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Full or new moon which appears larger due to coinciding with perigee

A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that nearly coincides with perigeethe closest that the Moon comes to the Earth in its elliptic orbitresulting in a slightly larger-than-usual apparent size of the lunar disk as viewed from Earth.[1] The technical name is a perigee syzygy (of the EarthMoonSun system) or a full (or new) Moon around perigee.[a] Because the term supermoon is astrological in origin, it has no precise astronomical definition.[2]

The real association of the Moon with both oceanic and crustal tides has led to claims that the supermoon phenomenon may be associated with increased risk of events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but no such link has been found.[3]

The opposite phenomenon, an apogee syzygy or a full (or new) Moon around apogee, has been called a micromoon.[4]

The term supermoon is attributed to astrologer Richard Nolle while reading "Strategic Role Of Perigean spring tides in Nautical History and Coastal flooding" published in 1976 by NOAA Hydrologist Fergus Wood.[5][6][7] In practice, there is no official or even consistent definition of how near perigee the full Moon must occur to receive the supermoon label, and new moons rarely receive a supermoon label.

Nolle described the concept in a 1979 edition of Dell Horoscope including both full and new moons, but has never outlined why he chose 90% nor has provided a definitive formula for determining if a given full or new moon is "super". The basic 1979 definition read:[2]

... a new or full moon which occurs with the Moon at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit (perigee). In short, Earth, Moon and Sun are all in a line, with Moon in its nearest approach to Earth.

Nolle amended his definition in 2000 specifying the distance of a given full or new moon be judged against 90% of the mean distance of perigees. Nolle (incorrectly) referenced

A SuperMoon is a perigee-syzygy, a new or full moon (syzygy) which occurs when the Moon is at 90% or greater of its mean closest approach to Earth (perigee).

In 2011, Nolle added apogees to consideration explaining that he based calculations on 90% of the difference in lunar apsis extremes for the solar year. EarthSky analyzed Nolle's tables and described the updated definition as a full or new moon is considered a supermoon if l d s l d p + 0.1 ( l d a l d p ) {displaystyle ld_{s}leq ld_{p}+0.1*(ld_{a}-ld_{p})} where l d s {displaystyle ld_{s}} is the lunar distance at syzygy, l d a {displaystyle ld_{a}} is the lunar distance at apogee, and l d p {displaystyle ld_{p}} is the lunar distance at perigee. Nolle based those the mean apsis extremes referencing (incorrectly) the Wikipedia article on the subject arriving at: [10][11]

any lunation closer than 368,630 km. = SuperMoon.

Nolle also added the concept of extreme supermoon in 2000 describing the concept as any new or full moons that are at "100% or greater of the mean perigee".[9]

The term perigee-syzygy or perigee full/new moon is preferred in the scientific community.[12] Perigee is the point at which the Moon is closest in its orbit to the Earth, and syzygy is when the Earth, the Moon and the Sun are aligned, which happens at every full or new moon. Astrophysicist Fred Espenak uses Nolle's definition but preferring the label of full Moon at perigee on full moons occurring "within 90% of its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit" over Nolle's calculations based on the closest of all orbits during the solar year.[13] Wood used the definition of a full or new moon occurring within 24 hours of perigee and also used the label perigee-syzygy.[7]

Sky and Telescope magazine chose a definition of 223,000 miles (358,884km).[14]

TimeandDate.com prefers a definition of 360,000 kilometres (223,694mi).[15]

EarthSky uses Nolle's definition comparing their calculations to tables published by Nolle in 2000.[10][9]

Wood also coined the less used term proxigee where perigee and the full or new moon are separated by 10 hours or less.[7]

Of the possible 12 or 13 full (or new) moons each year, usually three or four may be classified as supermoons, as commonly defined.

The most recent full supermoon occurred on August 12, 2022, and the next one will be on July 3, 2023.[13]

The supermoon of November 14, 2016, was the closest full occurrence since January 26, 1948, and will not be surpassed until November 25, 2034.[16]

The closest full supermoon of the 21st century will occur on December 6, 2052.[17]

The oscillating nature of the distance to the full or new moon is due to the difference between the synodic and anomalistic months.[13] The period of this oscillation is about 14 synodic months, which is close to 15 anomalistic months. So every 14 lunations there is a Full Moon nearest to perigee.

