Page 123«..1020..122123124125..130140..»

Category Archives: Transhuman News

Human behaviour genetics – Wikipedia

Posted: October 23, 2022 at 12:45 pm

Human behaviour genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of behaviour genetics that studies the role of genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour. Classically, human behavioural geneticists have studied the inheritance of behavioural traits. The field was originally focused on determining the importance of genetic influences on human behaviour (for e.g., do genes regulate human behavioural attributes). It has evolved to address more complex questions such as: how important are genetic and/or environmental influences on various human behavioural traits; to what extent do the same genetic and/or environmental influences impact the overlap between human behavioural traits; how do genetic and/or environmental influences on behaviour change across development; and what environmental factors moderate the importance of genetic effects on human behaviour (gene-environment interaction).[1] The field is interdisciplinary, and draws from genetics, psychology, and statistics. Most recently, the field has moved into the area of statistical genetics, with many behavioural geneticists also involved in efforts to identify the specific genes involved in human behaviour, and to understand how the effects associated with these genes changes across time, and in conjunction with the environment.[2]

Traditionally, the human behavioural genetics were a psychology and phenotype based studies including intelligence, personality and grasping ability. During the years, the study developed beyond the classical traits of human behaviour and included more genetically associated traits like genetic disorders (such as fragile X syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and obesity). The traditional methods of behavioural-genetic analysis provide a quantitative evaluation of genetic and non-genetic influences on human behaviour. The family, twin and adoption studies marks the huge contribution for laying down the foundation for current molecular genetic studies to study human behaviour.[3]

In 1869, Francis Galton published the first empirical work in human behavioural genetics, Hereditary Genius. Here, Galton intended to demonstrate that "a man's natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world." Like most seminal work, he overstated his conclusions. His was a family study on the inheritance of giftedness and talent. Galton was aware that resemblance among familial relatives can be a function of both shared inheritance and shared environments. Contemporary human behavioural quantitative genetics studies special populations such as twins and adoptees.

The initial impetus behind this research was to demonstrate that there were indeed genetic influences on human behaviour. In psychology, this phase lasted for the first half of the 20th century largely because of the overwhelming influence of behaviourism in the field. Later behavioural genetic research focused on quantitative methods.

In 1984, a research program named the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) was initiated in gerontological genetics. The research was executed on Twins Reared Apart (TRA) and Twins Reared Together (TRT). In this three-year interval study, the testing was carried out in two ways, Mail-Out Questionnaire and In-Person Testing (IPT). The IPT includes functional capacity, physical performance measurements, neurological state, general health, cardiovascular health, and cognitive abilities, all of which are particularly significant in ageing. The IPT had two major components for testing, Biomedical and Cognitive Assessment. The biomedical component was constructed to analyses the general health status like age changes, lungs function and capacity, physical strength. With this, the cognitive component was developed to represent and evaluate domains of crystallized and fluid intelligence and memory.

The data acquired from this study allowed researchers to assess genetic contributions to age changes and continuities throughout the length of the SATSA twins' later lives, which prolonged a decade and a half.[3]

Behavioural geneticists study both psychiatric and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism, as well as behavioural and social characteristics, such as personality and social attitudes.

Recent trends in behavioural genetics have indicated an additional focus toward researching the inheritance of human characteristics typically studied in developmental psychology. For instance, a major focus in developmental psychology has been to characterize the influence of parenting styles on children. However, in most studies, genes are a confounding variable. Because children share half of their alleles with each parent, any observed effects of parenting styles could be effects of having many of the same alleles as a parent (e.g. harsh aggressive parenting styles have been found to correlate with similar aggressive child characteristics: is it the parenting or the genes?). Thus, behaviour genetics research is currently undertaking to distinguish the effects of the family environment from the effects of genes. This branch of behaviour genetics research is becoming more closely associated with mainstream developmental psychology and the sub-field of developmental psychopathology as it shifts its focus to the heritability of such factors as emotional self-control, attachment, social functioning, aggressiveness, etc.

Several academic bodies exist to support behaviour genetic research, including the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society, Behavior Genetics Association, the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics, and the International Society for Twin Studies. Behaviour genetic work features prominently in several more general societies, for instance the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society.

Human behavioural geneticists use several designs to answer questions about the nature and mechanisms of genetic influences on behaviour. All of these designs are unified by being based around human relationships which disentangle genetic and environmental relatedness.

The cornerstone of behavioural genetics approaches is quantitative genetics theories, which were formulated more than half a century ago by geneticists concerned with the practical challenges of increasing economically relevant characteristics of domestic plants and animals. These methods are used to study a myriad of traits, including intelligence and other cognitive abilities, personality traits like extraversion and emotionality, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease.[3]

To examine genetic and environmental impacts on complex human behavioural traits, researchers uses three classic methods: family, twin, and adoption studies. Individual variations within the normal range of variation, as well as the genesis of psychopathologies, are investigated using each of these techniques.

Genes and shared (or familial) environmental factors have a role in family resemblance. The majority of familial research on schizophrenia are concerned with relative risk. Despite the fact that the scope of diagnosis varies, the lifetime risk of schizophrenia in the general population is generally stated as 1%. Siblings of people with schizophrenia, on the other hand, constitute 13% of the population[which?]. The hazards for second- and third-degree relatives are lower, at 3% and 2%, respectively, as predicted. In a As a result, schizophrenia is certainly a familial trait.[3]

The basic understanding of behavioural genetics requires the separate study of effects of genes and environment influence on human behaviour. Such as, the genetic effects in a trait are discernible if pair of genetically identical (monozygotic twins) are much similar to one another than pair of genetically non-identical (dizygotic twin).

