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SPECIAL REPORT: Bioengineered food labeling: ‘They kind of shot in the middle and missed every constituency’ – FoodNavigator-USA.com

Posted: September 29, 2022 at 1:01 am

The NationalBioengineeredFood Disclosure Standard(NBFDS) which narrowlydefines bioengineered foods as those that contain detectable genetic material that has been modified through certain lab techniques and cannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature kind of shot in the middle and missed every constituency,"observes Nate Ensrud, VP, US technical services, certification, and food safety solutionsatFoodChain ID, which helps firms to comply with the standard.

For some stakeholders in the natural foods industry, he says,it missed the mark,both in scope (the definition fails to capture thousands of products that have been produced with genetic engineering) and application (many objected to bioengineered vs GMO as the chosen terminology and the option to use digital disclosures on food labels).

For other stakeholders who believeslapping a blanket statement about bioengineering (which has thousands of different applications) on a jar of pasta sauce is about as useful as saying 'science was used to make this product," the NBFDS in its current form is just acostlybureaucratic headachewithout any obvious consumer benefit.

A major sticking point is the definitionof bioengineered, which excludes meat and dairy from animals fed GM feed, incidental additives, and highly refined oils and sweeteners made from GM crops such as soybean oil and high fructose corn syrup if they contain no detectable modified DNA.

Gene-edited foods, in turn, occupy something of a grey area. They may not contain detectable genetic material that has been modified through traditional rDNA techniques, but how easy is it for a third party to determine if gene-edited material meets the definition ofcannot be created through conventional breeding or found in nature?

Back in the day, says Ensrud, We were mostly talking about a series of crops that very obviously had genes inserted to express different traits.

"But since then, theres been a substantial proliferation of gene-edited products, products made using synthetic biology and so on, and while the [alternative meat, egg, and dairy]movement used to be pretty aligned, this is not the case anymore [as anyone following the social media debate about whether 'biotech' companies should be allowed to exhibit at Natural Products Expo West can see].

For example, under the NBFDS, firms deployingsynthetic biologyto re-tool the DNA of microbes to produce everything from flavors, sweeteners, and colors to animal-free collagen, egg, or dairy proteins are not required to label their ingredients as 'bioengineered' if there is no detectable level of the genetically modified host micro-organism in the final product.

This means that milk, ice cream, or cream cheese containing Perfect Days animal-free whey protein, which is expressed by a genetically engineered strain of fungi in a fermentation tank; or beverages containing Cargills EverSweet Reb M sweetener, made by GM bakers yeast, will not trigger a bioengineered label, if no GM material is detectable in the final ingredient.

However, burgers containing Motif FoodWorks 'meaty' animal-free heme protein myoglobin which is also made in a fermentation tank using a pichia pastoris yeast strain probably will trigger a bioengineered disclosure under the NBFDS, as trace amounts of the host microbe may be in the final product, says the company.

But even for exactly the same ingredient - myoglobin - no two companies producing this via fermentation are necessarily subject to the same labeling requirements when it comes to bioengineered food, saysBelgian startup Paleo, which has engineered a strain of pichia pastoristo express myoglobin in an extra-cellular fashion (it's secreted outside the cell).

This means its easier to separate myoglobin from the yeast cells during downstream processing and purification, such that Paleo'smyoglobin would not trigger bioengineered labeling in the US and would not be subject to EU GMO regulations, argues co-founder Hermes Sanctorum.

"Weve tested our heme proteins through PCR and there is no recombinant DNA whatsoever in our products.

The difficulty for companies trying to navigate this minefield is that the NBFDS doesn't really talk much about microbes"or much less explain how you label them with the exception of something like certain probiotics where genetically engineered bacteria might be the end product itself [rather than a production platform for something else], notes Ensrud.

To further complicate matters, he says:Then theres a really vague section of the of NBFDS that says if a company has actual knowledge its using something bioengineered, even if a food is not on the BE list, it is supposed to make a disclosure, which feels like a throwaway line, but how do you determine that?

He adds:We don't know a lot about how this will be enforced because the USDA has been clear that they're not going to be proactively enforcing this, but will be reliant on complaints. And so far, we havent seen very many well-structured complaints that can help us say, these are the areas that companies are going to challenge, and I don't know that it's going to be one of the first areas people think about because microbes are not included in the list of bioengineered foods.

USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) has so farreceived just seven complaints alleging violations of the standard, said a spokesperson.

"If anyone suspects a violation may have occurred, they can file a written complaint with the AMS administrator by mail or on the AMS website. The administrator determines whether reasonable grounds exist for an investigation of the complaint, and if so, may request records from the entity responsible for disclosure. Based on those records, AMS will make its findings available to the regulated entity and provide them with an opportunity for a hearing. After the hearing, or if a hearing was not requested, once AMS has finalized its findings, AMS will make public a summary of the results of the investigation."

AMS does not have the authority to issue a recall or impose civil penalties for violations of the standard. However, states may adopt identical requirements and impose remedies for violations of their standards, explained the spokesperson. "USDA is not aware that any state has acted to impose such remedies."

The detectability factor makes practical sense, argue many stakeholders: if there's noGMOactually in the food, why should you have to label it?

But for organizations such as the Non-GMO Project that take issue withgenetic engineering in the food supply chain per se, whether there's actually any 'modified genetic material' left in soybean oil or a natural flavor is hardly the point, notes Ensrud.

Their goal is to establish a GMO-free supply chain, and so the gap between their definition of what should be labeled GMO and the NBFDS is an ocean wide.

Having said that, the Non-GMO Project has arguably gained traction as a result of all this confusion, given that foods without bioengineered labels are not necessarily Non-GMO given the narrow scope of the federal law, prompting shoppers that care about avoiding genetic engineering to seek outthe butterfly logo while shopping if they want to be sure.

So what about disclosure options, which like everything else in theNBFDS, have generated a lot of controversy? The standardpermits multiple options:

Aspects of the digital disclosure options have just been successfully challenged in a lawsuitbrought by the Center for Food Safety and others, with a court sending USDA back to the drawing board to make revisions consistent with Congressional requirements around consumer access.

So what does this mean for companies currently using the QR code or text message option? According to Ensrud, We did see some companies choose to use the QR code, but not a large majority by any means. The ones that were choosing QR codes told us they liked the flexibility, as perhaps they were still trying to remove some bioengineered foods from their supply chain and would move from having to disclose to not having to disclose, which would require a change in labels, which can be costly and laborious.

The opposite is also possible. If a company has to make an emergency shift from a non-GMO source to a GMO source for an ingredient [not that unusual given current supply chain volatility], it would likely change the labeling requirements. For companies that have less settled supply chains, this change in requirements could make things more difficult.

Sam Jockel, a senior associate at law firm Alston & Bird, noted that There is still an opportunity for either USDA or the plaintiffs in this case to appeal theruling, which I am watching for.

According to George Kimbrell, legal director at the Center for Food Safety, which filed the lawsuit challenging many aspects of the NBFDS, The Court did not set a deadline, but under law agencies cannot unduly delay such action and must complete it in a reasonable time.

Should the order ultimately stand, said Jockel,it appears that USDA would have discretion in terms of timing as the court did not set any deadlines for USDA to conduct its post-remand proceedings.

For those who think this means that the QR code will go away, added Jockel, The statute passed by Congress requires an electronic/digital link disclosure as one of the options along with the text and symbol, so the QR code option is not going away.

