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Category Archives: Transhuman News

Cameron Winklevoss Claims Fact-Checking Is Censorship And Gets Fact-Checked – HuffPost

Posted: May 29, 2020 at 1:07 am

Censorship has always been a concern throughout American history. How important was censorship to our Founding Fathers? Our government was literally founded on it with the First Amendment which established freedoms such as speech, expression, press, protest and religion. With the recent attempts by countries to limit freedoms by censoring people's abilities to express their thoughts and words, such as in Pakistan with the temporary banning of Twitter, Americans have unleashed a barrage of criticisms towards those governments who are attempting to squash one of America's most cherished amendments. Most Americans may not be able to list all of our 27 amendments, but we never have a problem remembering the first. Though many governments throughout the world are guilty of violating specific freedoms, many Americans fail to realize that, just because our constitution states that we are entitled to certain freedoms, America hasn't always necessarily practiced what we preach, or even founded our nation on.

AP

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Big tech has had enough of what you say – Decrypt

Posted: at 1:07 am

Twitter opened a new can of worms in the censorship debate on Tuesday by fact-checking posts by President Donald Trump, suggesting he was wrong about voter fraud.

Meanwhile, YouTube has been deleting comments with phrases that insult Chinas Communist Party, and its sister company, Google, deleted millions of TikTok reviews. after the app's ratings fell to an all-time low.

The tech titans have sought to explain away these latest swipes at the citadel of free speech. Its because of automated filters, introduced due to workforce changes during the pandemic, argued YouTube; its to curb spam abuse, Google said, in reference to Tik Tok. Meanwhile, Twitter politely explained that the President simply violated its new civic integrity policy, which bars users from posting misleading information that could dissuade people from voting.

But many are having none of it. Today, Mati Greenspan, founder of Quantum Economics, asked his Twitter followers: What have you done to #ungoogle yourself lately?

And President Trump was fuming. Twitter is completely stifling FREE SPEECH, and I, as President, will not allow it to happen! he responded.

Up to now, Twitter has proven a willing participant in Trumps misinformation campaign. But good luck to him in getting its latest decision reversed. As millions of banned accounts have discovered, federal law protects the rights of internet platforms to moderate the third-party speech they publish. And Twitter has stuck to its guns.

Not so YouTube. It has since promised to fix the enforcement systems error that has led thousands of comments criticising Chinas ruling Communist Party to be removeda mistake thats apparently gone unnoticed since October 2019, when the issue was raised on YouTubes official help pages.

But it has plenty of other critics, including Elon Musk. In April, he slammed YouTube for removing a video of two doctors who were urging an end to lockdowns.

And there are signs a YouTube backlash may have begun. Podcaster and sports commentator Joe Rogan announced his move to Spotify last week, while lambasting Googles heavy-handed censorship of content providers.

Popular crypto vlogger Ivan on Tech announced a move over on to his own platform earlier this month, after YouTube repeatedly censored his content. The cryptocurrency industry, often portrayed as a scammer haven, is an obvious target for social media censorship across all social media platforms.

Social media platforms policies towards cryptocurrency companies have often been uneven. For instance, on Google, genuine companies have complained of being banned from placing ads on its site, while the platform seemingly allows phishing sites who impersonate them.

On Facebook, some users have complained that using the single word coronavirus means a post is auto-censored. The platform hopes its new Oversight Board will resolve censorship dilemmas, but critics warn that platform governance means platform interference, and even the most qualified, objective censors are still censors, forced to make subjective distinctions between good and bad speech.

For some, the best course of action is decentralized alternatives, such as privacy enhancing browser Brave.

In fact, earlier this month, Tyler Winklevosscofounder of the Gemini crypto exchange and a venture capitalist known for his tussles with Facebook in the pastcalled for crypto entrepreneurs to start building the uncensorable social networks of the future. A central party should not play referee, Winklevoss told Decrypt, at the time.

Cryptocurrency offers interesting possibilities for self-censorship. Reddit, for instance, is running an experiment using crypto as a measure of reputation, earned by submitting quality posts and comments.

The social media platform said its vision was for a new frontier: a free and fair Internet. It claims the Internet has been ruined by advertising, censorship and walled gardens, and cryptocurrency might offer a way out.

The social media giants know that the battle isnt really about spam or fraud. Its about who gets to define truth. And theres some consolation that Trump is subject to that too.

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Netflix Didn’t Censor Back To The Future 2, Universal Did – Screen Rant

Posted: at 1:07 am

Back to the Future 2 writer Bob Gale reveals Universal provided Netflix with the censored version of the movie, so the streamer isn't to blame.