Occasionally, a supermoon coincides with a total lunar eclipse. The most recent occurrence of this was in May 2022, and the next occurrence will be in October 2032.[13]

A full moon at perigee appears roughly 14% larger in diameter than at apogee.[18] Many observers insist that the moon looks bigger to them. This is likely due to observations shortly after sunset when the moon is near the horizon and the moon illusion is at its most apparent.[19]

While the moon's surface luminance remains the same, because it is closer to the earth the illuminance is about 30% brighter than at its farthest point, or apogee. This is due to the inverse square law of light which changes the amount of light received on earth in inverse proportion to the distance from the moon.[20] A supermoon directly overhead could provide up to 0.36 lux.[21]

Claims that supermoons can cause natural disasters, and the claim of Nolle that supermoons cause "geophysical stress", have been refuted by scientists.[2][22][23][24]

Despite lack of scientific evidence, there has been media speculation that natural disasters, such as the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, are causally linked with the 12-week period surrounding a supermoon.[25] A large, 7.5 magnitude earthquake centred 15 km north-east of Culverden, New Zealand at 00:03 NZDT on November 14, 2016, also coincided with a supermoon.[26][27]Tehran earthquake on May 8, 2020, also coincided with a supermoon.

Scientists have confirmed that the combined effect of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's oceans, the tide,[28] is greatest when the Moon is either new or full.[29] and that during lunar perigee, the tidal force is somewhat stronger,[30] resulting in perigean spring tides. However, even at its most powerful, this force is still relatively weak,[31] causing tidal differences of inches at most.[32]

Total lunar eclipses which fall on supermoon and micromoon days are relatively rare. In the 21st century, there are 87 total lunar eclipses, of which 28 are supermoons and 6 are micromoons. Almost all total lunar eclipses in Lunar Saros 129 are micromoon eclipses. An example of a supermoon lunar eclipse is the September 2015 lunar eclipse.

Annular solar eclipses occur when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's. Almost all annular solar eclipses between 1880 and 2060 in Solar Saros 144 and almost all annular solar eclipses between 1940 and 2120 in Solar Saros 128 are micromoon annular solar eclipses.[33]

Media related to Supermoon at Wikimedia Commons

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Supermoon - Wikipedia

On October 13, 2021, the nonagenarian and popular culture icon William Shatner went to the place where his TV character, Captain Kirk, spent much of his time: Space. He was sent there by a craft designed by Jeff Bezos's space company Blue Origin. The whole business was billed as the moment that the imagination (the leader of the fictional USS Enterprise) touched (in a manner that had the same grandeur as The Creation of Adam) the unbelievably vast reality (and possible opportunities) of outer space. A major part of what early 20th-century German sociologist Max Weber called the "spirit of capitalism" was vividly revived to the citizens of a world globalized by what the Turkish-born American economist Dani Rodrik named "capitalism 3.0." What could go wrong?

When Star Trek first aired in 1966, thanks to the determination of Lucille Ball, the Soviet Union had already launched the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into space and the US was soon to land humans on the moon. But these 20th-century extraterrestrial explorations were funded and developed by the state, and so represented a form of capitalism (2.0) that emerged in the 1930s, a capitalism planned and managed by Big Government. This new economic system connected the US and the USSR. As key members of the Frankfurt School determined in 1941, both had huge budgets and formulated "a general plan [that compelled] its fulfillment." Shatner's trip returned the Schumpeterian figure eliminated by private and public technostructures to the center of the religion of progress, the entrepreneur (capitalism 1.0).

But what did Shatner experience when he went to space? Nothing but nothingness. His words, which are taken from his new book, Boldly Go: Reflections on a Life of Awe and Wonder:

I continued my self-guided tour and turned my head to face the other direction, to stare into space. I love the mystery of the universe. I love all the questions that have come to us over thousands of years of exploration and hypotheses. Stars exploding years ago, their light traveling to us years later; black holes absorbing energy; satellites showing us entire galaxies in areas thought to be devoid of matter entirely all of that has thrilled me for years but when I looked in the opposite direction, into space, there was no mystery, no majestic awe to behold . . . all I saw was death.