The Consumer Brands Association said it is still reviewing the court order, but added:"We plan to stay engaged during the forthcoming rulemaking and legal process, especially considering the potential impact on the companies using QR codes or texts. Consumer Brands will also continue supporting the valuable role digital disclosures play in boosting consumer transparency through programs like SmartLabel.

Jockel also noted that the scope of the products that require mandatory disclosure is actually subject to change.

Companies will want to watch for any updates to thelist of BE Foodsas AMS is required to review and consider updates on an annual basis. As the judges order put it in reference to the agencys regular updates to the List of BE Foods, AMS did not ignore the likelihood of progress. As evidence of that, the agency is currently proposing to expand the list to include insect-resistant sugarcane.

Greg Jaffe, biotechnology project director at the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), told us that an informal surveyconducted in his local Giant grocery store earlier in the year found that almost no companies use the symbol on the package with most seeming to opt for the bioengineered food or contains a bioengineered food ingredient option, although several brands had adopted QR codes.

My informal survey also found many foods disclose even though they probably only have highly refined ingredients, so companies are clearly erring on the side of giving more information to the consumer than might be required.

So has the law helped consumers make informed choices? Or are blanket references to bioengineered foods just wallpaper to busy shoppers?

I think that the law has provided consumers who want to know this information, more information than they would receive without the law, said Jaffe, who described it as a step in the right direction in terms of transparency, in part because companies were not providing this information voluntarily anywhere for the consumer who wanted it.

He added:I dont think many consumers look for this information or make purchasing choices based on it. With that said, for many consumers, knowing that there is transparency and information is available is important (i.e. knowing that information that some people might want is not hidden or inaccessible).

Asked about the growing number of ingredients produced by genetically engineered microbes, he said:Many ingredients made with engineered organisms also will not require disclosure, but I think it is important that those companies are transparent and provide information to consumers about the origin of the ingredients in their products, whether or not it has to be disclosed as bioengineered.

Being transparent with consumers will build trust, educate consumers about the use of biotechnology in foods, and allow for consumer choice.

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Genome Editing Market 2022-2029 : Industry Projections Featured by Existing Research Methodologies and Assumptions 2029 The Colby Echo News – The…

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A progressive report titled Genome Editing Market launched by Fior Markets contains extensive genuine information on the market which connects with the clients to plan the future interest and perform the right implementation. The report extensively researches global Genome Editing market insights, dynamics, trends, and future opportunities. It presents an in-depth analysis that has been projected to assemble substantial returns by the end of the forecasted timeline from 2022 to 2029. The report has extensively investigated and statistically analyzed vital market elements.

The report guides every businessman for their future innovation and moves the business forward by providing all market data, insight, and expert analysis with easily digestible information. The report comprises an in-depth analysis of the global Genome Editing industry which aims to deliver a comprehensive market intelligence study associated with major market components. Our dedicated team of experts has delivered this report with accurate data extracted from trusted sources. The market report delivers detailed information about the alterations in the types of product, its innovation, and its advancements.

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In the segmentation analysis, the report provides an assessment of all the segments such as the type of product, application, and region. The segments are studied with regard to their market share, turnover, growth rate, and other vital factors. The global Genome Editing market report further offers a dashboard overview of leading companies encompassing their successful marketing strategies, market contribution, and recent developments in both historic and present contexts. The research comprises primary information about the products.

The prominent players of the market are:

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Horizon Discovery Limited, GenScript, Eurofins Scientific, Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Oxford Genetics, Synthego, Vigene Biosciences, Integrated DNA Technologies, OriGene Technologies, Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals, Agilent Technologies, Genecopoeia, and Precision Biosciences,among others.

Global Genome Editing Market Analysis and Forecast, By Technology: ZFN, TALENs/MegaTALs, CRISPR/Cas9, Others

Global Genome Editing Market Analysis and Forecast, By Application: Cell Line Engineering, Plant Genetic Engineering, Animal Genetic Engineering, Other Applications

The countries covered in the global Genome Editing market report are:

North America (U.S. , Canada, Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Spain, Rest of the Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan India, Rest of APAC), South America (Brazil and Rest of South America), Middle East and Africa (UAE, South Africa, Rest of MEA).

The report covers the dominating players along with their market share in the global Genome Editing market. This section of the study document reveals a complete profile of the companies with capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and technological developments. It contains an analysis of competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

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Contact UsMark StoneHead of Business DevelopmentPhone: +1-201-465-4211Email: sales@fiormarkets.comWeb: http://www.fiormarkets.com

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Creative Biolabs Unveils One-Stop BsAb Solutions at 13th Annual World Bispecific Summit – Digital Journal

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Its a great honor for Creative Biolabs to participate and exhibit at the 13th Annual World Bispecific Summit and showcase the one-stop bispecific antibody solutions covering services and products involved in the whole pipeline of antibody discovery.

New York, USA September 28, 2022 The 13th World Bispecific Summit gathering of bi-, tri-, and multispecific drug discovery and development scientists, has come to an end. With years of devotion to the advancement of biotechnology, Creative Biolabs is highly honored to exhibit at this great event on September 20 and would like to take this opportunity to thank all of clients and partners for stopping by booth #2 this year, and to thank the host, Hanson Wade, as well as the presenters and participants for making this summit a success!

The on-site scientist team elaborately prepared gifts and brochures and hope that all the guests enjoyed their visits and came away with relevant solutions to their inquiries. At the exhibition, Creative Biolabs also presented one-stop bispecific antibody (BsAb) solutions covering the services involved in the whole pipeline of antibody discovery, including but not limited to:

BsAb design: target-based and MOA-based design

BsAb engineering: bispecific fusion, BsAb conjugates, bispecific IgG generation, etc.

BsAb purification: protein A/G/L chromatography, tag-based purification, etc.

BsAb analysis: biochemistry characterization, stability analysis, PK/PD analysis, etc.

BsAb manufacturing: genetic engineering, chemical conjugation, hybrid-hybridoma, etc.

The dedicated team is ready to go above and beyond to support clients projects with custom BsAb products, as well as a full list of recombinant antibody products and antibody engineering services.

We appreciate the critical role that academic and industrial scientists play in the path of improving human health as they diligently pursue further scientific innovation and discovery. We would love to participate in these events to meet and connect with more researchers, and we are also dedicated to promoting biotech research by providing trustworthy products, services, and innovative ideas. said a scientist from Creative Biolabs at the 13th World Bispecific Summit.

Explore innovative BsAb solutions and stay up-to-date on the upcoming events at https://www.creative-biolabs.com/bsab.

About Creative Biolabs

With more than a decade of exploration and expansion, Creative Biolabs has been dedicated to offering services on antibody discovery, engineering, production, and analysis. Especially, the bispecific antibody (BsAb) team has gathered a collective of experienced scientists committed to providing high-quality services to customers all over the world, covering BsAb design, purification, engineering, manufacturing, and BsAb analysis service. Besides, a variety of standard or customized BsAb products are also available for different research applications.

Media ContactCompany Name: Creative BiolabsContact Person: Candy SwiftEmail: Send EmailPhone: 1-631-830-6441Country: United StatesWebsite: https://www.creative-biolabs.com/bsab

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Creative Biolabs Unveils One-Stop BsAb Solutions at 13th Annual World Bispecific Summit - Digital Journal

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The Global Protein Therapeutics Market size is expected to reach $490.2 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 6.9% CAGR during the forecast…

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ReportLinker

Protein therapeutic medicines are a class of pharmaceuticals used to treat a range of illnesses, including cancer, metabolic, hematological, immunological, hormonal, genetic, contagious diseases, and others.

