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True Fathers Resist the Holy Father – OnePeterFive
Posted: October 6, 2022 at 12:33 pm
Above: three lay fathers issue their articles of resistance to Pope Francis at the CIC Conference, MMXXII. Photo by Allison Girone.
At the risk of oversimplification, I do believe that the present crisis in the Church can be boiled down to a crisis of fatherhood.
First, the fathers of the Liberal revolutions (beginning with John Adams and his wife in after 1776) were effeminate against the rise of Feminism.[1] Their ancestors had destroyed the cult of Our Lady, and thus had created the seeds of Liberalisms ugly daughter in Feminism. This made men of God weak and helpless against the machinations of the fallen angels in the 19th century.
After the industrial revolutions dismantled the family and created the reductionist institution known as the nuclear family, the First Sexual Revolution (1917-1945) effeminised men in the face of a new creation of Modernity the teenager who took Liberalism to its logical end: the revolt of the son against his father in every family.[2][3] A weak and cowardly father can never raise a man out of an unruly teenager. Instead, such a father will forsake his duty and seek to rationalise his lack of fatherhood in order to avoid confronting his teenager.
After the Second World War punished humanity for their sins, fatherhood, already effeminised for generations, was broken by the mass slaughter of that war and rendered powerless over families. The publication in 1946 of Dr. Spocks The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care nullified the role of fatherhood as the authority and disciplinarian of the home. American homes overnight became child centered viewing physical discipline as psychologically unhealthy.[4] The concept that a father would act masculine and strong for his wife and children was summarily rejected by the new science of psychoanalysis.
Churchmen in western Europe and the United States, feeling an inferiority complex in the face of modern science, took these false claims at face value, and began to adopt an attitude about fatherhood that emphasised mercy at the expense of justice. A growing attitude under Pius XIIs reign began to view the authoritarian rule of the Holy Office, for example, as oppressive and unhealthy as if a father should not watch over his children.
Thus the opening speech of Pope John XII about the medicine of mercy juxtaposed condemnations and mercy. Taken in an absolute sense (which many effeminised fathers inside and outside the clerical state took it!), this introduced a false dichotomy between justice and mercy. As if admonishing the sinner was not an act of mercy.
As a result, the charitable anathema was abandoned in favour of mercy alone. Dietrich von Hildebrand pleaded with Paul VI to condemn heresies in the summer of 1965, but the Pontiff considered this to be too harsh.
Indeed, the accusations against Paul VI regarding homosexuality can be dismissed as tabloid fodder. But that the accusation gained enough ground for the Pontiff to publicly deny the charge was merely evidence of Europes (and the worlds) shock that masculine fatherhood seemed absent from the Holy See. Paul VI rightly issued his Credo and Humanae Vitae, then did nothing as the wolves (including bishops publicly!) rejected him and this orthodox teaching.
Following Paul VIs lack of strong fatherhood, many bishops no longer acted like fathers to defend their flock against the wolves, but fled instead. The bishop of South Bend at this time, just as Notre Dame was becoming the anti-Catholic propaganda wing of the United States, feared to place the college under interdict because Paul VI wouldnt support him.
And so we see in our day that the medicine of mercy has sucked the fatherhood out of priests just as lay fathers of families had already laid down in the face of Liberalism and Feminism. We must not judge clerics too harshly, since this weak fatherhood started in the family.
But this excessive medicine of mercy is precisely the Trads point. The Trads have urged (beginning with the aforementioned Hildebrand and continuing with Ottaviani and Lefebvre) that the charitable anathema be issued by bishops to protect the sheep from the heretic wolves. Indeed, above every other innovation, it could be said that perhaps the most unique thing about Vatican II is that it issued no anathemas and thereby tacitly interpreted the medicine of mercy as excluding the same.[5]
As we have attempted to show in our series on this topic, the hyperpapalism that began long before Vatican II reached its climax with Paul VI jettisoning the Roman Rite in favour of his modern rite, popularly known as the Novus Ordo. Through hyperpapalism, an agonising paradox was injected into the existing vacuum of fatherhood in the Church. While many clerics and bishops were good men but cowards, afraid to take a stand against the heretics, there were other bishops and priests who were abusive fathers. If the hallmark of hyperpapalism is the idea (from De La Mennais) that one must obey the pope even to the denial of rationality, then abusive clerics used this to their advantage. The clericalist imbalance created (in part) by the 19th century hyperpapalism resulted in a situation where, in innumerable parishes throughout the Roman rite, abusive iconoclasts who possessed the Sacrament of ordination literally took hammers to statuary and ripped Rosaries out of the hands of pious grandmothers.
Their justification? This is the will of the Pope! This is the will of the Council!
As Kwasniewski shows in his most recent volume, this is not entirely false. Paul VI did not promulgate the reverent, Latin Novus Ordo, but himself promoted a rupture in the liturgy that Ratzinger later attempted to salvage.As we know now, this more general spiritual abuse was sometimes yet more horrific, in the demonic sexual abuse perpetrated by these wolves against innocent children. Yet in both cases these wicked wolves justified themselves against their victims by gaslighting, telling their victims it was their fault for not obeying the cleric or that the victim should look to your own sins (as Pope Francis friend Daneels said to a victim!).
Yet is it not the same thing in regards to the spiritual abuse by evil clerics? By their words and deeds they abuse the faith of little children, harming the Faith in their immortal souls and provoking the zeal of fathers to defend their children.
As Vatican II was happening and these abusers were descending on parishes, every father in Christendom lay or cleric faced an internal crisis. His good instincts told him he must resist to his face every abusive cleric who attacked the faith of his children. Yet every father in Christendom also distrusted himself (in Catholic humility) and saw the danger of immoderate zeal which would provoke a Protestant-like revolt against the hierarchy and thus the divine constitution of the Church (as Canon 1373 warns).[6]
As a result, the true fathers of Christendom have erred on one side or the other of this true fatherhood. Some followed the former path, openly critiquing clerics, bishops and even the pope if necessary, in order to defend the faith of their children (biological or spiritual). These men of God became the traditional Catholics and were vilified for decades for their allegedly schismatic attitude.
Kennedy Hall has a good piece on Archbishop Lefebvre in this vein, in which he defends the consecrations of 1988: What can a father do in a situation such as this? Certainly he cannot look his childrenin the eyes and tell them that the fight is over.[7]
Yet other fathers saw these actions as nothing less than the evil spirit of Martin Luther. Michael Matts family famously split along these lines, with the old Catholic newspaper Der Wanderer becoming a newspaper dedicated to defending the orthodox interpretation of the Council and the Novus Ordo, while Mr. Matts Remnant took the Trad line.
As Trads we should realise that the path of The Wanderer is also a truly masculine Catholic spirit. Ultimately a good father submits himself to God and leads his family in this submission. The Conservative route of The Wanderer and other such Catholics is also true fatherhood, even though we as Trads would disagree with many things contained in this approach after the Council. No one can deny that this is still a Catholic attitude of true fatherhood.
But we must emphasise here that The Wanderer et al. who took a Conservative tack after the Council, would still agree with the Trads in pleading with bishops and the Holy See to issue the charitable anathema against the wolves. I have seen some of most intense anti-Trad critics out of there nevertheless agree with what Im saying here: the medicine of mercy, insofar as it excludes the anathema, is excessive. We must issue the anathema against heretics.