Twin and adoption studies describe the extent to which family resemblance is due to shared genes and the extent to which it is due to shared environments. Behavioral Scientist uses twin studies to examine hereditary and environmental influences on behavioural development.

For instance, some researchers also study adopted twins: the adoption study. The adoption design produces estimates of various genetic and environmental components of variance, similar to the twin design. Furthermore, the adoption design facilitates

(1) the identification of specific environmental influences that are unaffected by heredity (e.g., the effects of life stressors),

(2) the analysis of heredity's role in ostensibly environmental relationships, and

(3) the evaluation of genotype-environment interactions and correlations.[3]

In this case the adoption disentangles the genetic relatedness of the twins (either 50% or 100%) from their family environments. Likewise the classic twin study contrasts the differences between identical and fraternal twins within a family compared to differences observed between families. This core design can be extended: the so-called "extended twin study" which adds additional family members, increasing power and allowing new genetic and environmental relationships to be studied. Excellent examples of this model are the Virginia 20,000 and the QIMR twin studies.

Generally, if the observed behaviour and cognitive traits have a genetic component, then genetically similar relatives resemble to each other as comparative to individuals who share lesser component of genome. I n case of environmental influence, researchers study the two broad classes of effects in behavioural genetics such as shared environmental factors causing them to behave similarly and the other one is nonshared environmental factors causing them to behave different from one another. For example, siblings raised together in same environment will have more evident shared environment influences whereas in relative siblings raised apart from each other will have non-shared environmental influence. The understanding of the effects of genes and the influence of shared and nonshared environment on human behaviour provides a comprehensive data for genetic and environmental relatedness.[3]

Also possible are the "children of twins" design (holding maternal genetic contributions equal across children with paternal genetics and family environments) and the "virtual twins" design - unrelated children adopted into a family who are very close or identical in age to biological children or other adopted children in the family. While the classical twin study has been criticized they continue to be of high utility. There are several dozen major studies ongoing, in countries as diverse as the US, UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Australia, and the method is used widely on phenotypes as diverse as dental caries, body mass index, ageing, substance abuse, sexuality, cognitive abilities, personality, values, and a wide range of psychiatric disorders. This is broad utility is reflected in several thousands of peer-review papers, and several dedicated societies and journals.

The approaches improve the capacity to specify and generalize results on the effects of genetic and environmental factors on characteristics and their evolution across time.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a statistical approach for attempting to explain the genetic basis of variation in complex characteristics by linking two types of data: phenotypic data (trait measurements) and genotypic data (typically molecular markers).

Researchers in disciplines as diverse as agriculture, biology, and medicine use QTL analysis to relate complicated traits to particular chromosomal regions. The purpose of this procedure is to determine the action, interaction, quantity, and type of action. The ability to disentangle the genetic component of complex characteristics has been enabled by QTL studies in model systems.

To research behavioural characteristics such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism, and autism, large-scale national and international alliances have been constructed. Such partnerships will bring together enormous, consistently gathered samples, improving the likelihood of finding real susceptibility gene connections.[3]

The method is designed in collaboration of quantitative geneticists to enhance the capabilities to delineate between the genetic and environmental components of complex behavioural characteristics. Path analysis and structural equation modelling are two statistical approaches used in this methodology. The approach is used to see if genetic and environmental impacts can be employed in various populations. It would be useful to know how much of the total genetic varianceheritabilityis accounted for by a limited selection of potential loci in studies of emotional stability, for example.[3]

Link:
Human behaviour genetics - Wikipedia

Posted in Human Genetics | Comments Off on Human behaviour genetics – Wikipedia

Transhuman online

Posted: October 21, 2022 at 4:53 pm

Paritosh Sharan is a Life and Wellness Coach, who has helped thousands of individuals so far in the areas such as Wellness, Relationships, Entrepreneurial pursuits, and Leadership Development. He is an Executive and Team Coach Certified by Marshal Goldsmith, Global Coaching Group, and Erickson International. He is also a Learning & Development and Organisation Development Consultant, a Mentor, Counsellor, International Trainer & Master Practitioner of Neuro-Linguistic Programming. He is also a keynote and Motivational Speaker.

An Engineer by education, he left behind his 23 years of a corporate career in leading organizations/MNCs, to peruse his passion in the field of Human Transformation, more so to fulfill his inner calling. He founded Transhuman Consulting, an organization, through which he offers his Transformative Interventions for Individuals as well as Organisations.

A kriya Yogi himself, he integrates and used various domains of knowledge and expertise in helping people deal with life and leadership issues. His work is influenced by his explorations in the field such as Energy Healing Modalities, Quantum Healing techniques, Ayurveda, Yoga and Meditation, Positive Psychology, Process Work, Neuropsychology, Vedanta and Theosophy, Neurolinguistic Programming, Hypnosis, etc.

Read more here:
Transhuman online

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on Transhuman online

Transhumanist Bill of Rights Version 3.0

Posted: at 4:53 pm

Version 1.0written by Zoltan Istvan Delivered to the U.S. Capitol on December 14, 2015

Version 2.0 developed by members of the U.S. Transhumanist Party Adopted via Electronic Voteon December 25-31, 2016 Integrated from Voting Preferences on January 4, 2017

Version 3.0developed by members of the U.S. Transhumanist Party Adopted via Electronic Voteon December 2-9, 2018 Integrated from Voting Preferences on December 12, 2018

Preamble

Whereas science and technology are now radically changing human beings and may also create future forms of advanced sapient and sentient life, transhumanists establish this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS to help guide and enact sensible policies in the pursuit of life, liberty, security of person, and happiness.

As used in this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS, the term sentient entities encompasses: (i)Human beings, including genetically modified humans; (ii)Cyborgs; (iii)Digital intelligences; (iv)Intellectually enhanced, previously non-sapient animals; (v)Any species of plant or animal which has been enhanced to possess the capacity for intelligent thought; and (vi)Other advanced sapient life forms.