New York, Sept. 28, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Protein Therapeutics Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Product, By Application, By Regional Outlook and Forecast, 2022 2028" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p06322275/?utm_source=GNW These medications could greatly enhance human health. Protein distribution in appropriate amounts to the body to enable the precise functioning of various glands, as well as other organs in the body, is the basic concept behind protein therapy, which is conceptually related to gene therapy.

Genetically modified versions of naturally produced human proteins are called therapeutic proteins. They can be utilized to swap out proteins that are defective or lacking in a particular condition. They can also increase the supply of a helpful protein, which helps lessen the effects of chemotherapy or sickness. The proteins produced by genetic engineering can be made to closely match the natural proteins they are meant to replace, or they can be improved by the addition of sugars and other compounds that prolong the proteins activity.

A protein that is defective or lacking in a certain condition can be replaced with therapeutic proteins. They can also increase the bodys production of a helpful protein to lessen the effects of illness or chemotherapy. The proteins produced by genetic engineering may closely resemble the natural proteins they are intended to replace, or they may be improved.

Covid-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic severely hampered the economy all over the world. A number of businesses were significantly demolished by the abrupt emergence of the pandemic. Moreover, several manufacturing and production facilities were closed owing to the outbreak due to the lockdown imposed by various governments within their countries. The protein therapeutics market was also disrupted in the initial period of the pandemic. Lockdown caused major delays within the development and delivery of crucial medical supplies. Attributed to this, the production of therapeutic protein was impeded.

Market Growth Factors

An increase in the cases of cancer across the world

One of the major factors that are driving the growth of the protein therapeutics market is the expansion in the prevalence of various types of cancer all over the world. Any disease that can affect any region of the body is referred to as cancer. Neoplasms and malignant tumors are other words that are used to denote this disease. One characteristic of cancer is the quick development of aberrant cells that expand outside of their normal borders, infiltrate other body components, and eventually move to other organs. This process is known as metastasis. The main reason why cancer patients die is because of widespread metastases within their bodies.

Rising focus of governments and regulatory bodies in accelerating the process of approval for this practice

A significant number of people in various developed, as well as developing nations who suffer from uncommon and complex diseases, depend on plasma-derived therapies every day as essential, life-saving medications. The need for these treatments, in particular immunoglobulins, has grown significantly and is still growing on a global scale. Plasma-derived therapies are treatments made from human plasma through a fractionation procedure in which the pertinent plasma proteins are isolated. The single largest component of human blood is called plasma, which is made up of proteins, salts, enzymes, and water. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, bleeding disorders, inhibitor deficiencies, and other rare diseases are all treated with plasma-derived medicines.

Market Restraining Factors

High manufacturing and administration cost

A major challenge in the growth of the protein therapeutics market is the high cost of protein therapies. Because of high product prices, some therapies that patients need for a speedy and complete recovery are no longer available. In several nations, prices are additionally governed by law. Through their authority over national healthcare organizations, which can cover a significant portion of the cost of distributing drugs to consumers, government bodies restrict costs.

Product Outlook

On the basis of Product, the Protein Therapeutics Market is segmented into Monoclonal Antibodies, Insulin, Fusion Protein, Erythropoietin, Interferon, Human Growth Hormone, and Follicle Stimulating Hormone. In 2021, the Insulin segment garnered a significant revenue share of the protein therapeutics market. The rise in the growth of the segment is majorly attributed to the increasing cases of diabetes all over the world. Insulin is a natural hormone, which is produced by the pancreas. The lack of production of this hormone is the factor that stimulates the diabetes level of the human body.

Application Outlook

By application, the Protein Therapeutics Market is segregated into Metabolic Disorders, Immunologic Disorders, Hematological Disorders, Cancer, Hormonal Disorders, Genetic Disorders, and Others. In 2021, the metabolic disorders segment procured the biggest revenue share of the protein therapeutics market. The rise in the growth of the segment is due to the exponential demand for high-quality medications and adaptable therapies for the treatment of diseases, particularly diabetes, which is anticipated to support the segments growth.

Regional Outlook

Region-wise, the Protein Therapeutics Market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA. In 2021, North America held the largest revenue share of the protein therapeutics market. This is ascribed to an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, the use of cutting-edge treatments, the presence of important players, and an increase in healthcare spending in the area. Moreover, North American countries are early adopters of several new technologies and approaches.

The major strategies followed by the market participants are Acquisitions. Based on the Analysis presented in the Cardinal matrix; Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer, Inc. are the forerunners in the Protein Therapeutics Market. Companies such as Merck & Co., Inc. Amgen, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company are some of the key innovators in Protein Therapeutics Market.

The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Abbott Laboratories, Baxter International, Inc., Amgen, Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Global Services, LLC), Pfizer, Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S and Sanofi S.A.

Recent Strategies Deployed in Protein Therapeutics Market

Partnership, Collaboration and Agreements:

Aug-2022: Merck came into a collaboration with Orna Therapeutics, a biotechnology company. Following this collaboration, the companies would work on the discovery, development, and commercialization of multiple programs, encompassing therapeutics and vaccines in the sector of infectious disease and oncology.

Mar-2022: Novo Nordisk joined hands with Massachusetts Institutes of Technology and Brigham and Womens Hospital. Through this collaboration, the company aimed to leverage the distinct prospect to bring new transformational solutions to patients by utilizing its distinct capabilities.

Jan-2022: Amgen teamed up with Amgen Generate Biomedicines, a therapeutics company. Under this collaboration, the companies aimed to develop and manufacture protein therapeutics to address 5 clinical ailments.

Jan-2022: Merck teamed up with Absci, the drug, and target discovery company. Following this collaboration, Merck aimed to leverage Abscis platform to utilize its compelling opportunity intending to develop new biologic candidates as well as explore complex protein expression.

Aug-2021: Eli Lilly and Company joined hands with Lycia Therapeutics, a biotechnology company. Following this collaboration, the companies aimed to focus on the development, manufacturing, and marketing of new targeted therapeutics leveraging the proprietary lysosomal targeting chimera protein degradation technology of Lycia.

Sep-2020: Merck collaborated with Seattle Genetics, an American biotechnology company. With this collaboration, the companies aimed to further expand the oncology portfolio of Merck in order to enhance the lives of cancer patients.

Acquisition and Mergers:

Jun-2022: Pfizer took over ReViral, a privately held, clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Through this acquisition, the company aimed to integrate RSV investigational treatments of ReViral into its portfolio in order to acquire an offering of promising therapeutic candidates.

Nov-2021: Pfizer took over Trillium Therapeutics, a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company. This acquisition aimed to offer an impressive portfolio, including biologics, to Pfizer

Jul-2021: Amgen took over Teneobio, a clinical-stage biotechnology company. With this acquisition, the company aimed to leverage Teneobios antibody platform in order to complement its prevailing capabilities. Moreover, the company also aimed to gain a diverse range of building blocks that can be created into new multispecific therapeutics.

Jul-2021: Eli Lilly and Company completed its acquisition of Protomer, a pre-clinical stage biotechnology company. Under this acquisition, the company aimed to help Protomer in enhancing its diabetes range with its innovative technology.