But I ask Conservative Catholic men of good will to consider this: can your good fatherhood in submission to God in the hierarchy reach a limit? Where do you draw the line in submission to clerics? Do you disobey when a cleric commands what is against the Faith? Against reason? Against the faith of your children? For this crisis has reached the breaking point under this pontificate, and many formerly Conservative Catholics (like the great scholar Fr. Aidan Nichols) are now signing on to resist Pope Francis in one way or another. The Francis pontificate has caused the lines formerly drawn between Conservative and Trad fathers to boil down in favour of the latter, at least on this question of resistance to the Pope. The latest CIC Conference bears this out in a powerful way.
In reflecting on the controversy which was stirred up regarding the articles of resistance at the conference (of which we will speak in a moment), it occurred to me that this controversy quickly evaporated if we considered these things in terms of the resistance of men of God against abusive fathers. Two potent statements at the conference bring this out.
The first day of the conference was dedicated by Mr. Matt to priests, and all day long the conference attendees heard talks from various priests, including words by Bishop Athanasius Schneider who proclaimed The Catholic Faith is invincible and spurred our souls to martyrdom for the Faith like our fathers.
The keynote on the first night was given by Fr. James Mawdsley. Get to know Fr. James here:
This priest has suffered from controversy as a result of his public stand against the hierarchy over COVID and Latin Mass restrictions. Mr. Matt emphasised that day, in the spirit of Unite the Clans, that all of us may not agree on the particulars of each of our efforts. As with Archbishop Lefebvre, some Trads may disagree with Fr. Mawdsley in his actions of resistance. However, this good priest showed to us his pastors heart that night in his keynote, as he, with fear and trembling, spoke with the fire of Elias against the priest of Neo-Baal in our own day. His speech was interrupted by loud applause so many times that he ran out of time and had to shorten his speech.
Even if you disagree with Fr. Mawdsleys actions in this or that case, who can be so uncharitable as to not see a man of God striving with all his might be a father of souls?
But this note about fatherhood struck me as powerfully as he poignantly expressed the soul of Trad priests in our day. He asked rhetorically about what would happen if a father was told to stop feeding his family. A father who is charged with work for the sustenance of his family, is commanded to stop feeding them.
Would this not be monstrous? cried the priest.
Yet this is what Bishops told priests during COVID, and what the Holy Father has told priests with Traditionis Custodes. Fathers (priests) have been commanded to stop feeding their children with bread, and give them stones. Fr. Mawdsley rightly called on the bishops (who, in the US, are attempting a Eucharistic revival) to publicly repent of depriving their children of Sacramental food throughout the COVID nightmare. What abusive fatherhood! In their inferiority complex regarding modern scientism, too many bishops manifested their lack of faith in the Real Presence and suspended the Sacraments as non-essential services.
Priests, as good fathers, did all they could to feed their children anyways. And some like Fr. Mawdsley knew that this was an abusive fatherhood and took a stand.
Even if we were to grant that COVID was indeed a severe plague, even in that case (were it true!) priests would still be bound to fight like men of God to provide for their children what every father would provide even at the risk of their lives. For such is the heart of the good shepherd: he lays down his life for his sheep.[8] This is without a doubt the heart of Fr. James Mawdsley. Therefore let every priest imitate the fatherly zeal of Fr. Mawdsley, who is willing to lay down his life for his sheep, just as he did as a layman before seminary, suffering in prison for the Burmese people. Support Fr. James by buying his books here:
Then the heart of the controversy came on Day 2 of the Conference, when three lay fathers issued their articles of resistance against Pope Francis. This shows our second potent example of fatherhood.
I found out later in the conference that a mainstream news site attempted to stir up controversy regarding this by soliciting a comment from the local ordinary which distanced itself from the Conference (which included three of the Ordinarys brother bishops besides priests). This tack seemed to take certain phrases used in titles at the Conference as a means to discredit something before that event took place. It was truly a remarkable journalistic skill to predict the future before it occurred! But I digress
For those who attended the conference, the intensity of the resistance displayed by Mr. Matt and other speakers at the conference was in the context of a great emphasis on charity and fidelity to Christ and His Church. I attempted to emphasise this aspect (which no doubt will be scrupulously avoided by some anti-Trad critics) in my real-time Tweets sitting in the front row of the event at the Press table:
Papa Bergoglio was addressed as Holy Father as these lay fathers filially and respectfully voiced their resistance to him. Their heart and soul was of sons standing up against an abusive father to shield their young brothers and sisters from his attacks.
When the time came for press questions I asked the panel: It is often understood by Catholics and non-Catholics that as Catholics we must obey the pope. Bishop Burbidge recently claimed that this is who we are as Catholics. How do you resolve this confusion? To which John-Henry Weston, from the heart of a father, gave this answer:
We dont know. This is insanity. This doesnt make any sense But we are all fathers. We cant help but defend the faith of our children.
Mr. Matt added We gain our confidence from the constant Magisterium of the Church Until this is resolved we have to stay with what was established. Mr. Frankovitch added, We believe we are being faithful. In short, what has been publicly promulgated by the Magisterium is known to all from the First Communicants to the great grandfathers. But we have no reasonable way to resolve the contradiction between this and the Holy Fathers words and deeds. (See here for a discussion on just the most recent of these.)
This is an entirely Catholic attitude of a father. The fact is, at least prima facie, no one can reasonably deny that the Pontificate of Francis presents perplexing contradictions with what was previously considered settled dogma. Since the innumerable dubia (both formal and informal) have not been answered, every father is forced to resist Francis.
Mr. Weston told the story of his adult daughter calling him on the phone after news broke that the Roman Pontiff had said that fornicating cohabitation has the grace of Marriage. She said to her father who had formed her in the faith in effect, Is this true, Dad?
What else could a father do but resist Francis?
Mr. Weston drove his point home by asking the audience about what they would do if their parish priest said and did all the things Francis has done and said. Lets say your parish priest invited a well-known abortionist to the church and praised her; he publicly praised James Martin, welcomed Nancy Pelosi, while teaching that adulterers should receive Holy Communion and the Pachamama idol should be adored, while calling into question settled dogma like the death penalty.
Would you not move parishes?
Might you not, I add, confront this priest to his face?
Every good Catholic father would do something against this parish priest. Who is so uncharitable as to fail to see what these fathers were doing at the CIC? You may not agree with the intensity of their approach. But you might not have children. Or you may have been able to shelter your children from the scandals to the Faith committed by Pope Francis.
These are men enflamed with the zeal of true fathers, and they are doing what they believe is right to defend the faith of their children. They are leaders in the Traditional movement because they are fathers and they act like fathers. Let every father imitate their zeal to defend their childrens Faith against every heretical attack.
If the crisis in the Church can be boiled down to a loss of fatherhood, I suppose the Traditional movement can be boiled down to an effort to restore fatherhood to the Church.
Let us restore fatherhood: let Bishops give their faithful the ancient Roman Rite in all its splendour and reverence for the Holy Sacrament. This will give their children bread instead of stones. Let them tear up liturgical abuses from the roots in their diocese, and not fear the wolves of hot-shot Jesuits and the mass media mind control.
Let bishops issue the charitable anathema to protect their flock against the wolves. Indeed, these fathers who stood to resist Pope Francis are doing all they can to defend their children against the wolves, because the bishops are letting wolves destroy the faith of little children.
Yea, let the men of God arise in this new crusade, for the fathers must act in our time against the wolves. This is the answer that has been given by the Trads, and we believe that under His Holiness Francis, many more are joining to this cause to restore true fatherhood. Therefore I thank these men of God Fr. James Mawdsley, Eric Frankovitch, John-Henry Weston, and Michael Matt for leading the charge for all fathers in our time. Theirs is the balance of truth and charity (as Mr. Weston emphasised with the motto of LifeSite, veritas in caritate), which seeks not the excess of neo-Jansenist Protestantism (as is alleged falsely by critics), but the filial resistance to the Papacy of our forefathers.