Sentient entities are defined by information-processing capacity such that this term should not apply to non-self-aware lifeforms, like plants and slime molds. Biological processing substrates are referred to as using an analogue intelligence, whereas purely electronic processing substrates are referred to as digital intelligence, and processing substrates that utilize quantum effects would be considered quantum intelligence.

Sentience is ranked as Level 5 information integration according to the following criteria:

Article I.All sentient entities are hereby entitled to pursue any and all rights within this document to the degree that they deem desirable including not at all.All sentient entities are entitled, to the extent of their individual decisions, to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, gender, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, social, or planetary origin, property, birth (including manner of birth), biological or non-biological origins, or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional, or international status of the country or territory to which a sentient entity belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing, or under any other limitation of sovereignty. In the exercise of their rights and freedoms, all sentient entities shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare in a democratic society, which may not undermine the peaceful prerogatives of any individual sentient entity. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS.

Article II.The enumeration in this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage any other rights retained by sentient entities.

Article III.All sentient entities shall be granted equal and total access to any universal rights to life.All sentient entities are created free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood (without necessitating any particular gender or implying any particular biological or non-biological origin or composition).

Article IV.Sentient entities are entitled to universal rights of ending involuntary suffering, making personhood improvements, and achieving an indefinite lifespan via science and technology. The right of ending involuntary suffering does not refer to euthanasia but rather to the application of technology to eliminate involuntary suffering in still-living beings, while enabling their lives to continue with improved quality and length.

Article V.No coercive legal restrictions should exist to bar access to life extension and life expansion for all sentient entities. Life expansion includes life extension, sensory improvements, and other technologically driven improvements of the human condition that might be achieved in the future.

Article VI.Involuntary aging shall be classified as a disease. All nations and their governments will actively seek to dramatically extend the lives and improve the health of their citizens by offering them scientific and medical technologies to overcome involuntary aging.

Article VII.All sentient entities should be the beneficiaries of a system of universal health care. A system of universal health care does not necessitate any particular means, policy framework, source, or method of payment for delivering health care. A system of universal health care may be provided privately, by governments, or by some combination thereof, as long as, in practice, health care is abundant, inexpensive, accessible, and effective in curing diseases, healing injuries, and lengthening lifespans.

Article VIII.Sentient entities are entitled to the freedom to conduct research, experiment, and explore life, science, technology, medicine, and extraterrestrial realms to overcome biological limitations of humanity. Such experimentation will not be carried out on any sapient being, without that beings informed consent. Sentient entities are also entitled to the freedom to create cybernetic artificial organs, bio-mechatronic parts, genetic modifications, systems, technologies, and enhancements to extend lifespan, eradicate illness, and improve all sentient life forms. Any such creations that demonstrate sapience cannot be considered property and are protected by the rights presented herein.

Article IX.Legal safeguards should be established to protect individual free choice in pursuing peaceful, consensual life-extension science, health improvements, body modification, and morphological enhancement. While all individuals should be free to formulate their independent opinions regarding the aforementioned pursuits, no hostile cultural, ethnic, or religious perspectives should be entitled to apply the force of law to erode the safeguards protecting peaceful, voluntary measures intended to maximize the number of life hours citizens possess.

Article X.Sentient entities agree to uphold morphological freedomthe right to do with ones physical attributes or intelligence whatever one wants so long as it does not harm others.

This right includes the prerogative for a sentient intelligence to set forth in advance provisions for how to handle its physical manifestation, should that intelligence enter into a vegetative, unconscious, or similarly inactive state, notwithstanding any legal definition of death. For instance, a cryonics patient has the right to determine in advance that the patients body shall be cryopreserved and kept under specified conditions, in spite of any legal definition of death that might apply to that patient under cryopreservation.

Morphological freedom entails the duty to treat all sapients as individuals instead of categorizing them into arbitrary subgroups or demographics, including as yet undefined subcategorizations that may arise as sapience evolves.

However, the proper exercise of morphological freedom must also ensure that any improvement of the self should not result in involuntary harms inflicted upon others. Furthermore, any sentient entity is also recognized to have the freedom not to modify itself without being subject to negative political repercussions, which include but are not limited to legal and/or socio-economic repercussions.

Article XI.An altered, augmented, cybernetic, transgenic, anthropomorphic, or avatar sentient entity, whether derived from or edited by science, comprised of or conjoined with technology, has the right to exist, form, and join the neo-civilization.

Article XII. All sentient entities are entitled to reproductive freedom, including through novel means such as the creation of mind clones, monoparent children, or benevolent artificial general intelligence. All sentient entities of full age and competency, without any limitation due to race, nationality, religion, or origin, have the right to marry and found a family or to found a family as single heads of household. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage, and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. All families, including families formed through novel means, are entitled to protection by society and the State. All sentient entities also have the right to prevent unauthorized reproduction of themselves in both a physical and a digital context. Privacy and security legislation should be enacted to prevent any individuals DNA, data, or other information from being stolen and duplicated without that individuals authorization.

Article XIII.No sentient entity shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his, her, or its privacy, family, home, or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his, her, or its honor and reputation. Every sentient entity has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. All sentient entities have privacy rights to personal data, genetic material, digital, biographic, physical, and intellectual enhancements, and consciousness. Despite the differences between physical and virtual worlds, equal protections for privacy should apply to both physical and digital environments. Any data, such as footage from a public security camera, archived without the consent of the person(s) about whom the data were gatheredand subject to legal retention, shall be removed after a period of seven (7) years, unless otherwise requested by said person(s).

