Category Archives: Transhuman News

Developing a potent therapy for Alzheimers disease will be one of the biggest healthcare challenges over the next few decades.

Multiple pharmaceutical companies have taken a crack at creating a drug for this debilitating condition but a variety of factors revolving around the complexity of the disease and competing theories about how it forms has hindered the clinical development process.

However, a series of a new discoveries focusing on genes and proteins could potentially lay the groundwork for better diagnosis for early warnings signs as well as a new avenue for novel targeted treatments.

New Strategies for Enlisting the Immune System

An international research collaboration discovered three new gene variants that appear to indicate the brains immune cells in the onset of the disorder.=

The scientists found these variants after analyzing the DNA from 85,000 patients who have samples in the International Genomics of Alzheimers Project, according to the announcement from the University of Pennsylvania.

The three rare variants are PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2. All three of them are protein-coding mutations highly expressed in microglia. The trio is also a part of an immune cell protein network where numerous components contribute to risk of Alzheimers disease.

Its been known for decades that microglia a first-line-of-defense cell we are born with surround amyloid plaque deposits associated with Alzheimers. These multiple gene hits all originating from microglia are the clearest demonstration that these cells are part of Alzheimers pathology and, more importantly, provide clear protein targets where we can start to intervene with drugs, said Gerard D. Schellenberg, Ph.D., a professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and director of the Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) at UPenns School of Medicine.

PLCG2 is an enzyme that is a potential drug target, but more work needs to be done in order to assess the right process for targeting microglia and whether that injury response should be inhibited or activated and at what stage of the disease.

Since prevention is a key goal of therapy, influencing microglial cells before onset of cognitive changes needs to be explored, continued Schellenberg.

Better Risk Assessment

Scientists from Cardiff University uncovered two genes that may play a role in influencing an individuals risk of developing the neurodegenerative disease.

Both of these genes, previously not considered candidates for Alzheimers, were identified during an analysis comparing the DNA of tens of thousands of individuals with Alzheimers against other age-matched people who had no signs of the disease.

"In addition to identifying two genes that affect the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, our new research reveals a number of other genes and proteins that form a network likely to be important in its development. These particular genes, which suggest that immune cells in the brain play a causal role in the disease, are also very good targets for potential drug treatment," said Dr Rebecca Sims from Cardiff University's School of Medicine, in a statement.

The teams previous research identified 24 susceptibility genes, which could ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease.

"The discovery of two new risk genes for Alzheimer's is an exciting advance that could help to deepen our understanding of what happens in the brains of people with the disease. These genes reinforce a critical role for special cells in the brain - called microglia - that are responsible for clearing up debris including damaged cells and proteins, said Dr. Doug Brown, the director of research and development at the Alzheimers Society.Insights like this are vital to help unravel the complexities of Alzheimer's disease and show researchers where to focus their efforts in the search for new, effective treatments.

Protein Capture

A team of scientists from the University of Bradford and University of Dundee implemented a new methodology for ensnaring proteins associated with the onset of neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimers disease.

The technique traps proteins containing a specific modification that can provide potential markers for certain conditions. These alterations are based on sugar and when attached to a protein affects how it functions.

Essentially, the scientists grow a protein with an engineered tail that specifically grabs sugar-modified proteins. This tail then becomes a handle to pull out all the proteins with this sugar modification and then separates those proteins from their non-modified counterparts.

This methodology represents a major step forward. We are now in a position where we can easily trap the proteins we need to target. If we can do this we can then identify the proteins which we think may be involved in the disease process, said lead researcher Dr. Ritchie Williamson of the University of Bradford, in a statement.We also have the potential to find biomarkers, especially in younger people, and to probe different diseases.

An experiment like this can be easily replicated because it doesnt required highly specialized laboratory equipment and wide-ranging validation of these proteins.

Read more from the original source:
New Gene Discoveries Could Redefine Alzheimer's Treatment - Drug Discovery & Development

"Because of my family history, I expected to be diagnosed at some point," said the New York-based real estate attorney. She's now 34 and said she's cancer-free.

In 2013, an MRI screening at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York revealed signs of cancer in Golkin-Nigliazzo's right breast. She then had a spot mammogram and biopsy performed.

The next day, Golkin-Nigliazzo received a phone call from her doctor.

"She said, 'We found some malignant cells.' That's what she started off with, and everybody knows that's breast cancer," Golkin-Nigliazzo said.

Because of her family history, Golkin-Nigliazzo was tested after her diagnosis for mutations on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers in women.

The tests came back negative.

"I was more surprised to hear my genetic results rather than my own diagnosis, because I assumed I inherited some kind of genetic mutation that would make me susceptible to developing breast cancer," Golkin-Nigliazzo said. Additionally, behavioral and environmental risk factors had been determined to be unlikely.