Feb-2021: Merck took over VelosBio, a privately held clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. Through this acquisition, the company aimed to boost its expanding oncology portfolio while also strengthening its long-term growth potential.

Aug-2020: Johnson & Johnson completed its acquisition of Momenta Pharmaceuticals, a biotechnology company. This acquisition aimed to strengthen Janssens position in the autoimmune diseases sector and offer a major catalyst for sustained growth of the company.

Approvals and Trials:

Sep-2020: Baxter International received the US FDA approval for its Clinimix and Clinimix E. The new formulations aimed to complement the offerings of medical formulations with their higher protein content.

Scope of the Study

Market Segments covered in the Report:

By Product

Monoclonal Antibodies

Human Growth Hormone

Fusion Protein

Insulin

Erythropoietin

Interferon

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

By Application

Metabolic Disorders

Immunologic Disorders

Hematological Disorders

Cancer

Hormonal Disorders

Genetic Disorders

Others

By Geography

North America

o US

o Canada

o Mexico

o Rest of North America

Europe

o Germany

o UK

o France

o Russia

o Spain

o Italy

o Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

o China

o Japan

o India

o South Korea

o Singapore

o Malaysia

o Rest of Asia Pacific

LAMEA

o Brazil

o Argentina

o UAE

o Saudi Arabia

o South Africa

o Nigeria

o Rest of LAMEA

Companies Profiled

Abbott Laboratories

Baxter International, Inc.

Amgen, Inc.

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

Eli Lilly And Company

Merck & Co., Inc.

Johnson & Johnson (Janssen Global Services, LLC)

Pfizer, Inc.

Novo Nordisk A/S

Sanofi S.A.

Unique Offerings

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Global Synthetic Biology Market 2022: Diverse Range of Synthetic Biology-Based Applications Leading to Widespread Adoption – Yahoo Finance

Posted: at 1:01 am

DUBLIN, Sept. 28, 2022 /PRNewswire/ --The "Synthetic Biology Market Size, Share, Trends, By Technology, By Tools, By Application, By End-use, and By Region Forecast to 2030" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

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According to a new report, the Synthetic Biology Market size was valued at USD 9.26 Billion in 2021 and is estimated to exceed USD 75.9 Billion in terms of revenue, at a CAGR of 26.3% through 2030. Synthetic biology is an emerging field of science that deals with the design and construction of artificial biological systems for various applications. The market for synthetic biology is expected to grow at a rapid pace owing to the increasing demand for synthetic genes, proteins, and other biomolecules in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

Products produced by synthetic biology are used in pharmaceutical and biotechnology research, as well as industrial applications. Increasing government funding for synthetic biology research and the ever-expanding application areas of synthetic biology are the major drivers of this market.

Synthetic biology has a potential in DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, and other biotechnology applications. It is anticipated that the demand for synthetic biology will rise in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries for the development of new therapeutic proteins and designer microbes.

Increased amount of study data generation with dipping prices of DNA sequencing, rise in government funding and initiatives, and need for efficient disease management are the prominent drivers of the synthetic biology market. In addition, new applications in healthcare and pharmaceutical industry is another significant factor that is anticipated to fuel the growth of this market during the forecast period.

Market Dynamics

Market Drivers

Rapid Technological Advancements in the Field of Synthetic Biology

Diverse Range of Synthetic Biology-Based Applications Leading to Widespread Adoption in the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries

Rising Investments Toward Research & Development (R&D) Activities for Synthetic Biology-Based Research

Story continues

Market Restraints

Potential Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Ethical Issues Related to the Unintended or Deliberate Misuse of Synthetic Biology Techniques

Stringent Government Regulations & Guidelines

Market Segmentation

Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2019-2030)

Tools Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2019-2030)

Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2019-2030)

Medical & Healthcare Application

Artificial Tissue & Tissue Regeneration

Environment & Agriculture

Bioprocess Industry

End-use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2019-2030)

Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2019-2030)

North America

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

U.K.

France

Italy

Spain

Sweden

BENELUX

Rest of Europe

Asia-Pacific

China

India

Japan

South Korea

Rest of APAC

Latin America

Brazil

Rest of LATAM

Middle East & Africa

Saudi Arabia

UAE

South Africa

Israel

Rest of MEA

Key Topics Covered:

Chapter 1. Market Synopsis

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

Chapter 3. Indicative Metrics

Chapter 4. Synthetic Biology Market Segmentation & Impact Analysis

Chapter 5. Synthetic Biology Market By Technology Insights & Trends

Chapter 6. Synthetic Biology Market By Tools Insights & Trends

Chapter 7. Synthetic Biology Market By Application Insights & Trends

Chapter 8. Synthetic Biology Market By End-use Insights & Trends

Chapter 9. Synthetic Biology Market Regional Outlook

Chapter 10. Competitive Landscape

Chapter 11. Company Profiles

Companies Mentioned

Amyris Inc.

Ginkgo Bioworks

Codexis Inc.

Novozymes AG

Twist Biosciences

GenScrip Corporation.

Merck KGaD

Codex DNA Inc.

Eurofins Scientific Inc.

Amgen Inc.

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/vkyme3

Media Contact:

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Unravel Biosciences licenses Wyss Institute platform technology from Harvard and Tufts University to decode, model, and treat complex diseases -…

Posted: at 1:01 am

Today, Unravel Biosciences and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University announced that Unravel has licensed a drug discovery platform technology from Harvard and Tufts University. The company will use the technology, invented at the Wyss Institute, to decode and model complex diseases to accelerate the development of new and more effective therapies.

Harvards Office of Technology Development is providing an exclusive, worldwide license to Unravel for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of certain neurodevelopmental disorders using new and existing drugs developed with the platform.

The company is validating the technology by developing an effective therapy for Rett syndrome, a rare genetic disease that mostly affects girls and causes progressive loss of motor and language skills, seizures, and intellectual disabilities. By combining predictive algorithms, a high-throughput tadpole-based screening system, and an iterative discovery process, Unravel is taking a patient-centric approach to identify drugs that can restore health, first in Rett syndrome and later in other cognitive and behavioral disorders.

Unravels approach flips the traditional drug development process on its head. For the past 50 years, most pharmaceutical companies have started by identifying a molecular target of interest and then developed drugs to disrupt that target. But 90% of the drugs created via this process dont work in patients. In contrast, we start with an individual patient and ask, What is different about this patient thats causing this disease? We computationally predict which existing drugs could restore health in that patient, validate those drugs in our engineered animal models and focused clinical trials, and from there identify the underlying molecular targets that could be drugged to treat the disease across patient populations, said Richard Novak, Ph.D., a former Lead Staff Engineer at the Wyss Institute who is now CEO and co-founder of Unravel.

From DARPA project to Validation Project

The roots of the platform technology licensed by Unravel stretch back to 2015, when Novak and other members of the Wyss Institute led by Founding Director Don Ingber, M.D., Ph.D. started working on a DARPA-funded research project to identify drugs that could induce human tolerance to sepsis and other forms of infection. To figure out whether their candidate drugs might have any unexpected side effects on the brain, the team developed a cognitive assay and behavioral screening system using Xenopus laevis frog tadpoles in collaboration with Wyss Associate Faculty member Mike Levin, Ph.D.