[1] Already in March of 1776 when the Continental Congress was seizing power, Mrs. Abigail Adamsthreatened her husband John Adamsthat if particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation Abigail Adamsto John Adams, March 31, 1776 in Miriam Schneir, ed., Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 3.
[2] Traditionally the family meant mother, father, children and aunts, uncles, grandfathers, grandmothers and innumerable cousins. The industrial revolution created a situation where the nuclear family was cut off from these relations unnaturally.
[3] Before this time, there was no such thing as a teenager, but everyone was considered either a child or an adult. An adolescent was merely a young adult who, at the teenage age, was getting ready for Matrimony and adulthood. The marriageable age is fourteen full years in males and twelve full years infemales, under penalty of nullity (unless natural puberty supplies the want of years) (The Catholic Encyclopedia). See also John Savage, Teenage: The Prehistory of Youth Culture: 1875-1945 (Penguin, 2008).
[4] Schweikart and Allen, Patriots History of the United States, 682-683.
[5] In fairness, the Council does in fact condemn many and various ills of modernity (even in Gaudium et Spes), as well as nuclear weapons and implicitly Latinisations among the Eastern Christians.
[6] A person who publicly incites among subjects animosities or hatred against the Apostolic See or an ordinary because of some act of power or ecclesiastical ministry or provokes subjects to disobey them is to be punished by an interdict or other just penalties (Canon 1373).
[7] Kennedy Hall, Lefebvre: A Man Who Reminded us that Bishops are Fathers, Catholic Family News (April, 2020).
[8] The pastor of souls is bound to administer the Sacraments to the faithful when they stand in extreme spiritual necessity [i.e. about to die with no hope of recovery]even at the risk of his lifeor other great temporal harm.They are bound in time of plague or infectious disease to administer the Sacrament of baptism and penance even at the risk of their life, according to this Scripture: the good shepherd lays down his life for his sheep(Jn. x. 11).The same applies concerning the administering of extreme unction, provided there is a certainty that the sick man is not able to receive the Sacrament of penance. Prmmer,Manuale Theologiae Moralis, Vol III, no. 72ff, my translation. See T. S. Flanders, Duties of a Priest in Time of Plague.
Continued here:
True Fathers Resist the Holy Father - OnePeterFive
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Targeted-sequence of normal urothelium and tumor of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer | Scientific Reports – Nature.com
Posted: at 12:33 pm
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Targeted-sequence of normal urothelium and tumor of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer | Scientific Reports - Nature.com
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Cheers and Jeers: Thursday – Daily Kos
Posted: at 12:33 pm
Susan Collins is still very concerned.
If Justice Ketanji Brown-Jackson keeps doling out legal history lessons that make the Fascist Federalist Society dopes sitting next to herlook even dopier, soon the transcripts of her questions and comments fromthe bench will simply read: [Kavanaughs Airhorn].
People say that no word rhymes with 'orange.' I can think of one that does: 'Plorange.' It means, "Word that rhymes with orange."
One day our nation will be so stable and peacefulthat our midterm election will be nothing more than a referendum on pumpkin spice. Unfortunately, the result will spark a bloody civil war.
Im disappointed that the Webb space telescope has taken tons of planet and nebula pics butonly a handful of alien nudie pics.
Ididnt just ask my doctor if the drug I saw on TV "is right for me," I also asked him about my clothes, my hair, my teeth, my car insurance, my dreams, and my place in this crazy world. He now has an unlisted number.
Im glad Lizzo didnt try to play Madisons bagpipes.
I'm still waiting for the release of that audiotape in which Michelle Obama uses the term "Whitey." Remember that? I hear it's coming outany day now!
And now, our feature presentation...
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Cheers and Jeers for Thursday, October 6, 2022
Note:I'm posting today's C&J from the East Room of the White House. My thanks to the Secret Service for leaving the key under the mat last night when they went to Denny's.
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By the Numbers:
Days 'til we turn our clocks back: 31
Days 'til the New York City Wine and Food Festival: 7
Estimated number of homes still without power in Florida: 500,000
Terabytes of information gathered by prosecutors in their criminal fraud case against Steve Bannon: 4
Percent of Americans polled by the University of Chicago and AP-NORC who say their kids have no chance of having a better quality of life than they did: 54%
Percent drop in the stock price of Mark Zuckerberg's shit-show media platform "Meta" so far this year: -60%
Age of Loretta Lynn when she died this week: 90
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Your Thursday Molly Ivins Moment:
Meanwhile, back at the ranch, the Republicans in Congress are stacking up a record of election-year folly so gross it staggers even veterans of legislative debacles.
First, they let the assault weapons ban lapse, despite the fact that 70 percent of the American people want it kept in place. They had to pass a simple $5 billion corporate-tax plan because we are in violation of tariff laws. This has bogged down in a $150 billion pork-off, while American products are losing billions of dollars in retaliatory sanctions.
Even worse, Congress passed a $145 billion extension of tax cuts. To cover the resulting debt, we are borrowing money from the Bank of China, to be paid off by our children. Showing a fine sense of fiscal restraint, the R's declined to extend minimal credits for millions of children in working-poor families. Instead, they gave another $13 billion in tax cuts to the corporations. Remember when Bush told us cutting corporate taxes would result in a mighty flood of new jobs?
But, hey, they're in favor of protecting marriage and against burning the flag, so your life should get dramatically better.
September 2004
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Puppy Pic of the Day: Itsaliiiive!!!
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CHEERSto tripping over your own dendrite. During his last year as governor, Paul I was Trump before Trump was Trump LePage desperately tried to get a job in Washington so he could leave Maine behind. When that didnt pan out, he angrily completed his second term and then abandoned his state to becomea permanent resident of Florida. Finding himself unable to function without a public spotlight on him 24/7,he grudginglymoved back to try for a third term. Tuesday night he debated current Democrat governor Janet Millswho was a massive roadblock and thorn in his side as state attorney generaland, well, lets just say he probably shouldve stayed down south on the shuffleboardcircuit. Watch how Governor Mills gives him an impromptu weasel-wordectomy:
Before the debate, Mills was leading LePage by 12 points in polling released in late September. If you clicked on the clip above, you can see why.
CHEERS to cool science. The Nobel Prize-a-palooza continued yesterday with the chemistry medallions (which are a bit tougher than veal medallions, but still tasty with enough ketchup). And the winners arewould you believe nerds?
This years Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded in equal parts to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless for developing way of snapping molecules together that can be used to design medicines.
Their work, known as click chemistry and bioorthogonal reactions, is used to make cancer drugs, map DNA and create materials that are tailored to a specific purpose. []
Sharpless previously won a Nobel Prize in 2001. He is the fifth person to receive the award twice.
More here at AKALib's diary. To reward them for their hard work, therecipients will receive a check good for ten-million molecules. As for the rest of the week, the coveted Peace Prize gets awarded tomorrow, but not before today's medal for Outstanding Blogger with Candy Corn Addiction is announced. I'm really excited about my prospects. For the talent portion I played Bach's Toccata and Fugue on a flaming cello while juggling chainsaws and two of the judges winked at me.