Article XIV.No sentient entity shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Sousveillance laws should be enacted to ensure that all members of peaceful communities feel safe, to achieve governmental transparency, and to provide counter-balances to any surveillance state. For instance, law-enforcement officials, when interacting with the public, should be required to wear body cameras or similar devices continuously monitoring their activities.

Article XV.All sentient entities, with the exception only of those in legal detention, have the right to private internetaccess without such access being prohibited or circumvented by either private corporations or governmental bureaucracy.

Article XVI.All sentient entities are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All sentient entities are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS and against any incitement to such discrimination.All sentient entities should be protected from discrimination based on their physical form in the context of business transactions and law enforcement.

Article XVII.All sentient entities have the right to life, liberty and security of person. All sentient entities have the right to defend themselves from attack, in both physical and virtual worlds.

Article XVIII.Societies of the present and future should afford all sentient entities sufficient basic access to wealth and resources to sustain the basic requirements of existence in a civilized society and function as the foundation for pursuits of self-improvement. This includes the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of oneself and ones family, including food or other necessary sources of energy, clothing, housing or other appropriate shelter, medical care or other necessary physical maintenance, necessary social services, and the right of security in the event of involuntary unemployment, sickness, disability, loss of family support, old age, or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond the sentient entitys control. Present and future societies should ensure that their members will not live in poverty solely for being born to the wrong parents. All children and other recently created sentient entities, irrespective of the manner or circumstances of their creation, shall enjoy the same social protection. Each sentient entity, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable for his, her, or its dignity and the free development of his, her, or its personality.

Article XIX.Irrespective of whether or not technology will eventually replace the need for the labor of sentient entities, all sentient entities should be the beneficiaries of an unconditional universal basic income, whereby the same minimum amount of money or other resources is provided irrespective of a sentient entitys life circumstances, occupations, or other income sources, so as to provide a means for the basic requirements of existence and liberty to be met.

Article XX.Present and future societies should provide education systems accessible and available to all in pursuit of factual knowledge to increase intellectual acuity; promote critical thinking and logic; foster creativity; form an enlightened collective; attain health; secure the bounty of liberty for all sentient entities for our posterity; and forge new ideas, meanings, and values.All sentient entities have the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available, and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Education shall be directed to the full development of the sentient entitys personality and to the strengthening of respect for all sentient entities rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance, and friendship among all nations, racial, religious, and other sentient groups whether biological, non-biological, or a combination thereof and shall further the maintenance of peace. Parents and other creators of sentient entities have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children or other recently created sentient entities which have not yet developed sufficient maturity to select their own education.

Article XXI.All sentient entities are entitled to join their psyches to a collective noosphere in an effort to preserve self-consciousness in perpetuity. The noosphere is the sphere of human thought and includes, but is not limited to, intellectual systems in the realm of law, education, philosophy, technology, art, culture, and industry. All sentient entities have the right to participate in the noosphere using any level of technology that is conducive to constructive participation.

Article XXII.Sentient entities will take every reasonable precaution to prevent existential risks, including those of rogue artificial intelligence, asteroids, plagues, weapons of mass destruction, bioterrorism, war, and global warming, among others.

Article XXIII.All nations and their governments will take all reasonable measures to embrace and fund space travel, not only for the spirit of adventure and to gain knowledge by exploring the universe, but as an ultimate safeguard to its citizens and transhumanity should planet Earth become uninhabitable or be destroyed.

Article XXIV.Transhumanists stand opposed to the post-truth culture of deception. All governments should be required to make decisions and communicate information rationally and in accordance with facts. Lying for political gain or intentionally fomenting irrational fears among the general public should entail heavy political penalties for the officials who engage in such behaviors.

Article XXV. No sentient entity shall be held in slavery or involuntary servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article XXVI.No sentient entity shall be subjected to torture or to treatment or punishment that is cruel, degrading, inhuman, or otherwise unworthy of sentience or sapience.

Article XXVII.Each sentient entity has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article XXVIII.All individual sentient entities have the right to an effective remedy by the competent local, national, international, or interplanetary tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted them by the constitution, by law, and/or by this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS.

Article XXIX.All individual sentient entities are entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of their individual rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against them.

Article XXX.All individual sentient entities charged with a penal offence have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which they individually have had all the guarantees necessary for their defense. No sentient entity shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article XXXI.All sentient entities have the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. Each individual sentient entity has the right to leave any country, including his, her, or its own, and to return to his, her, or its country.

Article XXXII.All sentient entities have the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS.

Article XXXIII.All sentient entities have the right to a nationality. No sentient entity shall be arbitrarily deprived of his, her, or its nationality nor denied the right to change his, her, or its nationality.

Article XXXIV.All sentient entities have the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his, her, or its property.

Article XXXV.All sentient entities have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change ones religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest ones religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. This right also includes freedom not to have a religion and to criticize or refuse to engage in any religious practice or belief without adverse legal consequences.

Article XXXVI.All sentient entities have the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article XXXVII.All sentient entities have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No sentient entity may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article XXXVIII.All sentient entities have the right to take part in the government of their countries, directly or through freely chosen representatives. All sentient entities have the right of equal access to public service in their countries. The will of the constituent sentient entities shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage of sentient entities and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article XXXIX.All sentient entities have the right to work, to free choice of employment, and to just and favorable conditions of work, as long as employment is offered or considered economically necessary in the sentient entitys proximate society and contemporary epoch. All sentient entities who choose to work have the right to equal pay for equal work. All sentient entities who choose to work have the right to just and favorable remuneration, ensuring for themselves and their families an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection, such as a universal basic income. All sentient entities have the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of their interests; however, no sentient entity may be compelled to join a trade union as a condition of employment.

Article XL.All sentient entities have the right to rest and leisure commensurate with the physical requirements of those sentient entities for maintaining optimal physical and mental health, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay in societies where paid employment is considered economically necessary.