Xenopus embryos are an amazingly tractable and powerful system for exploring the full stack of biology: from genes, to physiology, to anatomy, to behavior. The whole brain and nervous system forms in front of your eyes in a week! I was really excited about collaborating to use automated assays in this exquisite little animal to impact human medicine, said Levin, who is also the Vannevar Bush Chair of the Department of Biology and Director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University.

The scientists quickly realized that their system, called CogniXense, could be used to evaluate the effects of a wide range of drugs on the cognitive and behavioral systems of a whole organism. This would allow them to identify drugs that can restore complex mental abilities that are often impaired in neurological diseases, a metric that is important to patients but difficult to measure in standard preclinical models.

A team was formed to develop CogniXense for that purpose. Shortly thereafter, the system highly impressed a visitor to the Wyss Institute, who had a daughter with a rare genetic disease that was classified as a form of Rett syndrome. This condition, which causes debilitating physical and mental problems in the ~10,000 patients who are born with it every year, has no cure or treatment.

Ingber suggested to Novak that CogniXense could be used to identify drugs to treat Rett syndrome, and the team got to work building a Xenopus model of the disease. In their first test, they found that their model replicated behavioral differences observed between healthy patients and those with Rett syndrome. They also identified several drugs that reversed the tadpoles symptoms. Based on this potential, the team was awarded Validation Project funding from the Wyss Institute in 2018 and 2019 to further de-risk and develop CogniXense into a high-throughput and automated drug discovery platform.

CogniXense consists of three main parts. The first is NeMoCAD, a computational algorithm that analyzes the transcriptome network features of existing drugs to predict which ones are most likely to reverse the features of a given disease. Second, Xenopus tadpoles are genetically modified using CRISPR to replicate the genetic signature of the disease and the resulting spectrum of behavioral and cognitive features in as little as three weeks. Finally, the modified tadpoles are placed into a screening instrument called the TadPool, which allows real-time non-invasive analysis of more than 1,000 swimming tadpoles simultaneously.

The TadPool evaluates each tadpoles decision-making skills, ability to learn, swimming patterns, and circadian rhythms to produce a multidimensional picture of their behavior. Comparing these behaviors with and without a given drug indicates whether the drug effectively reverses the features of the disease. Drug screening results then feed back into NeMoCAD in an iterative process to identify drug targets that underlie successful treatment, which can be used to develop even more effective new drugs.

Components of the CogniXense platform are being further developed at the Wyss Institute, and are being used in its Biostasis and CircaVent projects.

Treat the patient, treat the disease

Based on CogniXenses success in the lab, Unravel was launched to commercialize the technology. The company has customized it to create their proprietary BioNAV platform, which incorporates transcriptome and proteome data from patients.

By using real patient data, we ensure that our predictive algorithms actually identify drugs that can treat a disease in a person who suffers from it. When we repeat this process for multiple patients across the spectrum of neurologic diseases and look at that combined information, we can pinpoint drugs that will work for certain groups of patients regardless of their formal clinical diagnosis or genetic mutations. So, were applying a personalized medicine approach across conditions that were previously considered independent of each other to identify effective treatments for the more than 15,000 patients who suffer from rare diseases, said Frederic Vigneault, Ph.D., a former Senior Staff Scientist at the Wyss Institute who is now the CSO and co-founder of Unravel. And, if no existing drugs can effectively treat a particular population, we use our platform to design new ones.

In July 2022, Unravel announced a partnership with TMA Precision Health (TMA) to leverage TMAs database of patients with rare diseases in regions across the globe that have historically been underrepresented in medical research. The companies are aiming to use this patient access to bring Unravels first drug candidate, a proprietary oral liquid formulation for the treatment of Rett Syndrome, to clinical trials by the end of 2022.

Unravel plans to pursue multiple rare disorders in parallel, building on the rapid clinical translation of their Rett syndrome program. The company is partnering with academic and industry groups to use patient transcriptome data to redefine how rare diseases are treated and enable effective therapies to reach patients in need more quickly.

You hear a lot about how artificial intelligence is going to impact drug discovery, but examples of success are few and far between. I am extremely proud of this team for their ability to collaborate across disciplines and to develop this powerful first-of-its-kind drug discovery platform that combines computation with experimentation in an iterative way that is absolutely critical for clinical success, as well as their determination to spin it out into a company as quickly as possible to maximize its impact. Unravel is a perfect example of how pursuit of academic innovation with an entrepreneurial mindset can lead to development of disruptive technologies that can change the world for the better, said Ingber, [BL1]who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Childrens Hospital, and the Hansjrg Wyss Professor of Bioinspired Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

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Novavax Makes One Million Doses of Nuvaxovid Available for Use in the United Kingdom – Novavax Investor Relations

Posted: at 1:01 am

Novavax Makes One Million Doses of Nuvaxovid Available for Use in the United Kingdom

GAITHERSBURG, Md., Sept. 27, 2022 /PRNewswire/ --Novavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX), a biotechnology company dedicated to developing and commercializing next-generation vaccines for serious infectious diseases, today announcedthat an initial one million doses of Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373)COVID-19 vaccine are now available for use in the United Kingdom (U.K.). Nuvaxovid is the first protein-based COVID-19 vaccine granted authorization from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and will be offered per the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advice.

"With U.K. data showing that people infected with both COVID-19 and the flu are more than five times as likely to die compared to someone with no infection1, it is more important than ever to consider any vaccine offered to you by the National Health Service," said Stanley C. Erck, President and Chief Executive Officer, Novavax. "We continue to believe in the importance of a diversified national vaccine portfolio to reduce winter pressures on the health service."

Nuvaxovid was created using Novavax' recombinant nanoparticle technology to generate antigen derived from the coronavirus spike protein and is formulated with Novavax' patented saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Nuvaxovid contains purified protein antigen and can neither replicate, nor can it cause COVID-19.

The MHRA granted Conditional Marketing Authorization (CMA) for Nuvaxovid's use as a two-dose primary series vaccine for active immunization to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in adults aged 18 and olderin February 2022,and in adolescents aged 12 through 17 in August 2022. Novavax submitted a request to the MHRA for expanded CMA of Nuvaxovid as a booster in adults aged 18 and older on June 1, 2022 and is awaiting a decision from the agency.

This medicine is subject to additional monitoring. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. If you are concerned about an adverse event, it should be reported on a Yellow Card. Reporting forms and information can be found at https://coronavirus-yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk/or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store. When reporting please include the vaccine brand and batch/Lot number if available.

Trade Name in the U.S. The trade name Nuvaxovid has not yet been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Important Safety Information: UK

For more information on Nuvaxovid, including the Summary of Product Characteristics with Package Leaflet, adverse event reporting instructions, or to request additional information, please visit the following websites:

About Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373)Nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) is a protein-based vaccine engineered from the genetic sequence of the first strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease. The vaccine was created using Novavax' recombinant nanoparticle technology to generate antigen derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein and is formulated with Novavax' patented saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Nuvaxovid contains purified protein antigen and can neither replicate, nor can it cause COVID-19.

Nuvaxovid is packaged as a ready-to-use liquid formulation in a vial containing ten doses. The vaccination regimen calls for two 0.5 ml doses (5 mcg antigen and 50 mcg Matrix-M adjuvant) given intramuscularly 21 days apart. The vaccine is stored at 2- 8 Celsius, enabling the use of existing vaccine supply and cold chain channels. Use of the vaccine should be in accordance with official recommendations.