His trip to space "was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral," and not because he is an old mana man, who unlike young people, has no illusions about his mortality, who goes to sleep with no certainty that he will wake up, and if he does wake up, feels surprised that has lived for so long. No. That was not the source of his existential dread. It was instead the shuttle's view of all there is right next to all that it's not and can never be or become. There's really nothing out there for us. Everything that will ever and can happen is on "the warm nurturing of Earth below..."

I'm sure Jeff Bezos, one of the emperors of capitalism 3.0 (also known as neoliberalism), did not expect this negative response from Captain Kirk, but socialist and social democratic states of capitalism 2.0 did not abandon human space travel in the 1970s for no good reason. They really found not much out there for us. Space belonged to Sputnik (communication robots), not to Gagarin (colonization).

As for the moon, which on these clear September nights can be seen crossing Seattle's sky with Jupiter? Can we do anything with our nearest celestial neighbor? The men sent there in the late-'60s and early '70s discovered lots of dust. It's just everywhere, get's into everything, and, if given the chance, will drive you mad. Selenographers call this the moon's "dirty secret." The Apollo astronauts could not stop talking about how the moon "was dust, dust, dust." And this wasn't the kind of dust we find floating through the sunlight in our grounded houses, much of which is alive and carrying microbial life. Moondust, which looks like sharp shards of glass, is as dead as the space William Shatner saw through Bezos' windows.

Let's conclude this rather bleak post, and bleak not because space is, as Shatner saw, almost entirely a "cold, dark, black emptiness," but because "every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth [AKA All There Is] at our hands," with Brian Eno's ethereal "An Ending (Ascent)"?

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Captain Kirk Went to Space and Saw Absolutely Nothing - TheStranger.com

A We'koqma'q First nation clothing designer has outfitted a new clothing bank in her home community to help other peopleconnect with their Mi'kmaw culture.

Miranda Gould began creating ribbon skirts almost 30 years ago, after attending ceremonies with women who were wearing them.

The 49-year-old said her early creations were limited to a specific design, but now she creates all kinds of patterns on the floor-length garments adorned withbrightly coloured bands of ribbon.

"It's what makes you happy," Gould said. "Everyone carries an aura, or an energy, and colours that make them happy."

Ribbon skirts date back to North America's colonial past when Indigenous women used ribbons brought from Europe to decorate their clothing, usually around the hemline.

The skirts are often worn at powwows, weddings, graduations and other special events and ceremonies. Many people who wear the skirts will personalize themwith patterns and colours that mean something to them ortheir family.

Gould, who showcasedmany of her designs at a recent Indigenous fashion show in Membertou, said many people are now wearing ribbonskirts as everyday clothing. She saidtraditional teachings help explain why so many Indigenous women started wearing skirts as a garment of choice.

"You're a life giver," she said."We bear children and you allow that energy to flow from Mother Earth to your womb as a sign of respect in that connection to Mother Earth. And so when you wear your skirt, you walk in honour of life."

The We'koqma'q band council created the clothing bank after hearing from people who didn't have the right clothing for the ceremonies.

Chief Annie Bernard-Daisley says she was inspired by the Native Women's Association in Millbrook, which operates a similar clothing bank.

"We even had some people that needed a ribbon shirt for a funeral and they didn't have one," said Bernard-Daisley.

"It's a beautiful, beautiful initiative."

Bernard-Daisley said it's touching to see the tradition return after it was almost quashed by the impacts of colonization and Canada's residential school system.

She said there is a growing trend of people taking part in traditions such as pipe ceremonies, sweat lodgesor grandmother moon rituals.

"Ceremony, it helps you and it grounds you and it just sometimes takes some weight off you, off your shoulders," Bernard-Daisley said.

"It's up to us as leaders to enhance and to promote that and to support that initiative and to take part in [ceremonies] as well."