JEERSto Bovines of Mass Destruction. During this week in 1871, theGreat Chicago Firebroke out after Joe Biden kicked over a lantern onto a pile of bamboo fibers in Mrs. O'Leary's barn to try and incinerate damning evidence proving that George Soros created the Deep State to steal the 2020 election. Or, if you prefer the non-Breitbart News version: it was a cow. Despite the horrific damage and loss of life, there was a bright side: the T-bones were excellent that night.
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BRIEF SANITY BREAK
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END BRIEF SANITY BREAK
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CHEERSto brewing a cauldron of hilarity. Can't let today go by without noting that eleven years ago this week Republican tea party know-nothing Christine O'Donnell released an ad for her U.S. Senate run in Delaware with the most bizarre opening line of the 2010 election (or maybe any other, for that matter):"I'm not a witch. I'm nothing you've heard. I'm YOU!"
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The question I asked back then remains unanswered eleven years later: Yeah, but if you are me, and Im a practicing witch, then by definitionyourea witch, too! I mean,right?
How awful was her message of "I promise not to turn you into a newt"?In an election year that saw a tidal wave of tea partiers swept into power, she managed to lose to a liberal DemocratChris Coons, doing a fine job after winning re-election in 2014 and 2020. She may not have been a witch, but that flame-out was still quite a trick.
CHEERS to perspective. The chair of the MAGA Party in Arizona, Kelli Ward, was recently deposed by the House Jan. 6 select committee because she allegedly participated in the scheme to overthrow the United States government by rounding up a slate of fake electors to illegally cast their vote for Trump. She says she's totally innocent and has nothing to hide. So let's check the transcript and see the calm, smooth, thoughtful way in which she exonerated herself from criminality during her time under the klieg lights:
"On the advice of counsel, I invoke my Fifth Amendment privilege to not have to admit about all the crimey business I did on behalf of my hero, mentor, and pin-up poster boy Donald J. Trump."
In the immortal words of Donald J. Trump: The mob takes the Fifth Amendment. If youre innocent, why are you taking the Fifth Amendment? I hope we find out one day.
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Ten years ago in C&J: October 6, 2012
CHEERS to the Obama Doctrine. That would be the doctrine that says, "Shut up, neoconslet the sanctions in Iran do their thing." I think I know why Mahmud Ahmadinejahd said at the U.N. that he's eager to sit down at the bargaining table after the election: we've got the regime's nads in a bit of a vise:
Tensions over the plunging value of Irans currency sparked clashes between protesters and security forces in the capital Wednesday, the most significant unrest there in two years and a possible prelude to a more serious threat to political stability. Increasingly stringent U.S. and European sanctions against Iran have driven the value of the rial down for years, but its fall has accelerated dramatically over the past week, forcing a run on hard currency and anxieties over the skyrocketing prices of food and other staples.
And if that doesn't work, we go after the Mullahs' porn. Cruel, I know, butfreedom.
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And just one more
CHEERS to ending every week on a high note. Every Friday night our C&J poll asks, "Who won the week?" We do our best to round up ten solid candidates who make us feel a little mushy-gushy and remind us that all is not lost. Thanks to your smarts and good sense, the Class of the Third Quarter of 2022 is a good-lookin' bunch. As we leave July, August, and September behind, lets take a peek back at the do-gooders who walked among us. The envelopes, please
July 1 White House aide Cassidy Hutchinson, the surprise witness at the Jan. 6 hearings...and the eye-popping 13,000,000+ Americans who tuned in
July 8The Georgia Grand Jury that subpoenaed Lindsey Graham, Rudy Giuliani, John Eastman and others for their alleged role in trying to steal Biden's win there
July 15California's government, for plans to cap the price of insulin at $30 a month by producing it in-state, and allow residents to sue firearm makers and sellers for the harm done by their guns
July 22 The House Jan. 6 Committee: hearings reveal Trump giddily encouraging the insurrection, cementing status as worst, most treasonous president
July 29 Chuck Schumer, for outflanking unflankable McConnell by getting the CHIPS bill passed and then, moments later, announcing major climate/health care/inflation bill even Manchin likes
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Aug 5Kansas voters, for turning out in huge numbers to approve (59-41) a measure keeping abortion rights enshrined in the state constitution
Aug 12The vise of justice squeezing Trump: House committee gets tax returns; NY AG grills him for 4 hours; and FBI comes a' knockin' with a search warrant
Aug 19 President Biden: signs the massive Climate/Health/Tax-the-rich bill into law; cancels $4 billion in student loan debt owed to fraudsters at ITT Tech; and court rules he can stop oil/gas leasing on public lands/waters
Aug 26 President Biden: Student loan relief order brings cheers from minorities/middle class; OKs more aid for Ukraine; gas prices down 73 straight days
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Sept 2Democrat Mary Peltola, who beat Sarah Palin to win the special election for Alaskas only House seat. She's the first Alaska Native to serve in Congress.
Sept 9 Ukraine, as Putin gets spanked by Zelenskyy's forces, liberating 400+ miles of territory since Sept. 1 and recapturing dozens of towns
Sept 16 Ukraine, for liberating a huge swath of their country from the mighty Russian empire in one of the greatest David vs. Goliath counteroffensives in military history
Sept 23 The office of NY Attorney General Letitia James, for filing a $250 million civil lawsuit against the Trump crime family involving massive tax fraud
Sept. 30 The Iranian women and their male allies out in the streets risking their lives to protest the deadly actions of the country's "morality police"
Who will our gold-star winners be in the fourth quarter? Oh, thats for you to decide.
Have a nice Thursday. Floor's open...What are you cheering and jeering about today?
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Today's Shameless C&J Testimonial
At this point, just cheer and jeeror dont. Im so sick of having my life dictated by the whims of bored manbaby Bill in Portland Maine.
Anonymous Twitter employee
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North Korea tells officials that 350,000 people died of diseases this year – Radio Free Asia
Posted: at 12:33 pm
North Korean officials have been told that more than 350,000 people in the country died of illnesses over the past year, many likely related to COVID-19, sources told RFA, as authorities began a new vaccination campaign on the countrys border with China more than a month after declaring victory over the coronavirus.
Attendees of a training session for government officials were surprised by the number of suspected deaths from COVID, and also from diseases like the flu, tuberculosis and from waterborne pathogens, a government official from South Pyongan province, north of the capital Pyongyang, told RFAs Korean Service.
At the meeting, the issue of continuing the quarantine measures to prevent the spread of an infectious disease was repeatedly emphasized because deaths from COVID-19 are suspected to account for the majority of the 350,000 deaths, the source said, speaking on condition of anonymity for security reasons.
I can tell from my surrounding area that many people have died from sickness this year, he said. A friend of mine on the provincial People's Committee died a few days after suffering from a high fever and sore throat. Another friend's parents also died, and this friend assumes that his parents died of COVID-19.
RFA was not able to confirm the death total, but if it is accurate, the number of COVID-related deaths is far higher than the government has publicly stated. For the first two years of the pandemic, Pyongyang claimed to be completely virus free.
North Korea finally acknowledged the virus was spreading within its borders in May, when it declared a national maximum emergency due to a major outbreak of the disease that it traced back to a military parade the previous month.
North Korea reported during the emergency that 4.7 million people had developed so-called fever cases, with state media reporting 74 related deaths. The government declared an end to the emergency on Aug. 10.
These figures were never officially confirmed to be COVID-19 related, likely because of a lack of testing capabilities.
The actual death toll is probably between 100,000 and 170,000, according to a journal article penned by Shin Young-jeon, a South Korean preventative medicine expert at Hanyang University in Seoul.
Prior to the emergency, anyone who died of symptoms suspected to be related to COVID-19 were hastily cremated and buried, making a confirmation of the disease impossible, sources said.