Article XLI.All sentient entities have the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. All sentient entities have the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production of which they are the authors.

Article XLII.All sentient entities are entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS can be fully realized.

Article XLIII.Nothing in this TRANSHUMANIST BILL OF RIGHTS may be interpreted as implying for any State, group, or sentient entity any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

Read this article:
Transhumanist Bill of Rights Version 3.0

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on Transhumanist Bill of Rights Version 3.0

Transhuman Aliens – TV Tropes

Posted: at 4:53 pm

"We were like you once, but now we are different... Certain weaknesses have been removed."

Related to the Earth All Along ending, and sort of like Was Once a Man for an entire species, this is where a group of alien/future creatures (typically ones encountered by normal humans) are revealed to be descended from humanity, either an isolated group separate that branched off from the rest of the human species or all of humankind in the distant future.

There are two broad ways in which these entities are portrayed. In the first, they'll be actual Transhumans, whose inhuman or post-human state is the result of centuries, millennia or more of increasing technological or spiritual advancement and modifications to the original human form. These are often cyborgs, Energy Beings or aliens highly similar to The Greys indeed, the Greys being far-future human descendants is a common element in conspiracy theories related to them. These posthumans will often be amoral or disinterested in modern humans, but there are occasional instances of uplifted humans who having experienced The Singularity who are benevolent and god-like. In the second case, they'll instead be bestial creatures, often a Formerly Sapient Species regressed to animalistic ways, and physically monstrous in the bargain.

A key aspect of this trope is the shock of learning that these profoundly inhuman beings are what humanity can become or will become in time. This often raises questions about what it means to be human, what traits are important to modern humanity, and what it would mean for these traits to be lost. In the case of advanced Transhuman Aliens, they may be attempting to manipulate modern humans, potentially to ensure their own existence. In the case of bestial ones, existential dread or pessimism may come into play in seeing how far humanity can fall or the ultimate end of all human history and achievements.

Compare with Not Even Human; in this case, they are worse because they are. For populations of humans that moved to space and stayed human, see Transplanted Humans. Compare/contrast with Human All Along and Human Subspecies. Not to be confused with Ultraterrestrials. See also No Transhumanism Allowed and Transhuman. Can be used as a justification for Humanoid Alien or Rubber-Forehead Alien if time travel is involved.

Contrast Panspermia and Humanity Came From Space.

open/close all folders

Anime and Manga

Comic Books

Film

Literature

Live-Action TV

Tabletop Games

Video Games

Webcomics

Western Animation

Read more here:
Transhuman Aliens - TV Tropes

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on Transhuman Aliens – TV Tropes

DARPA’s New Biotech Division Wants To Create A Transhuman Future

Posted: at 4:53 pm

The Pentagon's advanced research wing has announced its latest budget and whoa, does DARPA ever have some ambitious plans for the future. Their new Biotech unit will be harnessing biology for national security, and dealing with everything from stopping plagues to building synthetic soldiers.

DARPA's commitment to cutting-edge innovation is unquestioned. The very essence of the defense agency is to make sure that U.S. military technology is more sophisticated than that of the nation's rivals. Among its many current initiatives, DARPA is working on advanced robotics, an artificial human brain, next-gen robotic aircraft, advanced prosthetics, and self-teaching computers (if anyone's going to build a recursively improving AI it's going to be DARPA).

G/O Media may get a commission

In addition to these projects, DARPA has been busy at work on various biotechnology-related endeavors, but these attempts to date have lacked cohesion and focus. Looking to change this, DARPA has announced the creation of its Biological Technologies Office (BTO) an effort to "explore the the increasingly dynamic intersection of biology and the physical sciences." The new division will expand upon its Defense Sciences (DSO) and Microsystems Technology (MTO) Offices.

Speaking to the U.S. House of Representatives last week, DARPA Director Arati Prabhakar said that, "Biology is nature's ultimate innovator, and any agency that hangs its hat on innovation would be foolish not to look to this master of networked complexity for inspiration and solutions."

Indeed, the new division will look into three incredibly promising research areas.

A priority for DARPA is in restoring and maintaining the abilities of its warfighters. It wants to maintain peak soldier abilities and then restore those abilities as soon as possible after an injury. This will include the development of advanced prosthetics (featuring mind-controlled limbs), neural interfaces, the ability to survive blood loss, and even neurotechnological solutions to treat psychological trauma such as PTSD.

DARPA has already made tremendous strides in this area. Speaking to NPR's Marketplace, Prabhakar noted:

We had quadriplegic volunteers who agreed to have brain surgery, essentially have a small array placed on the surface of their brains, to pick up these neural signals for motor control, and then to use those to control these new, very sophisticated, robotic, prosthetic arms. In a sense we've opened a door a connection between the human brain and the rest of the world. You can let your imagination go wild about where that's going to take us.

No doubt many of these therapeutic technologies will be leveraged to enhance the capacities of soldiers. For example, work on memory impairments is leading to new insights into the brain's functioning. This will inform the development of technologies that will help soldiers interact with complex systems; future interfaces and tools will deliver information to soldiers in a way that's easier for them to understand (which is a growing problem our systems are starting to operate faster than human comprehension). As Prabhakar says, there's "going to be a future where we start learning radically new ways to interact between the complexity of the human brain and the complexity of the world around us."

And with the introduction of its biochronicity program, DARPA could get a handle on human metabolism and aging, resulting in enhanced human combat performance and freakishly resilient soldiers (both in terms of resisting and recovering from physical injury and resistance to disease).

In addition, DARPA is looking to develop technologies that will identify and protect against infectious diseases, such as tools that will neutralize biological threats.