Back to the Future Part II writer Bob Gale tells fans Universal is responsible for the controversial censored version, not Netflix where it streamed. The firstBack to the Future premiered in 1985, directed and co-written by Robert Zemeckis, and grossed more than $350 million at the box office. The film starred Canadian-American actor Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly, a boy who travels back in time to 1955. He's joined by his eccentric friend, scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown (Christopher Lloyd) in the now-iconic modified Delorean. Lea Thompson plays Marty's mom in the past and present, thanks to prosthetics, like Crispin Glover in the role George McFly, Marty's dad.

Though initially conceived as a stand-alone film, the popularity led to a franchise that continued withBack to the Future Part IIin 1989, which filmed consecutively with the third installment.Back to the Future Part IIIreleased the following year, in 1990. Some regard the second film as not only one of Zemeckis' best works, but one of the best sequels of all time. Gale wrote most of the first draft forPart II alone, while Zemeckis completed work onWho Framed Roger Rabbit?.Pre-production set construction and developing convincing aging prosthetics took around two years before principal filming began.

Related:What Michael J. Fox Has Done Since Back To The Future

Gale spoke withTHRabout an edited version ofBack to the Future Part II streaming on Netflix. Thealtered sceneappears when Marty finds the French lingerie magazine,Oh La La,within the sports almanac dustcover. In the censored version, the scene is shortened, and the cover of the magazine isn't shown. The almanac becomes a major plot point for the movie, so cutting out two linesthatprovide context for the film to edit out the magazine cover is a problem.

However,Gale revealed the censorship was the work of the film's original distributor, Universal Pictures, who provided Netflix with that version. Neither Gale nor Zemeckis knew the cut existed until it appeared on Netflix. The writer emphasized that Netflix does not edit films from other studios and did not blame them for the situation. He also explained it was a foreign version of the film, "for some country that had a problem with the Oh La La magazine cover."Gale even took it a step further and asked that Universal destroy that version ofBack to the Future Part II.

The edits seemed surprising when first announced, as Netflix isn't known for withholding graphic or sexual content. The truth that the cut came from Universal, used for foreign distribution, and makes far more sense. While one could wrap their mind around editing out the cover to make the film "more family-friendly," removing the two lines which frame the discovery of the almanac and its role in the film is a disservice to the fans consumingBack to the Future Part IIfor the first time. The experience underscores the control of studios over the work of directors, as well as the ability to alter a finished product and potentially alter its legacy.Netflix now has the original, unedited versions of all three filmsstreaming.

Next:Back To The Future: All Three Movies, Ranked Worst To Best

Source: THR

Why Hugh Jackman Never Wore Wolverines Mask

Maki Zatychies is a freelance writer based in Ontario, Canada, with a BAh in English and an MA in creative non-fiction from the University of Guelph. Alex Trebek is her lord, and she worships at the altar of Jeopardy! Her consumption of media, literature, and pop culture ranges from excessive to compulsive. She lives in a hobbit hole with her mini-Rex rabbit, Sawyer.

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Is Disney+ Censoring Cleavage on Wizards of Waverly Place? | CBR – CBR – Comic Book Resources

Posted: at 1:07 am

Disney+ is the subject of a new censorship controversy surrounding the blurring of cleavage in episodes of Wizards of Waverly Place.

Disney+ is under fire for the censorship of a character's cleavage in Wizards of Waverly Place, which is a Disney Channel original show. The question remains, however, whether this censorship was present in the original broadcast or was changed for streaming on Disney+.

Disney appears to have blurred the cleavage of Maria Canals-Barrera, who plays Theresa Russo, the mortal mother of the main characters in the show. In the censored episode, she wears a purple blouse that features a very noticeable blur where a hint of cleavage should be.

RELATED: Deadpool Creator Rob Liefeld Throws Shade At Disney With Dead Mickey Mouse

Twitter user Danielle Owen (@lovelychubly) noticed this censorship and shared a photo of it in a tweet that has since gone viral.

The photo demonstrates how distracting the attempted edit is to the eye. However, it's apparently not a Disney+ issue, as many other Twitter users have come forward to argue that this censorship was present when the episode wasoriginally broadcast in 2009.

In the age of deep fakes, more evidence is required to prove whether this censorship is new or old. But, as fans know,Disney is no stranger to censorship controversy. And while it may not have originated with Disney+, thisincident is only fanning the flames after the service's firstcensorship discovery, involving itsversion of Splash.