Even as more information emerges about the number of North Koreans who died in the past year, authorities are still threatening to punish citizens who spread rumors about COVIDs impact, an official from Onsong county in the northeastern province of North Hamgyong told RFA on condition of anonymity to speak freely.
Last week the Central Committee [of the Korean Workers Party] delivered an emergency order to take measures to prevent the spread of words that disturb the public mind, said the second source. There have been stories circulating among residents that more than 350,000 people have died of sickness this year.
The State Security Department and the Social Security Department, as well as party and labor organizations, have stepped up their propaganda efforts and started cracking down on residents for believing or spreading false rumors, he said. But the citizens find it more believable that it is not a rumor and that the government actually did announce a high death toll during official meetings.
The second source said that publicly authorities still stick to the official line that only around 70 people died during the national emergency.
Many of the residents are devastated by the fact that hundreds of thousands of people may have actually died from COVID-19, he said.
Vaccine campaign
Although the COVID emergency has been officially over for more than a month, the country began to inoculate people in Ryanggang province last week, marking the first time that COVID vaccines have been made available to people living along the border with China, sources there told RFA.
In May, RFA reported that authorities had made a propaganda event out of vaccinating soldiers who were involved in a major national construction project in the capital Pyongyang, calling the Chinese-made vaccine an immortal potion of love, from leader Kim Jong Un.
Authorities later began vaccinating citizens of North Koreas capital, Pyongyang, in July, but now residents of the border city of Hyesan can also get the vaccine, a Ryanggang resident told RFA.
Authorities have already declared that the coronavirus has ended, so the people dont know why they are vaccinating us now, the third source said.
The vaccine is distributed through neighborhood watch units and schools, another resident of the province told RFA.
Residents, who were terrified of dying from colds or pneumonia, feel fortunate that they can get vaccinated even if it's this late in the game, the fourth source said. When I asked the medical staff, they said the vaccine was made in China.
In July, Pyongyang citizens were vaccinated. This must have been a measure to prevent the spread of the coronavirus in advance of major national events such as the National Conference of War Veterans, held on the Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War on July 27, the fourth source said, using the North Korean term to describe the anniversary of the armistice agreement that ended hostilities in the 1950-53 Korean War, in what most historians consider to be a stalemate.
South Koreas National Intelligence Service on Tuesday reported to the National Assembly that North Korea started a large-scale vaccination campaign in the border area.
Translated by Claire Shinyoung Oh Lee and Leejin J. Chung.
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New York: World War II: Inventive Report An interactive presentation of how, without real danger, the – Game News 24
Posted: at 12:33 pm
As soon as we arrive, Overwatch 2 arrives. Free-to-play delivery will bring a ton of fans who want to play and new content changes will be added. Overwatch 2. One of the biggest changes is that team size has been drastically reduced from 6v6 to 5v5, so theres only one tank at front line. This means that players who prefer the role of the support team will be harder to keep their team alive under the armed fire.
Batiste is among the best heroes in the small support category, but he has the coolest training time. The role of support isnt only about improving the health of teammates, it can also be expressed as others, such as damage amplification and death prevention. The right play, he can be an absolute powerhouse.
The Batistas performance in Overwatch 2 has not very much changed, since all of his abilities are largely unchanged. The main difference is that all support has now a passive power called Regeneration, which has the ability to regenerate health after being out of combat for a few seconds. This means support now needs more health and can help their team without disappearing in search of medicines.
Batistas kit has a biotic launcher for his enemies, while also keeping his team alive using alt fire. Understanding your abilities correctly is key to success in Batista and leading your team to victory.
The Biotic Automaton has its dueling potential. Primary fires have three shot bursts, but they are your only way to deal with them. He is aware of altitude, as his team is having an accident. He throws out a healing projectile that heals allies near him. Players can both standard and primary fire at the same time to get the most out of their biotic Automaton.
Jump Boots are a passive Batistes perk, giving him excellent mobility. Holding down the crouch will make Baptiste jump higher, which is an excellent way to win the enemy and to heal allies safely.
The Field of Immortality is a handy instrument that can be thrown to protect allies against death. This is used to protect against the instant death abilities of Reapers, such as the Reapers Death Blossom. The Field of Immortality can be destroyed, therefore players must be careful not to destroy it prematurely. Without destruction, its long, long time, and lasts for five seconds.
I heal the native Baptiste and his neighbors with the help of a second of ten seconds. At the same time everybody gets mixed up with the full health. The Regeneration Stimulant is used for fights starting to keep teammates alive during the fight.
Enhance Matrix is Baptists ultimate ability. This is a matrix window that increases the damage and healing effect of all that allied projectiles have. It can help save the lives of allies in extreme cases, or paired with the reinhardts bulwark and firestrike to cause devastating damage to enemies.
Baptiste is best-known for combining his skills such as Feld of Immortality and his Biotic Automaton in order to heal the so important aoE. Baptiste can block areas using the increase matrix, especially if they have Bastion on their team.
Baptiste should be positioned mainly in the center of the team so that his Jump Boots bounce up and provide the healing and air support. If you use the Jump Boots, it is important that he is a simple target to do with DPS heroes like Widowmaker, Hanzo and Ash. Jump boots are best used to evade enemies. Therefore, its best to do this while shooting as an easy way to avoid attacking Reinhard.
Sombra is a very strong counter-move against Baptiste, who can easily hack him, which is a bad move, as far as she can now protect his allies. Her EMP Ultimate effectively disables his enhancement matrix. She can, at the same time, also disable his immortality field. Anas counter to Batista, because she can suppress all the healings for a few critical sections with a single good-timed Biotic Grenade in the face of her team.
The key to the success of Batistas is knowing at exactly the time of application of the Inmortality field. To use it correctly, the difference between defeating the enemy or losing their enemies by the fluent enemies. Its wise to wait until a powerful ultima such as D.VA self-Destruct, Genjis Dragonblade or Doomfists Meteor Strike is used as a defensive maneuver in order to protect the team.
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Blue Eyed People Have a Single Ancestor | History of Yesterday – History of Yesterday
Posted: at 12:06 pm
uman genetics is very interesting as it is what defines our physical characteristics, something that not long ago defined the sort of rights someone had in this world and sadly in some corners of the world still does. Nevertheless, it has been defined by scientists that people who have blue eyes may have only a single ancestor, meaning that all people who are blue-eyed could be related to one another. This may not apply to those who have a more religious belief about the human ancestral tree, but those who believe in science will find this very interesting.
If you were paying attention in science class, you would know that blue eyes are a recessive gene, meaning that you need to have two of the genes for the color to become apparent. Scientists have tracked down a genetic mutation that took place 6,000-10,000 years ago and is the cause of the eye color of all blue-eyed humans alive on the planet today. The change from brown to blue eyes is neither a good nor a bad mutation. It is one of a number of mutations, including those that affect hair colour, baldness, freckles, and beauty spots, that neither improves nor impairs a persons probability of surviving.
Professor Hans Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine was the one to discover this back in 2008. Based on this study and many others that had been previously done with a focus on the human genome, Professor Eiberg came up with an interesting conclusion stating that the human organism will keep on evolving:
it simply shows that nature is constantly shuffling the human genome, creating a genetic cocktail of human chromosomes and trying out different changes as it does so.
Originally, all our ancestors had brown eyes, but a mutation affection the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in humans being born with different colored eyes. Taking into consideration that between 8% to 10% of the global population has blue eyes, it is possible that blue-eyed people have a single ancestor. However, the question that everyone is probably asking is, who is this special ancestor?