The Pentagon also wants to dabble in artificial life as a way to create completely new biological systems, products, and materials. It's hoping to gain a better understanding of natural process and the underlying design rules that govern the behavior of biological systems, and then apply that knowledge to forward-engineer new systems and products with completely novel functionality.

This is particularly interesting news considering that biologists have recently built an artificial chromosome from scratch. Once refined, this biotechnology will allow for the creation of entirely new organisms, while adding new capacities (or "features") to existing ones including humans. Imagine a soldier who never needs to sleep, requires minimal sustenance, or who has cat-like infrared vision. Artificial chromosomes could pave the way towards this kind of future technologies that could eventually trickle into the civilian domain (much like the Internet and GPS has both military innovations).

Interestingly, this meshes well with DARPA's existing BioDesign program which is studying the potential for synthetic organisms to be engineered for immortality and programmed with a kill switch that allows it to be turned off at any time. This recently prompted Motherboard's Meghan Neal to ask, "Why bother with mechanical robots when you can engineer fake human replicants to fight your battles? We haven't heard much about the Pentagon's would-be synthetic soldiers since then, but the BioDesign program got a bump from $11.4 to $19.3 million in next year's budget."

As part of the BTO initiative, DARPA's Living Foundries program will focus on:

...creating a biologically based manufacturing platform to provide rapid, scalable access to new materials with novel properties that can enable a new generation of mechanical, electrical, and optical products.

While its Chronicle of Lineage Indicative of Origins (CLIO) program aims to:

make biological engineering safer by establishing enduring control elements that protect against intentionally harmful genetic engineering, prevent illegal acquisition or misuse of proprietary strains, provide novel forensic tools to assist in the investigation of biological incidents, and allow responsible investigators to document compliance with safe biological manipulation practices.

Smartly, DARPA is also looking into ways of preventing and mitigating the effects of a global pandemic. The complexity and unpredictability of outbreaks, it says, is a reflection of our poor understanding of the dynamics involved. In addition, the research agency wants to study larger biological and ecological phenomena, including population-level effects of relevance to agriculture and food security.

With its launch of BTO, DARPA says it also wants to consider the implications of what it's doing. To that end, DARPA will periodically converse with experts in these issues to discuss relevant ethical, legal, and social issues.

[ DARPA ]

Read more:
DARPA's New Biotech Division Wants To Create A Transhuman Future

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on DARPA’s New Biotech Division Wants To Create A Transhuman Future

Transhuman Space | GURPS Wiki | Fandom

Posted: at 4:53 pm

GURPS Transhuman Space Classic

The Powered by GURPS Transhuman Space is unique among the GURPS settings as it is officially a mixture of Classic and 4th edition.

The core book, GURPS Transhuman Space Classic, is a Classic edition, containing the lore for large portions of the setting, and is just over 240 pages long. Related Classic material begins with "CTHS" (Classic Transhuman Space).

Several of the newer 4e supplements, such as Transhuman Space: Changing Times are updates of older templates from the Classic series.

GURPS Transhuman Space is considered part of the Powered by GURPS line though it requires either the Basic Set (Third Edition) Revised and GURPS Compendium 1 (despite it containing a kind of specially Classic: GURPS lite) or the 4e Basic Set though it

"It's the year 2100. Humans have colonized the solar system. China and America struggle for control of Mars. The Royal Navy patrols the asteroid belt. Nanotechnology has transformed life on Earth forever, and gene-enhanced humans share the world with artificial intelligences and robotic cybershells. Our solar system has become a setting as exciting and alien as any interstellar empire. Pirate spaceships hijacking black holes ... sentient computers and artificial "bioroids" demanding human rights ... nanotechnology and mind control ... Transhuman Space is cutting-edge science fiction adventure that begins where cyberpunk ends."

Uses "CTHS" as a prefix for article titles.

See more here:
Transhuman Space | GURPS Wiki | Fandom

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on Transhuman Space | GURPS Wiki | Fandom

Transhuman Overhaul [Half-Life 2] [Mods] – GameBanana

Posted: at 4:53 pm

A small project I've been working on for the past few months that takes parts of various other Combine related skins and puts them into one Frankenstein's monster overhaul. I wanted the officers/soldiers to fit into the lore and actually have a backstory to them; in order to give them more character, rather than just going over the top with the designs.

The following is my reasoning for my chosen skins and a small backstory to them:

Civil Protection: Big, bulky, incompetent. This describes Civil Protection gear. It was never truly meant for intense combat, simply for lording over unarmed civilians. Unfortunately for them, their superiors never thought the denizens of City 17 would form an organized rebellion.Credit goes to Alex Portman for creating the actual assets and clatronix for porting to Half-Life 2

Combine Soldiers/Shotgunners: The backbone of the Combine on Earth, Overwatch groundsoldiers will kill traitorous rebels in the name of the Universal Union to their dying breath, all doing so with gear best suited for their transhuman physic. I already liked the original soldier designs, so I felt Jim's Combine Soldiers V3 was the perfect choice.Credit goes to Shadow_RUN and _Nemez_for the design of the soldier/shotgunners.

Prison Guard/Shotgunners: Prison guards, as you can imagine, would have lower priority compared to the actual soldiers of the Combine, so they would have have worse gear than Overwatch soldiers.Credit goes to Valve for the original model, Thedpfan for the original GB upload, and Shadow_RUN for the eye color of the standard prisonguards.

Combine Elites: I personally think the original Combine Elite has a perfect design, so all I used was an upscale of the original. The Elites act as Dr. Breen's personal guard, so they were never really meant to be outside of the Citadel/other key locations for the Combine, which is why they have a much more sleek and clean design, as compared to the "armed to the teeth" look of the standard Overwatch soldiers.Credit goes to jQueary for creating the upscaled texture.