There, the streaming service added longer CGI hair to Daryl Hannah's famous mane in order to cover her backside as she runs into the ocean. However, much like the Waverly cleavage blurring, the edit only serves to draw the eye to the area Disney is seeking to cover.

KEEP READING: Disney+'s Loki: First Season May See More Episodes

(via Movieweb)

YouTube's Cobra Kai to Stream on New Platform for Season 3

Katarina writes and lives at the intersection of mental health, media, and hope. She has written for National Suicide Prevention Lifeline and Women Write About Comics in the past. Currently she serves as editor for The Future of the Force and writes lists for CBR. Film, writing, people, and nature are Katarinas four favorite things. Her passion lies in using writing to help people understand and experience the world and its media more vividly. A new resident of LA, Katarina is probably crying about something nerdy at this very moment.

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EU data protection rules abused to censor media – EUobserver

Posted: at 1:06 am

Two years after its launch and the EU's data protection rules have been used to muzzle journalists in Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia, according to new research.

And NGOs have been targeted in Poland, after one provided searchable access to public data contained in the Polish National Court Register.

Known as the General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR, the EU rules have been commended for protecting privacy rights, but also with promises of hefty penalties for violations by big techs firms and others.

But some national authorities have also used it to intimidate and censor media. Among them was the head of Slovakia's data protection authority, Soa Ptheov.

Last December, she suggested a possible 10m fine against a Czech investigative outlet called Investigace.cz unless they revealed their anonymous sources.

"Ptheov clearly abused her power and harassed journalists," said Beata Balogova, editor-in-chief of Slovakia's largest independent newspaper Sme, in an email on Monday (25 May).

Investigace.cz had obtained a video featuring Marian Koner, the suspected mastermind behind the murder of journalist Jn Kuciak. The video shows Koner installing a camera inside the office of Slovakia's former general prosecutor Dobroslav Trnka.

Ptheov was told by the Slovak parliament in April to step down over the affair.

But Balogova said Ptheov should never have been given the job in the first place, due to her previous work history with Koner.

"The case of Ptheov shows how the former government massively underestimated the issue of data protection and its potential abuse," said Balogova.

Several politicians in Slovakia have also gone after the Sme newspaper itself, claiming their own personal data protection rights have been violated.

The newspaper had reported about their connections with Koner, and published parts of conversations over the applications Threema or Viber.

Access Now, an international NGO, drew similar conclusions.

In a report out on Monday, it said some public authorities are misusing the law to stifle journalism and undermine the work of civil society.

Estelle Mass, a senior policy analyst at the Access Now, signalled out Slovakia's Ptheov as one of the most alarming cases when it comes to GDPR.

She said the European Commission needs to take action to make sure authorities do not abuse the data protection rules.

"If actions are not taken to address and eliminate such behaviour, press freedom and the right to data protection are at risks as the GDPR could ultimately be perceived as a tool for oppression despite the fact that it is precisely the opposite," said Mass, in an email.

Slovakia is not alone.

In 2018, Romania's data protection authority threatened journalists with a 20m fine unless they revealed their sources.

The reporters had uncovered links between Liviu Dragnea, the president of the ruling Social Democratic Party and a Romanian company involved in large-scale fraud.

Romania's data protection authority claimed forcing journalists to reveal their sources "is not likely to violate the professional secrecy of journalists" because the source of their leak was a suitcase.

Meanwhile in Hungary, the GDPR was used to force the local publisher of Forbes magazine to recall from newsstands an issue featuring a list of Hungary's wealthiest people.

The Committee to Protect Journalists, a New York-based NGO, said the EU data law must not be used as a tool to target reporters.

"If EU legislation is being misused to support those who would wish to censor, then resolving those loopholes needs to be given high priority," said Tom Gibson, the NGO's representative in Europe, in an emailed statement.

For its part, the European Commission notes that Article 85 of the GDPR states that EU states need to "provide for exemptions or derogations" when such data is processed "for journalistic purposes".

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Disney plus censorship, a plunging neckline on The wizards of Waverly Place – Play Crazy Game

Posted: at 1:06 am

Never get mad at a fan, because they are faithful devotees of what they admire. That is, perhaps, what should have been considered Disney plus when it decided to censor a neckline on one of her series most admired: The wizards of Waverly Place. The followers of the famous fiction dosmilera known to the nearest millimeter each of the scenes and dialogues, this is why they have become aware of the detail and have expressed their anger through the social networks. What is certain is that the result is a real sloppy, as youll be able to check below.