In 2013, Peter Ralph from USC Dornsife a university inSouthern California used maths, statistics, and data analysis of genomic data to learn about human demographics and evolution. The issue is that the math does not add up if we were to consider that there were two or multiple ancestors with the same gene.
The fact that everyone has two parents means that the number of ancestors for each individual doubles every generation. By using basic mathematics, we can calculate that ten generations ago each individual had a thousand ancestors, and 20 generations ago they had a million and so on. But when we get to 40 generations ago, in the time of Charlemagne, we arrive at a trillion ancestors and that is a problem because we now have more ancestors than there were people. Thus one can deduce that a lot of those ancestors must be the same person.
It is almost impossible to deduce who is that one ancestor simply because we do not have the data necessary to point the research toward a single person, but most of the studies that have been performed point at there being only a single ancestor. Take for example the argument of Lucy who is considered by many historians to be the oldest known human ancestor. Lucy and other more recent examples come singular. Despite all the data and research, until more concrete evidence comes to light, this is still an argument to be debated from different perspectives and beliefs.
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Heart infection could be cause of death of Polish, US hero – ABC News
Posted: at 12:06 pm
Medical and genetics experts in Poland say that a heart infection caused by a common skin bacteria could have caused the 1817 death of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a Polish and U.S. military leader and national hero
WARSAW, Poland -- Medical and genetics experts in Poland say that a heart infection caused by a common skin bacteria could have caused the 1817 death of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a Polish and U.S. military leader and national hero.
The experts said last month they found the genome of the Cutibacterium acne in the wax, wood and linen that had long-term contact with the tissues of Kosciuszkos heart, which has been preserved. They said it could have led to endocarditis, or inflammation inside the heart, and to his death, aged 71, in Switzerland.
The team was led by Prof. Micha Witt, head of the human genetics institute at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Poznan and Dr. Tadeusz Dobosz of the Wroclaw Medical University. They took the samples for their molecular tests from a vessel where the heart is being kept, at the Royal Castle in Warsaw.
Under some conditions, skin bacteria can attack the internal organs, including the heart, leading to very serious problems, Witt told Polish Radio Zet24.
He stressed that it's hard to say for sure what caused Kosciuszko's death but that their findings have led them to the rationally based hypothesis that it was the acne bacteria that caused the documented rapid deterioration of his health and death.
Previously, typhoid fever or pneumonia were believed to have ended Kosciuszkos life. He was said to have developed a high fever and chills after he had fallen off his horse into a cold stream.
Born in 1746 in the then-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Kosciuszko fought as colonel of the Continental Army in the 1776 American Revolutionary War. A military engineer and architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of America's fortifications, including West Point.
Back to restless Poland, in 1794 he commanded an ill-fated uprising against the Russian Empire that was annexing some of Polands lands. He spent his last years in Switzerland.
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23andMe Announces Trials-in-Progress Poster Presentation on 23ME-00610, An Investigational Antibody Targeting CD200R1, at The Society for…
Posted: at 12:06 pm
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., Oct. 05, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- 23andMe Holding Co. (Nasdaq: ME) (23andMe), a leading human genetics and biopharmaceutical company with a mission to help people access, understand, and benefit from the human genome, today announced that it will present a trials-in-progress poster presentation on 23ME-00610, an investigational antibody targeting CD200R1, at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancers (SITC) 37th Annual Meeting to be held in Boston, MA from November 812, 2022.
The trials-in-progress poster presentation will summarize the study design for the ongoing first-in-human Phase 1 study assessing the safety, tolerability and preliminary anticancer activity of 23ME-00610,the Company's wholly-owned investigational therapy targeting CD200R1, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Included in the presentation will be details on the expansion phase of the study (part B) in patients with specific types of advanced solid tumors.
Title: A Phase 1 Dose Escalation and Expansion Study of the anti-CD200R1 Antibody 23ME-00610 in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies.Session: Annual Meeting Regular Poster Abstract PresenterAbstract/Poster Number: 758Location: Hall C (The poster will also be available to view under the investors section of the Companys website at investors.23andme.com).Date and Time: Friday, November 11, 2022 - 9:00 a.m. 8:30 p.m. ET
About 23andMe23andMe is a genetics-led consumer healthcare and therapeutics company empowering a healthier future. For more information, please visit http://www.23andMe.com. 23andMe is the only company with multiple FDA authorizations for over-the-counter genetic health risk reports, and in particular the only company FDA authorized to provide, without physician involvement, genetic cancer risk reports and medication insights on how individuals may process certain commonly prescribed medications based on their genetics. The Company has also created the worlds largest crowdsourced platform for genetic research, which it is using to pursue drug discovery programs rooted in human genetics across a spectrum of disease areas.
About 23ME-0061023ME-00610 is a high-affinity humanized monoclonal antibody that is designed to bind to the CD200R1 receptor and prevent the interaction of CD200 and CD200R1. The CD200CD200R1 axis is an immunological checkpoint that plays a pivotal role in maintenance of immune tolerance. CD200R1 is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells and myeloid cells while CD200, the ligand for CD200R1, is highly expressed on certain tumors. Binding of tumor associated CD200 to CD200R1 leads to immune suppression and decreased immune cell killing of cancer cells. Preclinical data indicate that this mechanism has the potential to restore the ability for both T-cells and myeloid cells to kill cancer cells.
The Phase 1 study is an open-label study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary clinical activity of 23ME-00610 in patients with advanced solid malignancies who have progressed on all available standard therapies. Clinical trials registry (clinicaltrials.gov): NCT05199272.
Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including, without limitation, statements regarding the future performance of 23andMes businesses in consumer genetics and therapeutics and the growth and potential of its proprietary research platform. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included or incorporated in this press release, including statements regarding 23andMes strategy, financial position, funding for continued operations, cash reserves, projected costs, plans, and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words "believes," "anticipates," "estimates," "plans," "expects," "intends," "may," "could," "should," "potential," "likely," "projects," predicts, "continue," "will," schedule, and "would" or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements are predictions based on 23andMes current expectations and projections about future events and various assumptions. 23andMe cannot guarantee that it will actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in its forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on 23andMes forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (many of which are beyond the control of 23andMe), or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained herein are also subject generally to other risks and uncertainties that are described from time to time in the Companys filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including under Item 1A, Risk Factors in the Companys most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and in its subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The statements made herein are made as of the date of this press release and, except as may be required by law, 23andMe undertakes no obligation to update them, whether as a result of new information, developments, or otherwise.
Contacts: Investor Relations Contact: investors@23andMe.comMedia Contact: press@23andMe.com
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The Genetic Drivers Of Longevity In Mice, Humans And Worms – Science 2.0
Posted: at 12:06 pm
Since the dawn of civilization, people have searched for the secret to long life. Famously, Gianni Pes, Michel Poulain and Dan Buettner proposed that diet drives a persons longevity. Other researchers have favored a genetics based explanation for longevity. Recently, a study published in Science found that a mouses genes determine its lifespan, and that there are human orthologs, or analogous genes. The study also found that female and male mice have different genes controlling their lifespans, which is interesting considering that female mice have longer lifespans. The study firmly lands on the side of those who have argued that genes directly determine lifespan. This means that reducing the risk of disease alone is not enough to increase longevity.
While the idea of aging is universal, in scientific terms, it does not have a precise measure. Much as Socrates asked us to investigate the real meaning of widely discussed concepts, scientists have had to work out ways to measure aging, and, this implies, asking what aging really is. Broadly, as the authors of the study note, it is a progressive decline in physical, mental and reproductive capacities, in which a person accumulates morbidities and the risk of dying increases. However, it is not known what the exact interplay is between genes, sex and environment, in determing lifespan.