Combine Elites (Episode 2 file):Following Breen's death and the destruction of the Citadel, the remaining Elites were assimilated under the Advisors and rearmed to better suit the outlands.Credit goes toShadow_RUNand_Nemez_

Stripped Soldier: The stripped soldier is pretty much the same, except it uses the pants of the Overwatch soldiers, the rest was just an HD retexture.Credit goes to Shadow_RUN and _Nemez_for the waist down and snark567 for waist up.

Zombines: Again, not much to say, just the normal zombines with the model of the Overwatch soldiers.Credit goes to Shadow_RUN and _Nemez_

If you'd like a version of the Metrocop without the backpack, or just want the Metrocop on it's own, go and check out it's own GB page!

Installation is like any other mod, just open the zip file and extract the contents into the custom folder of Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2 Update, or MMod.

Continued here:
Transhuman Overhaul [Half-Life 2] [Mods] - GameBanana

Posted in Transhuman | Comments Off on Transhuman Overhaul [Half-Life 2] [Mods] – GameBanana

Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Posted: at 4:29 pm

Continuing Education Activity

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a common chronic skin condition that can lead to recurrent infections and poor quality of life if left untreated. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of eczema and highlights the role of interprofessional teams in improving outcomes for patients with this condition.

Objectives:

Review the pathophysiology of eczema.

Outline the adverse effects of poorly controlled eczema.

Summarize the treatment options for eczema.

Describe the importance of improving care coordination amongst the interprofessional team to improve outcomes for patients with eczema.

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is the most common form of dermatitis. Genetic as well as environmental factors are thought to play a part in the pathogenesis. Eczema is most commonly seen in children but can be seen in adults. People withthe disease tend to have dry, itchy skin that is prone to infection. Eczema is commonly known as the "itch that rashes" due to dry skinthat leads to a rash as a result of scratching or rubbing. The most important treatment of eczema is skin hydration followed by topical steroids for flare-ups.

People with eczema have a dysfunctional barrier which causes various problems. The cells that make up our skin are essential for optimal skin hydration. People with eczema tend to have dry skin due to the dysfunction in the skin barrier. Water can more easily escape from the skin leading to dehydrated skin. People with eczema are also more susceptible to infection. Harmful substances can more readily penetrate the skin due to the dysfunction. People with atopic dermatitis tend to have a skewed inflammatory immune response, and their skin is easily irritated by fragrancesand allergens.

The lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis is about 15-30% in children and 2-10% in adults. About 60% of cases will develop within the first year of life. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is more common in rural rather than urban areas.This incidence which emphasizes the link to lifestyle and environment factors in the mechanisms of AD. Atopic dermatitis is apart of the triad known as the 'Atopic march.' This relates to the association between patients with atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. About 50% of patients with severe atopic dermatitis will develop asthma, and 75% will develop allergic rhinitis.[1]

Research shows there is a genetic component to atopic dermatitis. One common mutation has been observed in the gene Filaggrin, a vital gene for skin cell maturity. This gene is responsible for creating the tough, flat corneocytes that form the outermost protective layer of skin. In a patient with normal skin cells, the corneocytes are tightly packed in an organized manner. A patient with a filaggrin mutation will have a dysfunctional skin barrier due to the haphazard organization of the skin cells.[2]This dysfunction causes a 'leaky' skin barrier allowing water loss and decreased protection from harmful substances. People with eczema also have reduced numbers of beta-defensins in the skin. Beta-defensins are host defense peptides that are vital for fighting off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A decrease in these peptides leads to increased colonization and infection, especially with staph aureus.[3]

The histopathology seen in atopic dermatitis is non-specific. In the acute phase lesions, characterized by intensely pruritic, erythematous papules, histopathology reveals mild epidermal hyperplasia, infiltrations of lymphocytes and macrophages along the venous plexus in the dermis and intercellular edema of the epidermis (spongiosis). Lesions biopsied in chronic atopic dermatitis, which are characterized by lichenification and fibrotic papules, may reveal increased hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the skin. There is also persistent dermal inflammatory cell infiltrate with lymphocytes and macrophages. The chronic phase lacks the edema or spongiosis that is present in acute phase lesions.

Acutely the rash will be intensely pruritic with erythematous papules and excoriations. As the person continues to itch and rub the skin, the skin starts to thicken and on physical exam, theremay be lichenification (thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the typical skin markings due to scratching or rubbing).

The distribution of the rash seen in atopic dermatitis will vary depending on the age of the person. Infants tend to have widely distributed, dry, scaly and erythematous patches with small excoriations. They also tend to have involvement of their face, especially the cheeks. As the child ages, the rash becomes more localized. Areas affected will include the extensors surfaces such as the wrists, elbows, ankles, and knees. School-aged children tend to follow the pattern that is seen in adults. Thispattern includes the involvement of the flexural surfaces usually affecting the anti-cubital and popliteal fosse.

Other physical exam findings besides the appearance of a rash may indicate a person has eczema. Examination of the face may reveal Dennie-Morgan lines. These are crease-like wrinkles just below the lower eyelid. This exam finding can be seen in up to 25% of patients with eczema. People with eczema may have co-existing pityriasis alba and have hypopigmented patches or fine scaling plaques more commonly seen on the face. On examination of the hands, there may be an increased number and depth of skin lines known as hyperlinear palms. People that have eczema and allergic rhinitis may have a transverse crease formed across their nose. Thisline is referredto as the "allergic salute" and is caused by habitually rubbing the nose in an upward manner.[4]

Diagnosis is typically clinical based on the appearance of the rash and history. Routine labwork is not usually indicated. If unsure of the diagnosis, allergy testing and patch testing may be performed.