Novavax has established partnerships for the manufacture, commercialization, and distribution of Nuvaxovid worldwide. Existing authorizations leverage Novavax' manufacturing partnership with Serum Institute of India, the world's largest vaccine manufacturer by volume. They will later be supplemented with data from additional manufacturing sites throughout Novavax' global supply chain.

About the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) Phase 3 Trials The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) continues being evaluated in two pivotal Phase 3 trials.

PREVENT-19 (thePRE-fusion protein subunitVaccineEfficacyNovavaxTrial | COVID-19) is a 2:1 randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant in 29,960 participants 18 years of age and over in 119 locations inthe U.S.andMexico. The primary endpoint for PREVENT-19 was the first occurrence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic (mild, moderate or severe) COVID-19 with onset at least seven days after the second dose in serologically negative (to SARS-CoV-2) adult participants at baseline. The statistical success criterion included a lower bound of 95% CI >30%. A secondary endpoint was the prevention of PCR-confirmed, symptomatic moderate or severe COVID-19. Both endpoints were assessed at least seven days after the second study vaccination in volunteers who had not been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. In the trial, the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine achieved 90.4% efficacy overall. It was generally well-tolerated and elicited a robust antibody response after the second dose in both studies. Full results of the trial were published in theNew England Journal of Medicine(NEJM).

The pediatric expansion of PREVENT-19 is a 2:1 randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and efficacy of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine with Matrix-M adjuvant in 2,247 adolescent participants 12 to 17 years of age in 73 locations in the United States, compared with placebo. In the pediatric trial, the vaccine achieved its primary effectiveness endpoint (non-inferiority of the neutralizing antibody response compared to young adult participants 18 through 25 years of age from PREVENT-19) and demonstrated 80% efficacy overall at a time when the Delta variant of concern was the predominant circulating strain in the U.S.Additionally, immune responses were about two-to-three-fold higher in adolescents than in adults against all variants studied.

Additionally, a trial conducted in the U.K. with 14,039 participants aged 18 years and over was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded study and achieved overall efficacy of 89.7%. The primary endpoint was based on the first occurrence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic (mild, moderate or severe) COVID-19 with onset at least seven days after the second study vaccination in serologically negative (to SARS-CoV-2) adult participants at baseline. Full results of the trial were published inNEJM.

About Matrix-M AdjuvantNovavax' patented saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant has demonstrated a potent and well-tolerated effect by stimulating the entry of antigen-presenting cells into the injection site and enhancing antigen presentation in local lymph nodes, boosting immune response.

About NovavaxNovavax, Inc. (Nasdaq: NVAX) is a biotechnology company that promotes improved health globally through the discovery, development, and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. The company's proprietary recombinant technology platform harnesses the power and speed of genetic engineering to efficiently produce highly immunogenic nanoparticles designed to address urgent global health needs. The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, has received authorization from multiple regulatory authorities globally, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the European Commission, and the WHO. The vaccine is currently under review by multiple regulatory agencies worldwide, including for additional indications and populations such as adolescents and as a booster. In addition to its COVID-19 vaccine, Novavax is also currently evaluating its COVID-19-Influenza Combination vaccine candidate in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial, its quadrivalent influenza investigational vaccine candidate, and an Omicron strain-based vaccine (NVX-CoV2515) as well as a bivalent format Omicron-based / original strain-based vaccine. These vaccine candidates incorporate Novavax' proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate high levels of neutralizing antibodies.

For more information, visit http://www.novavax.com and connect with us on LinkedIn.

Forward-Looking StatementsStatements herein relating to the future of Novavax, its operating plans and prospects, the ongoing development of NVX-CoV2373, NVX-CoV2515 and bivalent Omicron-based / original strain based vaccine, a COVID-seasonal influenza combination investigational vaccine candidate, its quadrivalent influenza investigational vaccine candidate,Novavax' plans to supplement existing authorizations with data from the additional manufacturing sites in Novavax' global supply chain,the scope, timing and outcome of future regulatory filings and actions, including potential recommendations and authorizations from the MHRA, JCVI or any other regulatory authority, additional worldwide authorizations of NVX-CoV2373 for use in adults and adolescents, and as a booster, the potential impact and reach of Novavax and NVX-CoV2373 in addressing vaccine access, controlling the pandemic and protecting populations, the efficacy, safety intended utilization, and the expected administration of NVX-CoV2373 are forward-looking statements. Novavax cautions that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, challenges satisfying, alone or together with partners, various safety, efficacy, and product characterization requirements, including those related to process qualification and assay validation, necessary to satisfy applicable regulatory authorities; unanticipated challenges or delays in conducting clinical trials; difficulty obtaining scarce raw materials and supplies; resource constraints, including human capital and manufacturing capacity, on the ability of Novavax to pursue planned regulatory pathways; challenges meeting contractual requirements under agreements with multiple commercial, governmental, and other entities; the emergence of variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that may negatively impact market acceptance or anticipated sales of NVX-CoV-2373; and those other risk factors identified in the "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections of Novavax' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We caution investors not to place considerable reliance on forward-looking statements contained in this statement. You are encouraged to read our filings with the SEC, available at http://www.sec.gov and http://www.novavax.com, for a discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements in this statement speak only as of the date of this document, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any of the statements. Our business is subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, including those referenced above. Investors, potential investors, and others should give careful consideration to these risks and uncertainties.

References

Contacts:

InvestorsErika Schultz | 240-268-2022ir@novavax.com

MediaAli Chartan or Giovanna Chandler | 202-709-5563 media@novavax.com

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What does DNA stand for? Learn more about this important molecule!

Posted: at 12:59 am

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and it is one of the most fascinating things you ever saw. Perhaps you remember it from school, but do you remember everything there is to it? This hard-to-pronounce name comes from its structure, a sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone (acid) with units called bases sticking out from it located in the cells nucleus.

DNA is the chemical molecule that carries genetic information in all living things. It is passed on from one generation to the next and holds the key to our survival on the planet. Almost every single one of the cells in the body contains an exact copy of DNA. This is due to a characteristic that sets it apart from any other molecule: the ability to copy itself.

In 1869, Friedrich Miescher was the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid. By 1952, it was confirmed that DNA is the molecule responsible for the passing of genetic information. Since then, scientists have engaged in an authentic race into knowing more about it. This has led to remarkable discoveries and so many practical uses, especially in the medical field. You have probably heard stuff about cloning or the production of insulin in a lab. All of that and so much more stem from our understanding of this structure.

But what does it look like?

As you have seen in many images, including the one above, DNA looks like a twisted ladder. The rungs of a DNA molecule stand for small chemical bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The side rails are composed of units called nucleotides, which are made of two substances: a phosphate group and a sugar.

Erwin Chargoff discovered in 1949 that even though different organisms have different amounts of DNA, the amount of adenine was always the same as thymine, and the amount of cytosine was always the same as guanine. This led to the conclusion that the ladder is composed of only A-T and C-G runs, called complementary bases, positioned in specific sequences that codify for particular characteristics.

But lets take a closer look at this fascinating and unique molecule to understand why it is so fundamental to the perpetuation of life.

This molecules chemical composition can be split into three major structural parts: a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA is a polymer made of units called nucleotides. These nucleotides are joined together in rows through the chemical bond between the phosphate group of one and the deoxyribose sugar of the next and so on.

The two railways or backbones are joined together through weak hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases (adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine).