A user on Twitter noticed the trap and, amazed, threw him in the world. One of the actresses seemed to have something strange in the part of the neckline. The young man thought he was a stain on your television, but no, the platform had smudged the area so far away, attracted his attention more. Do not miss the result.

This content is imported from Twitter. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.

As you can see in the image, the neckline of Theresa Russo (Maria Canals-Barrera), the mother of The wizards of Waverly Place, appears with a cloud strange. Soon, the alleged censorship of Disney was the big topic of conversation on social networks.

This content is imported from Twitter. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.

No member of the division of The wizards of Waverly Place, the series that gave fame to our beloved Selena Gomez, has been manifested, nor Disney plus.

This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io

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Florida, Arizona, and Georgia Have Sidelined Their Coronavirus Data and Experts – BuzzFeed News

Posted: at 1:06 am

State officials in Florida, Arizona, and Georgia have reportedly been censoring scientists or providing questionable COVID-19 case data while pushing for early reopenings.

Posted on May 20, 2020, at 3:26 p.m. ET

BuzzFeed News has reporters across five continents bringing you trustworthy stories about the impact of the coronavirus. To help keep this news free, become a member and sign up for our newsletter, Outbreak Today.

Disputes over coronavirus case counts in reopening states like Georgia, Arizona, and Florida are worrying public health experts, who fear public trust in health agencies is being destroyed by moves to silence or obscure unwelcome data.

Ultimately this is going to kill people, said biostatistics professor Ruth Etzioni of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in Seattle. People are going to see low numbers from these reports with manipulated numbers, go outside when they should stay in, get ill, and die.

As those three states pushed to ease stay-at-home orders in recent weeks, they have each reportedly taken steps to obscure data that would have run counter to their plans, hiding or misapplying complete numbers of those who have died or become ill from COVID-19. The White Houses April guidelines to states called for a 14-day downturn in case counts before reopening, but the three states and others have proceeded before that happened.

Most public health projections see cases dipping nationwide from the effects of the past stay-at-home orders, but then climbing as May ends as people get sick from new exposures during reopenings. The data problems in Georgia, Arizona, and Florida come as overall US coronavirus cases counts stand at more than 1.5 million, with over 92,000 deaths. New US case reports have declined to less than 25,000 new cases a day in May, however, down from more than 35,000 a day in late April. More than 40 states have in the last month reopened businesses after widespread stay-at-home orders in March led to staggering US unemployment and financial losses.

Among the hard-hit states is tourism-heavy Florida, which reopened on May 4. The head of the states widely praised coronavirus dashboard, Rebekah Jones of the Florida Department of Public Health, reported in an email update on Friday that she had been removed from her role for "reasons beyond my divisions control." Jones, who had previously won praise from White House coronavirus task force leader Deborah Birx, later told a local TV station that the state had asked her to manually change data to drum up support for the plan to reopen.

The Florida Department of Public Health did not respond to a query from BuzzFeed News over whether it had manipulated data to make reopening more attractive. A statement sent from Helen Ferr of the office of Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said Rebekah Jones exhibited a repeated course of insubordination during her time with the Department, including her unilateral decisions to modify the Departments COVID-19 dashboard without input or approval from the epidemiological team or her supervisors. Ferr added that Jones had until Thursday to resign or would face termination.

Jones did not respond to requests for comment. An email sent to her work address bounced back on Wednesday morning.

The Sunshine State was criticized in April for pressuring medical examiners not to release their COVID-19 death counts, then 10% higher than official state figures. A Tampa Bay Times report on Wednesday concluded that COVID-19 had likely led to hundreds of unreported deaths in Florida since March.

Arizona started a limited reopening plan on May 8. Four days earlier state officials directed Arizona State University and University of Arizona researchers modeling the projections for state coronavirus cases to pause all their work. Also, we have been asked to pull back the special data sets which have been shared under this public health emergency effort, the order said, according to a copy obtained by BuzzFeed News.

The university models had suggested the only way to keep deaths from rising in the state was to delay reopening until the end of May, but the state officials had said they wanted to rely on federal models instead. After the researchers said they planned to continue releasing their projections anyway, the state backed down from the pause order.

Georgia was among the first states to reopen business, on April 27. The state was criticized last week for mistakes in its data just ahead of its reopening, showing that new cases in counties with the highest infection rates had been in a steady two-week decline when in fact theyd stayed flat. The same errors were made three times. Critics suggested that the mixed-up dates and incorrect case counts were part of misleading bids to suggest that fewer people were getting sick just ahead of reopening.