In total, 25 ribbon skirts and three shirts were finished last week for the We'koqma'q clothing bank program.

People who want to borrow a ribbon skirt or shirt must sign them out at the We'koqma'q elder's centre, and return them, so they can be loaned to others.

Gouldspent a whole month on her creations and is proud that they will connect her people to their culture.

"It's a sense of accomplishment in the work that I have tried to achieve in my lifetime," she said.

"And to leave a legacy like that is very honourable for me."

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We'koqma'q First Nation helps keep tradition alive with ribbon skirt bank - CBC.ca

The stakes, tensions, and cost of victory are high in an edge-of-your-seat episode of Star Wars: Andor. The episode was a serious nail-biter as the rebels of Aldhani finally execute the plan thats been building up for two episodes, all amid the stunning spectacle of a celestial phenomenon. (Warning: SPOILERS ahead for Andor episode 6, The Eye)

The episode opens with Nemik (Alex Lawther) talking to Cassian (Diego Luna) about his nerves ahead of the mission. Its another chance to talk about Nemiks manifesto, which he adds to when he cant sleep, and how mercenaries like Clem fit into his thoughts about rebellion.

Theres a bit of foreshadowinghere about Nemik, who will literally be crushed to death by rolls of credits. Nemiks death highlights the sad reality of what often happens to fighters who rebel for the right reasons and not just for money.

As the crew leaves Aldhani in the transport ship, Skeen (Ebon Moss-Bachrach ) appears just as desperate to save Nemik as leader Vel (Faye Marsay). He implores Cassian to make a detour to get Nemik to a doctor. But to no ones surprise, Skeens motive for taking this detour isnt exactly selfless. As the four-armed Dr. Quadpaw (Aiden Cook) works on Nemik, Skeen offers Cassian a chance to split the haul of 80 million credits and escape to a nearby vacant moon.

He also tells Cassian that his heartfelt story about his brother last week was a lie. He is a rebel, but one who only serves himself. As a mercenary hired by Luthen (Stellan Skarsgrd), Cassian has something in common with him. But something snaps in Cassian and he shoots and kills Skeen with barely a moments hesitation.

When he walks into the surgery room to find Nemik dead, Cassian tries to convince Vel of Skeens plan to cut and run. Shes not buying it, but she lets him leave with Nemiks manifesto anyway. Nemik wanted Cassian to have it, which helps fuel Cassians smoldering rebellious fire.

The core of this episode is the heist in the Imperial garrison on Aldhani, a nerve-wracking 53 minutes that start seamlessly and slowly unravel because of nerves and hiccups. Ultimately, the rebels succeed,but at a heartbreaking cost: Nemik and Taramyn (Gershwyn Eustache Jnr), whom Skeen failed to cover from Imperial fire, lose their lives.

Its unclear whats next for Aldhani rebels like Vel and Cinta, who had to stay behind and blend in with the Imperials for a bit. But The Eye marks a turning point for Cassian at the halfway point of the series.

Beyond the heist, Episode 6 also has a lot of smaller moments worth mentioning. We see high-ranking officers in the Empire openly discussing their colonization efforts on Aldhani. While the Imperials put on a welcoming front as the Dhanis arrive for the pilgrimage to see The Eye, they also delight in the fact that they continue to stifle the peoples cultural practices by dwindling their numbers. And they excitedly look forward to executing their plans to forcibly take over the sacred cultural site to make more room for the garrison. The Empires view of Aldhani and of countless other systems and indigenous peoples is one of disrespect and mockery.

For the rebels, the heist is only one victory, but small victories like this will slowly help planets and peoples take back control from the Empire. All of this is underlined by the beautiful kaleidoscope of celestial colors shooting across the Aldhani sky, watched by a watery-eyed Dhani crowd as Cassian outruns TIE fighters.

The episode ends on a thrilling cliffhanger: Mon Mothma (Genevieve OReilly) tries to address the Imperial Senate while everyone checks alerts on their datapads about the rebel attack on Aldhani. Elsewhere, Luthen cackles with joy after hearing of the attacks success, and the Imperial Security Bureau scrambles to counter it.