Researchers have measured aging through a number of traits, such as lifespan, and age-related disease onset. Researchers believe that if they can figure out what the genetic and nongenetic drivers of longevity are, they can develop treatments to improve not just quality of life, but longevity.
A team of scientists led by Robert Williams, looked at the determinants of longevity in 3276 UM-HET3 mice, a type of, or genetically diverse mice that the National Institute on Agings (NIA) Interventions Testing Program (ITP) had been studying. The NIAs TIP had collected this data in 2003, when they were trying to see if dietary interventions would affect the longevity of mice. The mice were raised in closely controlled, homogeneous conditions, and the program collected tissue from them, so they could isolate the impact of genes on the lifespan of mice. The diversity of mice was a result of the need to mirror the diversity in the human genepool. Typically, mice do tend to inbreed, and this warps studies on longevity.
The NIAs TIP did not study the genetic drivers of longevity, and that is the point at which Robert WIlliams and his team began their study. The team were charged with figuring out whether the genetic drivers of longevity are related to sex and age, and whether the nongenetic drivers, such as litter size, or having a good diet from early in life, was important to longevity. In studying these drivers, they were able to classify the changes in liver gene expression of mice in the same genetic cross, according to whether they were driven by age or genotype. The last step in the study was to bring those results together with the orthogonal or itnesecting datasets, to undertake quantitative trait locus mapping, associating phenotypes with genotypes. This would allow the team to figure out which genes are associated with increased longevity.
The team was able to determine genetic loci important for longevity. Sevel of these loci were found in female mice, but, at first, no genetic loci linked specifically to longevity in male mice, were found. When the scientists removed the data for male mice who died at the beginning of the study, they then found genetic loci associated specifically with longevity in male mice. They also found that the factors such as body weight and litter size also impact longevity. For instance, mice with larger body weights and who grew up in smaller litters, died earlier. Consequently, genes linked to body weight and litter size could arguably be linked to longevity. Longevity could be indirectly impacted by the effect of these genes on those factors. However, it is important to note that not all longevity genes are correlated with those factors, opening up the door to the possibility that there are other genes influencing longevity.
The goal of this study was to say something meaningful about longevity in humans, so the study then went to human genome biobanks, and the researchers found sequences that mirrored those in mice. In addition, there was a similar relationship between early development and longevity. They then looked at genes in worms, to see if a similar relationship existed, and if broader conclusions could be drawn about the association of these genes and longevity. Ultimately, they concluded that genes are the primary determinants of longevity.
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The Genetic Drivers Of Longevity In Mice, Humans And Worms - Science 2.0
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ANGPTL7, a therapeutic target for increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma | Communications Biology – Nature.com
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Ethics approval and informed consent
All participants provided informed consent, and studies were approved by the individual IRBs at the respective institutions. UK Biobank has approval from the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee (MREC), which covers the UK. It also sought the approval in England and Wales from the Patient Information Advisory Group (PIAG) for gaining access to information that would allow it to invite people to participate. The DiscovEHR study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Geisinger. The BioMe Biobank is an ongoing research biorepository approved by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinais IRB. The Ethical Committee at Lund University approved the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study (LU 5190) and all the participants provided a written informed consent. The CGPS study (H-KF-01-144/01) was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Capital Region and from the Danish Data Protection Agency. Research at Estonian Biobank is regulated by Human Gene Research Act and all participants have signed a broad informed consent. IRB approval for current study was granted by Research Ethics Committee of University of Tartu, approval nr 236/T-23. For the POAAGG study, approval to enroll and to recontact subjects was obtained from the University of Pennsylvania IRB. The Finngen Biobank was evaluated and approved by the Coordinating Ethics Committee of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District.
Association with IOP was tested on a total of 101,678 individuals and 27,529 individuals of European ancestry from the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) and the MyCode Community Health Initiative cohort from Geisinger Health System (GHS), respectively. The UKB is a population-based cohort study of people aged between 40 and 69 years recruited through 22 testing centers in the UK between 2006 and 201040. The GHS MyCode study is a health system-based cohort of patients from Central and Eastern Pennsylvania (USA) recruited in 2007201941. For IOP association tests in African ancestry individuals, we included 4114 individuals from UKB and 3167 individuals from the Primary Open Angle African-American Glaucoma Genetics (POAAGG) study conducted at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine42. We excluded all participants with a glaucoma diagnosis code (ICD-10 H40) or self-reported glaucoma (UKB field IDs: 6148 and 20002) from IOP analyses.
Association of ANGPTL7 variants with glaucoma was tested in 8 studies: UKB, GHS, Mt. Sinai BioMe cohort (SINAI), the Malm Diet and Cancer study (MALMO)43, the Estonia Biobank (EstBB)44, The Trndelag Heath Study (HUNT)45, FinnGen, a study from Finland, and the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CGPS-CCHS)46. We had, in total, up to 40,042 cases (UKB: 12,377, GHS: 8032, SINAI: 409, MALMO: 2395, EstBB: 7629, HUNT: 3874; CPGS-CCHS: 1863; FinnGen: 3463) and 947,782 controls of European ancestry, and 5153 cases (UKB: 448, POAAGG: 3444, SINAI: 1261) and 21,650 controls of African ancestry in glaucoma analyses.
IOP in UKB was measured in each eye using the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Corp., Buffalo, New York). Participants were excluded from this test if they reported having eye surgery in the preceding 4 weeks or having an eye infection. The Ocular Response Analyzer calculates two forms of IOP, a Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) and a corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc). IOPg most closely approximates the IOP measured by the Goldmann Applanation Tonometer(GAT), which has been the gold standard for measuring IOP, while IOPcc provides a measure of IOP that is adjusted to remove the influence of corneal biomechanics47. For this study, we focused on IOPg as this measurement is the most comparable to IOP measurements in other cohorts, and herein IOPg will be referred to as IOP. IOP in POAAGG was measured using a GAT. In GHS, IOP measurements were obtained from several instruments including GAT, Tono-pen and I-Care, which are correlated with IOPg readings from the Ocular Response Analyzer48. For GHS individuals who were not prescribed any IOP medications, we used the median of all IOP measurements available. For individuals who had an IOP medication prescribed, we used the median of IOP measurements available preceding the start date for IOP medications (if available). Individuals for whom we did not have non-medicated IOP values were excluded from the IOP genetic analyses. For association analyses of IOP, we excluded individuals with: (1) a glaucoma diagnosis; (2) IOP measures that were more than 5 standard deviations away from the mean; (3) more than a 10-mmHg difference between both eyes. We derived a mean IOP measure between both eyes for each individual. IOP of only one eye was used in instances where IOP measures for both eyes were not available.
Details on glaucoma definition in each cohort are given in the Supplementary Methods. In brief, glaucoma cases in GHS, SINAI, MALMO, HUNT, EstBB, FinnGen (v.R3) and CGPS-CCHS were defined by the presence of an ICD-10 H40 diagnosis code in either outpatient or inpatient electronic health records. In UKB, glaucoma cases were defined as individuals with either an ICD-10 H40 diagnosis or self-reported glaucoma (UKB field ID: 6148 or 20002). In the POAAGG cohort, glaucoma cases and controls were classified based on an ophthalmic examination by glaucoma specialists, and glaucoma suspects were also included in the cases42.