The accuracy of case count data is essential for safe state reopenings, which rely on declining case numbers, accurate testing data, and hospitalization rates to proceed in states like Virginia and California, still under regional lockdowns.

A recent Georgia Tech report suggested that people staying at home rather than readily mixing after Georgias reopening would cut the peak of June and July cases in the state by 40%. That makes strong public messages about physical distancing and staying at home crucial during any reopenings, the report concluded.

When public health agencies are not being transparent, not being complete and accurate over the long term, they are fundamentally undermining the trust of the public, said George Washington University health policy professor Jeffrey Levi. The pandemic will likely see repeated periods of calls for stronger physical distancing to blunt future outbreaks, making this particularly dangerous, he added. The next time you tell them to trust your data, they wont.

The pandemic is already a tough situation for collecting accurate data, Levi noted. Many people dont get tested because of a lack of symptoms or poor access to tests, and reports from New York, New Jersey, and Michigan have suggested large undercounts of deaths are likely. A healthcare company in Florida reported on Tuesday that as many as 33,000 people there were given unreliable diagnostic tests, not the first time that unreliable tests have muddied the waters for epidemiologists.

Most worrisome, the three-week lag between the onset of a COVID-19 outbreak and deaths in hospitals shooting upward makes maintaining public trust in public health agencies even more crucial, said Levi. He called the allegations being raised against the state public health agencies altering data and censoring scientists "unprecedented."

Anything short of full transparency does not serve the public good, American Public Health Association President Lisa Carlson told BuzzFeed News. People make mistakes; people dispute data. Whats important is to get to, and to maintain, accurate, timely, and complete data and transparency.

Zahra Hirji contributed reporting to this story.

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Censor: How I’ll return to the top of Call of Duty esports – Dexerto

Posted: at 1:06 am

Call of Duty

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Nobody quite knew what to expect from the inaugural season of the Call of Duty League, and it appears some players, such as Doug 'Censor' Martin, didn't even know what they were signing up for, either.

Censor is a Call of Duty veteran and currently a substitute for the New York Subliners, and he sat down with us to talk about some of his grievances with the way the league currently works and the position he has found himself in.

"If I'm a substitute on a pro team there is going to be some benefits from it," he thought but, unfortunately, it seemed some things weren't clear. "I'm pretty sure that our owner wants to make sure he gets what he can out of me. I wouldn't want to spend $50,000 just to pay a guy for no reason."

The main problem Censor had with the situation he was in was that he could not get any significant practice. He would not get picked for tens and he also was not allowed to compete with other teams' substitutes, essentially being relegated to never getting the chance to prove himself.

Nonetheless, Censor insists he has absolutely no intention of stopping competing any time soon. "I want to be a competitor forever," he said. "I want to play until I can never play again and see how far I can take this scene, kind of like how Tom Brady and Lebron James are doing."

So what's next for Censor? He plans on taking to Challengers, and maybe we'll see him become a pro once again.

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Researchers find new selective-breeding method for heat-tolerant abalone without genetic modification – Aju Business Daily

Posted: at 12:52 am

[Courtesy of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries]

More than 7,500 tons of abalone are consumed annually in South Korea. However, it's not easy for abalone farmers to keep their prized product alive during summer as the shellfish die easily when the sea temperature rises above 32 degrees Celsius (89.6 degrees Fahrenheit). To increase the production of abalone by increasing survivability in warm water temperatures, some farmers in China and other countries use genetic modification.

Temperatures of the sea around the Korean peninsula showed abnormality due to global warming, rising on an average of 0.44 degrees Celsius every year over the last decade, according to the Korea Meteorological Administration. Abalone farmers lost more than 13.6 billion won ($10 million) in 2018 due to high sea temperatures.

The National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), a scientific body operated by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, said in a statement that it has found a selective breeding method that involves no genetic engineering by using genetic markers. The institute will commercialize the method after a pilot project at actual abalone farms.

"With the recent trend of rising sea temperature, the future of abalone farms depends on developing breeds that can survive in places where the water temperature varies greatly," NIFS researcher Nam Bo-hye was quoted as saying.

Based on the institute's 2014 finding that a certain breed of abalone is capable of staying alive in seas warmer than 32 degrees Celsius, NIFS researchers have analyzed genetic characteristics, which are genetic markers, of the more heat-tolerant breed. Abalone farmers can check genetic markers to sort out the heat-tolerant breed in a simple and quick manner.