This is like the boring part of DNA since it is a repetitive sequence, one after the other. Here we find the acidic phosphate group of one nucleotide bonded to the deoxyribose sugar of the next to form a long line of nucleotides.

You can think of these as the exciting part of DNA. The nitrogen or nitrogenous bases make up the letters of your genome. The adenine from one strand bonds with the thymine of the other and the cytosine with guanine, creating an A-T and C-G order particular to each organism.Together with a deoxyribose and phosphate of the backbone, a nitrogenous base pair forms a nucleotide the monomer of the large nucleic acid polymer.

Now that you know that DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, have you ever wondered why it is classified as an acid? Thats because it is!

Does the word phosphate remind you of phosphoric acid? The acidity of DNA comes from this phosphate group.An acid is defined as a substance that releases protons. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), for instance, releases three protons. The only difference between phosphoric acid and the phosphate group is the replacement of two protons with protons from the sugar molecule of the nucleotide. The remaining proton is what makes the entire molecule acidic.

Typically, genetic material is found in the cells nucleus, where it never leaves. However, a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA).

This DNA is cut in segments tightly coiled in the nucleus into structures called chromosomes. In humans, DNA is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total). This means that all the cells in your body contain this number of chromosomes packed inside the nucleus. This number varies among organisms. Corn, for example, has 20 chromosomes total in each cell, while dogs have 78.

Your sex cells (sperms in males and ovules in females) contain only half that number of chromosomes, which, when combined with your couples sex cell, will create an entire being with the complete set of 46.

In its physical composition, DNA has the shape of a ladder that naturally coils into the famous double helix shape due to its weight and structure.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a double helix as a helix or spiral consisting of two strands in the surface of a cylinder that coil around its axis. This definition applies especially to the structural arrangement of DNA.

The term was popularized by the 1968 book by James Watson (one of the discoverers of the DNA structure) titled The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA.

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered this model of DNA in 1953, upon the grounds of the work of Rosalind Franklin, an X-ray crystallographer who took an X-ray diffraction photo of a DNA molecule. Then, aided by the work of other remarkable scientists, Watson and Crick were able to construct what we now know as the nucleic acid double helix.

Fortunately for us, all living things have DNA since they all need instructions on building their anatomies, configure their physiology, and pass on these instructions to their offspring. Even microscopic organisms such as some viruses have DNA.

All living organisms store their hereditary information in the form of DNA. This information includes all the instructions for every genetic trait, from skin color to blood type; it is stored in DNA segments. These segments are what we call genes.

So, what is the difference between your DNA and the DNA found in a carrot, for example? The difference is the sequence of DNA base pairs A, T, C, and G. Think of it as the English alphabet letters. You can create two different stories with the same 26 letters.

The order or sequence of base pairs (A-T and C-G) varies from one organism to another. This sequence determines the instructions to produce insulin in humans and chlorophyll in plants, for example. A humans DNA does not have the sequence that instructs chlorophyll production, and a plants DNA lacks the instructions for insulin.

But, if all cells in the human body have an exact copy of DNA, what is the difference between a bone cell and a skin cell, for example? That has to do with gene expression. Both cells activate the genes required for basic living processes, but only skin cells express the genes for skin proteins. So bone (and other) genes are silenced in this case.

You just saw how DNA has the same letters for all organisms. What is even more impressive is that the language of DNA is the same for all forms of life. Thus, a gene from an organism can be copied, transferred, and translated by any other living organism to produce the same protein.

Insulin is now created by a microbe that has been engineered with instructions from human DNA to produce human insulin. In other words, a copy of human genes for insulin production is copied and transferred to these microbes. These organisms have no blood or blood sugar, but they will produce insulin as they read the recipe to do so, even if they have no use for it.

Remember, DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid and is the repository of all bacteria, plant, and animal hereditary information. In any organism, every cell has the same base sequence as every other cell in that living organism.

Three distinct processes encompass DNAs job to all organisms. These are replication, transcription, and translation.

Every cell in your body will divide through a process called mitosis. During this cell division, DNA copies itself via the process of replication.

So, how does DNA make a copy of itself?

Through a complex process involving enzymes, DNA uncoils into two single strands. Free nucleotides in the nucleus are bonded to each strand, complementing them and creating two exact copies.

DNA is the only molecule known to do this.

We mentioned earlier that DNA never exits the nucleus. So, what tells your cells what to do? This is where the process of transcription comes in. Through this process, DNA will create a blueprint that does exit the cell. This copy is known as RNA.

Transcription is an essential process to life as it sends the information out for cells to carry out their operations and manufacture large molecules called proteins, the building blocks of organisms. The process involves the uncoiling of DNA through specialized enzymes. Free nucleotides complement one of the strands, creating a unique strand (RNA) that acts as a blueprint that will exit the nucleus.

Many transcribed genes contain instructions for manufacturing proteins. This RNA will be read through the process of translation.

If you put together the words r, e, a, and d, you will get a grapheme that is translated into a sound; in this case, the word read. Similarly, a set of three consecutive nitrogenous bases are translated into a particular unit called an amino acid. Many amino acids put together form a protein.

This set of rules that determines what a gene in a DNA section stands for what amino acid is known as the genetic code. Simply put, the genetic code is used by living cells to translate encoded genetic information into proteins.

Just like in school you played games where you had to discover a secret message using a code, living cells will use this code to translate a message into actionable proteins.

How long is a DNA strand?

If you could uncoil the DNA in your chromosomes and stretch it out, it would be about 2 m (6 ft) long. Considering an estimated 37.2 trillion cells in your body, if you could put together every strand, the distance would be the equivalent of 96,000 round trips to the moon.

What are genes?

Genes are sections of DNA that codify for a protein. There are 20,000 of them in human DNA, which accounts for only 1.2%. The rest is noncoding DNA which scientists are only recently discovering has certain functions, like helping organize DNA in the nucleus and turning on and off gene expression.

Do all cells have the same DNA?

Yes, all living organisms have the same DNA but with different instructions among species.

What does DNA look like under a microscope?

You probably saw a project at a science fair called DNA extraction. In this case, DNA cells looked like strands of white noodles. But under a microscope, you can see the double-helix structure.

What is the difference between DNA and genes?

DNA is the molecule, and genes are sections of DNA. Take a look at the illustration below.

What is the difference between DNA and chromosome?

Chromosomes are packed bundles of DNA inside the nucleus. Every species has a distinct number of chromosomes in its cells.

What is the relationship between DNA bases and traits?

Traits in an organism are determined by the sequence of DNA bases.

Do all humans have the same DNA?

Yes, we do. In fact, we share about 99.8% of our DNA sequence.

Can a DNA test reveal if I have European ancestry?

Yes, a DNA test can reveal if you are more British than your brother, for example, by observing your DNA variations and comparing them to certain populations.

DNA stands for deoxyribosenucleaic acid. There is a lot to DNA that we have been able to understand through the years. Your genome can reveal the genetic composition of your potential children or if your gene instructions make you more susceptible to a certain type of cancer. Through DNA, you can even find those ancestors you thought were lost.

In Nebula Genomics, we decrypt your entire DNA to provide you with the most comprehensive information of your genome. Imagine the whole new world that will unfold before your eyes! Our 30x Whole Genome Sequencing guarantees complete information on your genetic composition. Order your DNA test today!

Edited by Christina Swords, PhD

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How DNA and Forensic Science Failed to Identify Headless Body for 40 Years – Newsweek

Posted: at 12:59 am

A body without a head or hands that was found hidden in a suitcase in New York state has finally been identified, 42 years after the victim was killed.