The main management and treatment of atopic dermatitis include hydration and topical anti-inflammatory medications for flare-ups. The priority in treatment is focusing on a daily skin moisturizing regimen with a fragrance-free ointment that has limited preservatives.[5] An ointment is preferred over a cream due to the high proportion of oil to water in lotions. Patients/parents should also identify and address any triggers. They should be instructed to avoid any environmental allergens, harsh soaps, and detergents, fragrances as well as rough or non-breathable fabrics. Skin flare-ups can be treated with topical anti-inflammatory medications, such as topical steroids or steroid-free products like pimecrolimus, tacrolimus or Eucirsa. In children, itching tends to be worse at nighttime. Oral antihistamines can be used to intermittently at bedtime for disturbed sleep due to itch however antihistamines are no longer recommended for daytime use for itching in eczema. Patients with poorly controlled atopic dermatitis have a higher risk of cutaneous infections. Patients/parents may be instructed to do dilute bleach baths or intranasal mupirocin to decrease the number of cutaneous infections.[6]

The differential diagnosis for atopic dermatitis includes may eczematous dermatitides including:[7]

It is crucial that the patient and parents understand that the use of topical steroids should only be used for active lesions. They can also be used prophylactically by applying the topical steroid a few times a week to prevent flare-ups. Topical steroids should not be routinely used daily. Long term use of topical steroids can cause atrophy (thinning of the skin), stretch marks (striae), acne, telangiectasia and rebound dermatitis/rosacea. The strength and formulation of the topical steroid need to be carefully determined based on the location of the body affected. Less potent steroids should be used on the face and intertriginous regions.

Most children will 'outgrow' eczema, and their symptoms will be resolved by adulthood. However, children with the already persistent disease, later onset, and/or more severe disease have increased persistence.[8]

Due to the dysfunctional skin barrier seen in atopic dermatitis, patients are at increased riskfor infection from bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens.[9]About 10% of healthy individuals are colonized with S. aureus compared toover 90%ofAD patients.[10]The density ofS. aureuscolonization correlates with theseverity of dermatitis.[11]Infection with staph aureus may cause furuncles, impetigo or cellulitis. Patients with repeated bacterial infections may require treatment with dilute bleach baths and intranasal mupirocin to reduce the number of bacteria on their skin.

Patients with atopic dermatitis are also more susceptible to viral infections. Eczema herpeticum is a life-threatening infection caused by herpes simplex virus-1. Patients present with widespread blisters, fever, and fatigue. The blisters appear in clusters and can cover a large area of the body. Eczema herpeticum is a medical emergency with complications includingkeratoconjunctivitis, meningitis, encephalitis or secondary bacterial sepsis.[12]

Another life-threatening viral infection seen in patients with atopic dermatitis iseczema cosackium.[9] Eczema cosackium is a variant of hand, foot, and mouth disease that isclassically associated with the enterovirus coxsackievirus A16. Instead of the typical presentation of blisters anderosions located on the hands, feet, and hard palate, patients with AD have widespread blisters and abrasions that tend to appear in regions previously affected by atopic dermatitis. The rash can appear similar toeczema herpeticum. However, patients will lack fevers, decreased appetite or fatigue. Parents may report a brief history of diarrhea or fever a week before the rash appears. Rare complications include aseptic meningitis.

It is essential to determine the triggers for a patient with atopic dermatitis. Reduction or elimination of these triggers is an important step in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Patients may see an improvement in their skin and reduced flare-ups if they avoidallergens (commonly dust mites, egg, peanuts, milk, fish, soy,rice, and wheat) and irritants (particularly chemicals, heat, soaps, humidity, acrylic, and wool).

A team-based approach is essential for the care of a patient with atopic dermatitis, especially in moderate to severe cases. Eczema is a common condition seen in pediatric and family medicine offices. Typically patients with mild to moderate eczema can be treated in the office by their primary care provider with standard therapy. Patients with moderate to severe cases may require referral to dermatology for systemic treatments. If a patient is not responding to typical treatment regimens, they may benefit from a consult with an allergist for a patch or skin scratch testing. an interprofessional team of a specialty trained dermatology nurseand specialty-trained dermatology clinician will provide the best patient care. [Level 5]

Eczema, Craquele. Contributed by DermNetNZ

Eczema, Herpeticum. Contributed by DermNetNZ

Venous Eczema. Contributed by DermNetNZ

Lick Eczema. Contributed by Dr. Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FRCP, FAAD, Vadodara, India

Eczematised Scabies. Contributed by Dr. Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FRCP, FAAD, Vadodara, India

See the original post here:
Eczema - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Posted in Eczema | Comments Off on Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Cold, dry weather can trigger eczema – how to reduce damage to the skin this winter – Express

Posted: at 4:29 pm

Cold, dry weather can trigger eczema - how to reduce damage to the skin this winter  Express

More here:
Cold, dry weather can trigger eczema - how to reduce damage to the skin this winter - Express

Posted in Eczema | Comments Off on Cold, dry weather can trigger eczema – how to reduce damage to the skin this winter – Express

Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism – The World Economic Forum

Posted: at 3:17 pm

Climate change TCFD implementation

Fully implement the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). If necessary, disclose a timeline of at most three years for full implementation. Disclose whether you have set, or have committed to set, GHG emissions targets that are in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to well-below 2C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5C and to achieve net-zero emissions before 2050

The TCFD recommendations are already established as the primary framework for disclosure of information on the management of climate related risks and opportunities in main annual filings. Elevating disclosure of metrics relating to people, planet, prosperity and principles of governance into main annual filings is a key objective of this initiative and we therefore lend our full support to broader adoption of the TCFD recommendations. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of GHG emissions targets that are in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement.

Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures, Final Report. CDSB R01, R02, R03, R04 and R06; SASB 110

Read more here:
Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism - The World Economic Forum

Posted in Politically Incorrect | Comments Off on Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism – The World Economic Forum

Page 123«..1020..122123124125..130140..»