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Ethicists: We need more flexible tools for evaluating gene-edited food – The Conversation US

Posted: at 12:52 am

Is there now a way to genetically engineer crops to create food that people can confidently consider natural?

Gene-editing technology sounds like it might offer this possibility. By altering an organisms genetic material, or genome, without introducing genes from other species, advocates of genome editing argue the technique can sidestep most of the difficult ethical and regulatory challenges plaguing organisms with added transgenes, which are genes from other species. Some even argue these cisgenic products are natural enough to count as organic.

As ethicists specializing in how technology alters human-nature relations, we can understand why advocates see the ethics this way. If crossing species lines is the measure of whether a technique counts as natural or not, then genome editing appears to have the potential to pass a naturalness test.

Genome editing, its boosters say, can make changes that look almost evolutionary. Arguably, these changes could have happened by themselves through the natural course of events, if anyone had the patience to wait for them. Conventional breeding for potatoes resistant to late blight is theoretically possible, for example, but it would take a lot of time.

Although we understand the potential advantages of speed, we dont think an ethics hinging on the idea of cisgenesis is adequate. We propose a better ethical lens to use in its place.

Our work is part of a four-year projectfunded by the Norwegian Research Council scrutinizing how gene editing could change how we think about food. The work brings together researchers from universities and scientific institutes in Norway, the U.K. and the U.S. to compare a range of techniques for producing useful new crops.

Our project is not focused on the safety of the crops under development, something that obviously requires concerted scientific investigation of its own. Although the safety of humans and the health of the environment is ethically crucial when developing new foods, other ethical issues must also be considered.

To see this, consider how objections against genetically modified organisms go far beyond safety. Ethical issues around food sovereignty range broadly across farmer choice, excess corporate power, economic security and other concerns. Ethical acceptability requires a much higher bar than safety alone.

Although we believe gene editing may have promise for addressing the agricultural challenges caused by rising global populations, climate change and the overuse of chemical pesticides, we dont think an ethical analysis based entirely on crossing species lines and naturalness is adequate.

It is already clear that arguing gene-edited food is ethical based on species lines has not satisfied all of gene editings critics. As Ricarda Steinbrecher, a molecular biologist cautious about gene editing, has said, Whether or not the DNA sequences come from closely related species is irrelevant, the process of genetic engineering is the same, involving the same risks and unpredictabilities, as with transgenesis.

Comments of this kind suggest talking about species lines is an unreliable guide. Species and subspecies boundaries are notoriously infirm. Charles Darwin himself conceded in Origin of Species, I look at the term species, as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other.

The 2005 edition of the Mammal Species of the World demonstrated this arbitrariness by collapsing all 12 subspecies of American cougars down to one Puma concolor cougar overnight. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force revised the Felidae family again.

If species lines are not clear, claiming naturalness based on not crossing species lines is, in our view, a shaky guide. The lack of clarity matters because a premature ethical green light could mean a premature regulatory green light, with broad implications for both agricultural producers and consumers.

We think a more reliable ethical measure is to ask about how a technique for crop breeding interferes with the integrity of the organism being altered.

The term integrity already has application in environmental ethics, ecology, cell biology, interhuman ethics, organic agriculture and genetics.

A unifying theme in all these domains is that integrity points toward some kind of functional wholeness of an organism, a cell, a genome or an ecological system. The idea of maintaining integrity tracks a central intuition about being cautious before interfering too much with living systems and their components.

The integrity lens makes it clear why the ethics of gene editing may not be radically different from the ethics of genetic modification using transgenes. The cell wall is still penetrated by the gene-editing components. The genome of the organism is cut at a site chosen by the scientist, and a repair is initiated which (it is hoped) will result in a desired change to the organism. When it comes to the techniques involved with gene editing a crop or other food for a desired trait, integrity is compromised at several levels and none has anything to do with crossing species lines. The integrity lens makes it clear the ethics is not resolved by debating naturalness or species boundaries.

Negotiation of each others integrity is a necessary part of human-to-human relations. Adopted as an ethical practice in the field of biotechnology, it might provide a better guide in attempts to accommodate different ethical, ecological and cultural priorities in policymaking. An ethic with a central place for discussion of integrity promises a framework that is both more flexible and discerning.

As new breeding techniques create new ethical debates over food, we think the ethical toolbox needs updating. Talking about crossing species lines simply isnt enough. If Darwin had known about gene editing, we think he would have agreed.

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