High coverage whole exome sequencing and genotyping was performed at the Regeneron Genetics Center49,50 as described in Supplementary Methods. We estimated the association with IOP and glaucoma of genetic variants or their gene burden using REGENIE v1.0.4351 (UKB, GHS, MALMO, SINAI), SAIGE52 (HUNT, EstBB, FinnGen) or logistic regression (CGPS-CCHS). Analyses were adjusted for age, age2, sex, an age-by-sex interaction term, experimental batch-related covariates, and genetic principal components, where appropriate. Cohort-specific statistical analysis details are provided in Supplementary Methods. Results across cohorts were pooled using inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis. Details on the PheWAS analysis conducted in UKB and GHS are provided in Supplementary Methods. Western blotting and ELISA analyses were repeated on three independent biological replicates and data are presented as meanSEM. Technical replicates (n=3) were run for the ELISA analysis. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Tukeys multiple comparison test for multiple groups analysis (Supplementary Data1). A total of 12 eyes were used to test the effect of increasing mAngptl7 levels in mouse eyes and Students t test was used to calculate the significance of the resulting change in IOP. The IOP was measured on 33 WT, 41 Angptl7 KO and 15 Angptl7 Het mice and conventional outflow facility was measured on 4 WT and 7 Angptl7 KO mice. Unpaired Students t-test was used to calculate the statistical significance of the results between the different genotypes. For in vivo siRNA knockdown of mAngptl7, we used 8, 6, 6 and 5 mouse eyes for siRNA#3, siRNA#5, PBS-treated and Nave controls, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Dunnetts post hoc analysis (Supplementary Data1).
HEK293 cells, derived within Regeneron, were cultured in DMEM media 4.5g/L D-Glucose, (+) L-Glutamine, () Sodium Phosphate, () Sodium Pyruvate supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin-Glutamine (Invitrogen), at 37C in a humidified atmosphere under 5% CO2. The day before transfection, HEK293 cells were seeded in OptiMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. After 24h, the cells were transfected with FuGENE 6, and 10g of pcDNA 3.1(+) encoding the following proteins: ANGPTL7 WT, Gln175His, Arg177* and Trp188*. After 24h, the media was changed with 2% FBS OptiMEM. The following day, the cells were collected in RIPA buffer, supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (BRAND) or TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) for protein and RNA analysis, respectively. The supernatants were transferred to an Eppendorf tube and immediately flash frozen for downstream protein analysis. Western blot analysis was performed using a rabbit polyclonal antibody against ANGPTL7 at 1:1000 dilution (10396-1-AP ProteinTech), using standard procedures. ANGPTL7 was quantified by ELISA according to manufacturers instructions (LS-F50425 Life Sciences). The cell lysates were diluted 1:1000. The supernatants were diluted 1:10,000. The ELISA plate was read at 450nm via SpectraMax M4 plate reader (Molecular Devices).
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and RNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturers instructions and treated with RNase-free DNase I (Promega). cDNA was synthesized using Superscript VILO cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen). Taqman analysis was performed using TaqMan Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) in a QuantStudio 6 Flex (Applied Biosystems) and commercially available primers and probes for ANGPTL7 (Hs00221727Applied Biosystems) and GAPDH (Hs02786624_g1Applied Biosystems).
All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with the Regenerons Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Angptl7/ mice, on 63% C57BL/6NTac and 37% 129SvEvTac background, were generated by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals using the VelociMouse technology53. Heterozygous mice (Angptl7+/) were bred to generate age-matched wild-type, het and KO littermates that were used for experimentation at 3-4 months of age (mixed gender). Ocular anatomy in these mice was characterized using optical coherence tomography. Detailed methods on generation and characterization of KO mice are provided in Supplementary Methods. For in vivo siRNA experiments, we used C57BL/6J male mice, 3-4 months old, from Jackson Labs.
Mice were anesthetized and IOP was measured in both eyes using a TonoLab rebound tonometer (Colonial Medical Supply, Franconia, NH) before the start of Angptl7 injection and every day afterwards for six days54,55,56. When testing Angptl7 siRNAs, IOPs were measured in each eye before then start of experiment and then every week until end of study. IOP measurements for both eyes were completed within 35min. Six correct single measurements were done on each eye to generate one IOP reading. We took five IOP readings for each eye and used the average of those readings at each time-point.
Aqueous humor outflow facility (C) was measured by using our constant flow infusion technique in live mice55,56,57,58. Mice were anesthetized by using a 100/10mg/kg ketamine/xylazine cocktail. A quarter to half of this dose was administered for maintenance of anesthesia as necessary. One to two drops of proparacaine HCl (0.5%) (Bausch+Lomb) were applied topically to both eyes for corneal anesthesia. The anterior chambers of both eyes were cannulated by using a 30-gauge needle inserted through the cornea 12mm anteriorly to the limbus and pushed across the anterior chamber to a point in the chamber angle opposite to the point of cannulation, taking care not to touch the iris, anterior lens capsule epithelium, or corneal endothelium. Each cannulating needle was connected to a previously calibrated (sphygmomanometer, Diagnostix 700; American Diagnostic Corporation, Hauppauge, NY, USA) flow-through BLPR-2 pressure transducer (World Precision Instruments [WPI], Sarasota, FL, USA) for continuous determination of pressure within the perfusion system. A drop of genteal (Alcon) was also administered to each eye to prevent corneal drying. The opposing ends of the pressure transducer were connected via further tubing to a 1ml syringe loaded into a microdialysis infusion pump (SP200I Syringe Pump; WPI). The tubing, transducer, and syringe were all filled with sterile DPBS (Gibco). Signals from each pressure transducer were passed via a TBM4M Bridge Amplifier (WPI) and a Lab-Trax Analog-to-Digital Converter (WPI) to a computer for display on a virtual chart recorder (LabScribe2 software; WPI). Eyes were initially infused at a flow rate of 0.1 l/min. When pressures stabilized within 1030min, pressure measurements were recorded over a 5-min period, and then flow rates were increased sequentially to 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5l/min. Three stabilized pressures at 3-minute intervals at each flow rate were recorded. C in each eye of each animal was calculated as the reciprocal of the slope of a plot of mean stabilized pressure as ordinate against flow rate as abscissa.
A 33-gauge needle with a glass microsyringe (5-uL volume; Hamilton Company) was used for injections of Angptl7 protein/siRNA into mice eyes. For intravitreal injections, the eye was proptosed, and the needle was inserted through the equatorial sclera and into the vitreous chamber at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, taking care to avoid touching the posterior part of the lens or the retina. Angptl7 protein (catalog# 4960-AN-025; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or siRNA (from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Supplementary Methods) or PBS (1uL) was injected into the vitreous over the course of 1minute. The needle was then left in place for a further 45s (to facilitate mixing), before being rapidly withdrawn. siRNA sequences for all six probes tested are provided in Table2. Before and during intracameral injections of Angptl7 protein, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5%) containing oxygen (0.8L/min). For topical anesthesia, both eyes received one to two drops of 0.5% proparacaine HCl (Akorn Inc.). Each eye was proptosed and the needle was inserted through the cornea just above the limbal region and into the anterior chamber at an angle parallel to the cornea, taking care to avoid touching the iris, anterior lens capsule epithelium, or corneal endothelium. Up to 1L of Angptl7 protein or PBS was injected into each eye over a 30-s period before the needle was withdrawn. Only one injection was administered at day 0.
Further information on research design is available in theNature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
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ANGPTL7, a therapeutic target for increased intraocular pressure and glaucoma | Communications Biology - Nature.com
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