Episode 6 is an electrifying new high for the series. May the momentum continue in Episode 7, coming out next Wednesday.

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Review: Andor Episode 6 gives a heartbreaking victory to the rebels of Aldhani - Winter is Coming

Many Americans stayed home from work and school on Monday in honor of Indigenous Peoples Day. The holiday is important to tribal leaders and community members nationwide who have long fought to safeguard Native communities.

Indigenous Peoples Day falls on the second Monday in October. It's honored in addition to, or instead of, Columbus Day by more than 130 cities, the District of Columbia and 14 states, Smithsonian Magazine reports.

Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin, Jr., told Newsweek about the holiday's significance.

"It's very meaningful to Cherokee Nation; I know that it is very meaningful for Native peoples all over the country," he said. "And increasingly, it is important to non-Natives who...recognize the need to celebrate Native heritage, look back at the history and really celebrate the future that we all have together."

Indigenous Peoples Day isn't yet an official federal holiday, but it was recognized at the federal level for the first time last year. That acknowledgment was decades in the making.

In 1977, Indigenous delegates at the United Nations conference resolved that October 12 should be observed as an "international day of solidarity with the Indigenous peoples of the Americas."

South Dakota began celebrating Native American Day back in 1990, per CNN. Two years later, the city of Berkeley, California, celebrated Indigenous Peoples' Day as a way to rail against the 500th anniversary of Columbus' voyage.

Many argue that the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus represents the colonization of Indigenous lands and the slaughter of Native communities. Hoskin told Newsweek that "honoring [Columbus] on a holiday really obscures the atrocities done under his command."

It's important to understand the facts surrounding what Columbus and other colonizers did, and the consequences of those actions, he added.

"We have to understand how to reconcile that today, and to know our history better and then to collectively do better as Americans," Hoskin continued. "And I think we can't fully do that so long as we are honoring Christopher Columbus as some sort of a great savior, because it really obscures the great damage he did to Native peoples, which is a history worthy of study and worthy of reflection."

Those looking to celebrate should start by recognizing the Indigenous lands on which they live and the original peoples who called it home, Smithsonian Magazine notes. Observers can moon- and stargaze "from a Native perspective," plus spend time outside to honor nature.

People can also support work by Indigenous creators, from podcasts like This Land by Rebecca Nagle to TV shows like Hulu's Reservation Dogs.

Hoskin encourages participants to realize that there are more than 500 tribes countrywide, each with unique stories and histories.

"We do, of course, have similar themes running through our history of dispossession, of oppression, but also a large measure of triumph here in the modern era," he said. "If Americans will think about that, that'll be helpful, because one of the problems we've had is just a lack of knowledge of our place in the history of this continent. And that lack of knowledge can lead to things like harmful federal Indian policy or state government actions that trample on Native rights."

Many social media users have commemorated the holiday on Twitter.

Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland, who's a member of the Pueblo of Laguna tribe, posted a video outlining the work done by the administration of President Joe Biden to help Indigenous communities.

"Today we celebrate the strength of Indigenous communities, the traditions and cultures that have survived millennia, and our fervent hope for the future. Happy Indigenous Peoples' Day, everyone!" Haaland wrote in a tweet.

The White House also issued a proclamation ahead of the holiday, acknowledging that for hundreds of years, Indigenous peoples were ripped from their lands, forced to assimilate and banned from practicing sacred customs. The proclamation further noted Natives' continued contribution to the arts, scholarship, public service and the law, honoring them for "shaping the contours of this country since time immemorial."

Other advocates also commemorated the day on Twitter, including Bernice King, daughter of late civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

"I am remembering and reflecting on the sacrifice, resilience, authenticity, and erasure of Indigenous groups and tribal communities in America and across the globe," King wrote in a tweet. "We celebrate the people, stories, and cultures and commit to justice in our World House."

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National Indigenous Peoples Day 2022: Everything to Know - Newsweek

Kim Su-jeong

The author is an editorial writer at the JoongAng Ilbo.Attacking opponents by framing them as pro-Japanese is back in fashion. The past administration mustered support in this way. Former president Moon Jae-in claimed that eradicating pro-Japanese roots in Korea was long overdue. His senior secretary for civil affairs called on the public to choose between being pro-Japanese and patriotism.

