhancements foreseen by transhumanists.
Wood, a science-fiction lover from childhood, was switched on to transhumanism in the early 2000s, after reading The Age of Spiritual Machines, a seminal book written by futurist Ray Kurzweil, who would later be personally hired by Google co-founder Larry Page to bring natural language understanding to the organisation. Famously, the American author has predicted that the singularity is on course to happen in 2045,though many critics dismiss his forecast as fanciful anddogmatic.
We could become software people with fantastic benefits
Regardless, transhumanism is on the rise in Britain. The UK Transhumanist Association (UKTA) used to half-jokingly refer to themselves as six men in a pub, says Wood, who in July 2015 co-founded H+Pedia The UKTA was superseded, in stages, by London Futurists which covers a wider range of topics and we now have over 6,000 members in our Meetup group.
So, what does the near future hold forhumanity?
We can envision ever larger gaps in capability between enhanced humans and unenhanced humans, adds Wood. This will be like the difference between literate and illiterate humans, except that the difference will be orders of magnitude larger.
Transhumanists anticipate transcending the limitations which have been characteristics of human experience since the beginnings of Prehistory: ageing; death; and deep flaws in reasoning. Maybe once that happens, the resulting beings will no longer be calledhumans.
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Facebook’s secret weapon for fighting terrorists: Human experts and AI working together – TechRepublic
Posted: at 8:44 pm
Facebook had declared that it is actively fighting terrorism online, and it is using artificial intelligence (AI) to do so. In a Thursday blog post, the company detailed its strategy for removing terrorist content from Facebook, and how it's working to protect users from such material.
The post said that radicalization typically occurs offline, but there's no denying that the internet is a major communication channel for terrorist groups around the world. The Islamic State (ISIS) is thought to have hundreds of social media accounts, even doing recruiting drives on social media.
It's a massive problem, and Facebook wants to help solve it.
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"We remove terrorists and posts that support terrorism whenever we become aware of them," the blog post said. "When we receive reports of potential terrorism posts, we review those reports urgently and with scrutiny. And in the rare cases when we uncover evidence of imminent harm, we promptly inform authorities."
With billions of users speaking some 80 languages, the post noted, the challenge is enormous. But Facebook said it believes that AI can act as a solution.
One of the ways that the technology can help is by matching images and videos to known terrorist content. The hope is that the company would be able to prevent other accounts from uploading a photo or video that was previously removed from the site for its ties to terrorist activity, the post said.
Facebook's systems are also looking out for language. Text that praises extremist groups, or seems to be promoting the work of terrorist groups, can be recognized and flagged for removal. The site also uses signals to determine if a particular page is a central location for a terrorist cluster so they can remove it, the post said.
According to the post, Facebook is also working harder to eliminate fake accounts used to circumvent the site's policies. The company is also attempting to tackle terrorist activity on WhatsApp and Instagram as well, the post said.
AI isn't the only solutionpeople are also a big part of Facebook's anti-terrorism strategy. In addition to reports and reviews from its Community Operations team, Facebook is also employing some 150 counter-terrorism experts as well, including academic experts, former prosecutors, former law enforcement agents, analysts, and engineers, the post said. And if a threat is imminent, a separate Facebook team communicates with law enforcement.
Additionally, specialized training, partner programs, industry collaboration, and government partnerships all play a role in Facebook's work against terrorists online.
Image: iStockphoto/ventdusud
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