According to a statement from the New York State Police, the murder victim was identified as Anna L. Papalardo-Blake thanks to advances in DNA analysis.

Papalardo-Blake, 44, was found on March 20, 1980 in a travel trunk near a dumpster on the grounds of the Hudson View Apartment Complex in Fishkill, New York. She had last been seen leaving her receptionist job 60 miles away in Manhattan two days previously. For the past 42 years, police have been unable to identify the bodyuntil now.

"Because of recent advances in genetic technology, an identifiable DNA sample was obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation Investigative Genealogy Team, in partnership with Othram, a private lab that specializes in cutting edge forensic DNA analysis," the police statement reads.

It remains a mystery who killed Papalardo-Blake and the police asked for anyone with information to get in touch with them.

The human body begins to decompose about four minutes after a person dies, and proceeds to go through several stages of decay, including autolysis, bloat, active decay, and skeletonization.

Autolysis involves the cells starting to die and burst, causing skin slippage. Then, gasses produced from bacterial decomposition within the gut cause bloating, which eventually ruptures the skin. Insects colonize the body, laying eggs inside orifices which hatch into maggots that eat the body. Eventually, there is nothing left but bone.

"The major things that drive [rate of decomposition] are temperature, humidity and insect activity," Patrick S. Randolph-Quinney, an associate professor of forensic science at Northumbria University in the U.K., told Newsweek.

After recognizable features like the face or fingerprints have been decomposed, it can be difficult to identify a body.

Papalardo-Blake was found by police two days after her disappearance, so the condition of the body would have depended heavily on the conditions, and how well-sealed the suitcase was.

"I've seen bodies that are in Samsonite suitcase, the sealable ones, where you can't get oxygen in it and can't get access to insects, and basically it hermetically seals it," Randolph-Quinney said.

"That creates a different pattern of decomposition than you find if a body is allowed to decompose naturally. So you know, a body could be in a Samsonite suitcase, and it will be decomposing, but the fluids will be inside the suitcase, the skin will go through various changes, and start to decompose. Even if it's in a sealed suitcase, it will have a slower rate of decomposition than many other environments. "

"If a body was in something that's a little less hermetically sealed, then generally what you would get is you maybe get some insects in there. You would certainly have an exchange of gas. Even if it's only a few days, then you would potentially have quite advanced decomposition, especially if you get an insect in there."

The lack of head and hands would have made it extremely difficult for forensic scientists at the time to identify the body, as in the 1980s DNA identification was crude and forensics relied mostly on facial, dental and fingerprint records.

"Forty years ago we didn't have forensic DNA analysis," Randolph-Quinney said. "So they might have had blood serology in Europe and some blood group somebody was, but it wasn't till the 1980s that you had that the first use of forensic DNA and it was relatively coarse what we could do in this early, early period."

"These days, if somebody goes missing or something or body turns up and you have a suspected potential missing person, then very often what happens is you'll have the family liaison ... who will take things like the toothbrush, hair brushes, anything that might provide traces of their DNA, they may well take objects from the house that have got fingerprints on, that kind of thing," Randolph-Quinney said.

"We can also do things like familial DNA searching, where you might not be looking for an individual but you might get a hit on say, a sibling, or a parent or grandparent who's in the system. But again, that's a relatively recent phenomenon."

In modern times, DNA identification technology is a lot more sophisticated, so upon obtaining a new DNA sample that they could match to the body, they identified the body as that of Papalardo-Blake.

If a body is left outside, as Papalardo-Blake's was, the DNA will be degrading at the same time, which can interfere with results.

The rate of body and DNA decay is studied by forensic scientists using body farms, or human taphonomic research facilities, which place cadavers in different situations and measure how various processes go about.

"A lot of experimental work that goes on is about differences between bodies that are in the open, bodies in built structures, in collapsed buildings, that are buried, that are in cars, and underwater," Randolph-Quinney said. "They provide a lot of information about the rate and tempo of decomposition: what survives and what doesn't, what biomolecules survive, how DNA degrades, and what you can do with degraded DNA."

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How DNA and Forensic Science Failed to Identify Headless Body for 40 Years - Newsweek

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Project to tackle biodiversity crisis using power of DNA launched – Labiotech.eu

Posted: at 12:59 am

A project to tackle the biodiversity crisis using DNA data, genomic science that will fundamentally change conservation science and policy has been launched by European experts.

The new pan-European Biodiversity Genomic Europe (BGE) consortium was made public day (September 28) is leading the way with this large-scale application of genomic science. Impacts are predicted to be on a scale similar to those of the Human Genome Project in medicine. The 21 million ($20 million)project is co-funded by the European Commission, as well as the UK and Swiss governments.

Those involved in the project say time is running out. They have highlighted that an appalling one in four species on the planet are currently threatened with extinction, putting livelihoods, food supplies, and essential water and nutrient cycles at risk.

The consortium says knowledge is of the essence in the fight to reverse this unprecedented loss of species and degradation of ecosystems but that currently our understanding of how life on Earth functions and responds to environmental pressures is far from complete.

Genomics provides crucial new tools to answer these questions, and the BGE consortium will cause a quantum leap in the use of genomics across the continent.

It says despite centuries of scientific research, an estimated 80% of the worlds species still await scientific discovery and description. Even for described species, telling them apart is often difficult.

Moreover, the consortium says that interactions within and among species, and between species and their environment, create a hugely complex picture from individual to planetary levels. Genomic science is the best hope for success in mapping these interdependencies and predicting how individuals and groups may respond to environmental change.

By bringing together Europes key practitioners in two fundamental DNA-based technologies DNA barcoding and genome sequencing BGE will streamline the rollout of these methods across Europe.

DNA barcodinguses short sequences of DNA to discriminate between species analogous to the way conventional barcodes distinguish products in a supermarket. BGE says that with modern genetic sequencing techniques, DNA barcoding has the potential to dramatically accelerate the inventory of life on Earth, providing a basis for global conservation monitoring.

At the opposite end of the scale, it says,genome sequencingdetermines the order of DNA nucleotides the building blocks of the genetic code throughout the entire genome of any given species. This enables scientists to identify and locate genes and other features of the genome, creating a comparative map of the code that creates each organism. This provides a full picture of how biological systems function and, crucially, how species respond and adapt to environmental change.

Pete Hollingsworth, director of science at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and deputy director of BGE, said:This vital European coalition brings together diverse expertise and infrastructure across two emerging technological streams using the power of DNA and genomic science to help understand and conserve biodiversity, providing the means to tackle some of the biggest challenges facing the planet today.

The EUs Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the European Green Deal make clear commitments to address challenges such as pollinator decline, the deterioration of key terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, and the impact of invasive non-native species on biodiversity.

The Horizon Europe-funded BGE Consortium a major investment in European genomic science provides the means to achieve these aims.

BGEs project director,Dimitris Koureas(Naturalis Biodiversity Center, The Netherlands) saidWe see BGE as a mechanism through which we can go out from the limitations of national investments that we already have in biodiversity genomics and into the European level. We are looking at BGE as a mechanism to build the economies of scope and scale that we need for the future.

BGE will also collaborate with the Earth BioGenome Project and International Barcode of Life.

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Project to tackle biodiversity crisis using power of DNA launched - Labiotech.eu

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