The government under former president Moon revoked an inter-government agreement on compensations for former wartime sex slaves, and local governments under heads aligned to the Democratic Party (DP) championed a boycott on Japanese products following the Supreme Courts ruling on wartime forced labor. Loyalists to the DP accused a number of individuals and institutions of being associated with Japan even when one of its lawmakers was accused of embezzling donations for the survivors of sexual abuse by the imperial Japanese military.

This time, DP Chairman Lee Jae-myung is at the forefront of the anti-Japanese campaign. He described the joint South Korea-U.S.-Japan maritime drill to counter missile provocations from North Korea as an extremely pro-Japanese act and a defense disaster.

Reminding the public of President Yoon Suk-yeols remarks that the Japan Self-Defense Forces could be invited into the Korean Peninsula in case of contingency, Lee wondered why the tripartite joint drill was being conducted near the Dokdo islets, which Japan claims as its territory, and why the government drew the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force to the sea despite ongoing Japanese curbs on certain key exports to Korea. After DP Rep. Ahn Gyu-baek shared the confidential military location of the joint drill on social media with expression of being dismayed by the move, DP members are uniting fast.

From the reasoning, the arrival of three Japanese warships for a tripartite military drill in 2007 under former liberal president Roh Moo-hyun, the promise by Moon to reinforce South Korea-U.S.-Japan cooperation on security in his summit with U.S. president Donald Trump in Washington in the summer of 2017, and the joint statement among Moon, Trump and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe following the G20 meeting in Germany also should be deemed pro-Japanese.

It was liberal president Kim Dae-jung who promised in 1998 comprehensive cooperation with Japan in politics, security and economy as well as opening to Japanese pop culture. Using the same reasoning, why is Seoul staying so passive to Beijing, which has yet to lift the discrimination on Korean exports of goods and services since Koreas deployment of the U.S. Thaad missile defense system? But the DP stays mum to the claims that those practices also took place under former liberal presidents Roh and Moon.

To DP loyalists, anti-Japanese still sells. Two generations have passed since liberation from Japanese colonization. The Cold War aspect has reemerged in a more complicated form. The United States and China are warring over trade and technology. Since the Russian war with Ukraine, the authoritarian regimes are pitted more overtly against free democracy. Energy and global supply chains have been rattled. China, Russia and North Korea have not changed since the Korean War.

Distinguishing between friends and foes is essential for national security. It is a judgment to determine who shares the values of free democracy, market economy and human rights and who threatens our territory, sovereignty and history. Who we accompany for the present and future of national security and prosperity is a choice.

In his memoir, former national security advisor Chun Young-woo said that a past specter prevails over the present and future of Korea and that the South Korea-Japan relationship will only be normalized when national sentiment does not overwhelm national interests to call for future-oriented vision and practical diplomacy from the leader. Vietnam has turned to its past war enemy the U.S. to stop the overbearing influence of China. Poland and France support their war enemy Germany building up its defense capabilities after Russias invasion of Ukraine.

The DP probably fears the rise of ultra-right forces in Japan when the country invites Japanese warships to its waters. But security cooperation among Korea, the United States and Japan are essential in case of a nuclear missile attack from North Korea. Seven rear bases for the U.N. Combined Forces to back South Korea in case of emergency are all based in Japan.

While I was in university, movement for liberation for the Korean people swept the campus. Although there had been many pro-Japanese figures in the regime under North Korean founder Kim Il Sung and many independent fighters had been purged later in North Korea activists in South Korea attacked the Syngman Rhee administration for being pro-Japan. An argument for rooting out the legacy of the pro-Japanese is in line with a denial of the foundation of South Korea and support for the legitimacy of the North Korean regime. Will the debate over being pro-Japan in the South stop when relationship between North Korea and Japan improves? DP Chairman Lee demanded the government apologize and promise not to conduct a tripartite military exercise. But who would benefit from such a promise?

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Who's the enemy here? - The Korea JoongAng Daily