"So right now, I am one big genetic question mark," she said. "We don't know all of the genes that have an effect on cancers, but I know that with the amazing research that is being done by geneticists, when my daughter is old enough to take advantage of genetic testing, there will be more genes to test, and we will be able to learn more about our genetic risk."

Golkin-Nigliazzo, the mother of an 18-month-old daughter, said she has enrolled as a participant in a number of studies at Memorial Sloan Kettering's research lab on unknown genetic mutations that may increase breast cancer risk.

One reason why the new mom has decided to participate in research is because of her daughter, she said.

"When I found out I was having a little girl, I knew I would be passing on my familial risk of breast cancer. Being able to participate in these studies is my own way of helping researchers identify the genes that affect breast cancer risk in many women, including my daughter," Golkin-Nigliazzo said.

"I hope that genetics (research) takes us to the next level so that she knows all of her risks and is able to really conquer cancer head-on if that's something in her future," she said. "There's something in my blood that's genetically predisposing myself and my family to the disease, and one day, I'm hopeful that science will uncover that."

But what's the likelihood of carrying such mutations?

Researchers are getting a step closer to answering that question, especially in Jewish women like Golkin-Nigliazzo.

A new study of 1,007 women of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry who had been diagnosed with breast cancer found that a whopping 903 had none of the widely known mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.

Rather, among those 903 women, 31, or 3.4%, carried a damaging mutation in lesser-known genes that are related to breast cancer. And seven, or 0.8%, carried a different mutation on BRCA1 or BRCA2 than what's widely known.

"I am an Ashkenazi Jew, and I personally found this article to be particularly fascinating," Golkin-Nigliazzo said.

The DNA samples were sequenced, and the researchers targeted 23 established and candidate breast cancer genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2.

The researchers found that overall, 142, or 14.1%, of the women carried a germline mutation responsible for their breast cancer, which broke down to 11% in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes and 3.1% in CHEK2 or another breast cancer gene.

However, the study had some limitations, including that only those genes known or suspected to harbor breast cancer-related mutations were sequenced and considered for the study.

Also, more research is needed to determine whether or how the findings could be applied to non-Jewish populations.

"This paper is part of an ongoing quest to identify women at high risk for breast cancer," said Dr. Matthew Ellis, professor and director of the Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, who was not involved in the new study.

"We are inexorably moving towards a world where there will be widespread, even universal, genetic screening to risk-stratify patients for early diagnostic techniques, such as mammography and MRI and for surgical intervention," he said. "This paper is a further step in that direction by looking beyond BRCA1 and 2, as there are dozens of other genes that, when abnormal, also increase breast cancer risk."

The researchers wrote in the study that Ashkenazi Jewish patients with breast cancer can benefit from testing for all breast cancer genes.

"Approximately half of the patients with a damaging mutation in any breast cancer gene did not have a family history suggesting inherited predisposition," the authors wrote. "Therefore, to limit genetic testing to patients with a suggestive family history is to miss about 50% of patients with actionable mutations."

"The most recent national screening guidelines recommend genetic testing for all Ashkenazi Jewish patients with breast cancer," the authors wrote. "This recommendation is fine, but testing women only after they develop cancer severely limits the power of precision medicine."

Though more inherited genetic mutations associated with breast cancer have been identified in recent years, the scientific understanding of those mutations and how they impact patients needs to be more fleshed out, Ellis said.

"The biology behind each one of these genes and the epidemiology is becoming increasingly well-understood," he said. "Although for now, I would say we're still struggling with this in clinic."

For instance, when one of the rarer genetic mutation diagnoses is made, there are still many questions about what type of guidance should be provided to a patient, he said.

"Should you take (the hormone-blocking drug) tamoxifen? Should you have your mastectomies? Or should you just have more frequent screening?" Ellis said. "Each one of these gene abnormalities is a separate diagnosis. It's a different gene, a different biology, and it might take a different approach. So there's an awful lot of work ahead of us."

Golkin-Nigliazzo hopes work in the field of breast cancer research might hold clues to the familial breast cancer that she and some of her relatives have been diagnosed with.

For treatment, Golkin-Nigliazzo decided to have a double mastectomy, a procedure in which both of her breasts were removed. Her father, Jeffrey Golkin, and now-husband, David Nigliazzo, stayed by her side during her appointments and surgery.

Since the cancer was detected early, Golkin-Nigliazzo said, "finding the breast cancer at 30 was empowering rather than scary, because I knew that I had done what I needed to do to make my chances of survival as high as possible."

"The fact is, researchers are just scratching the surface and making breakthroughs in genetics every day," Golkin-Nigliazzo said.

"To say that identifying a genetic mutation that increases breast cancer risk is like finding a needle in a haystack is an understatement. The human genome is incredibly complex," she said. "There are no known genetic mutations associated with my genetic background, but that doesn't mean that there aren't any out there."

The rest is here:
Study sheds light on the 'other' breast cancer genes - CNN International