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More than 1,000 senior US police officers have visited Israel. Here’s what they learn from Israel’s police force and why it’s controversial. – JTA…

Posted: July 21, 2020 at 12:08 pm

(JTA) In June, as protests against aggressive and abusive policing in the United States took hold, so did a false accusation about a group of programs that sends American police chiefs to learn from their counterparts in Israel.

The tactics used by the police in America, kneeling on George Floyds neck, that was learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services, a British actress told a newspaperin one illustrative incident. A member of the British Parliament was demoted for sharing the story laudingly on social media.

Over the past couple of months, the accusation has popped up elsewhere. Its the latest version of a claim that has circulated in anti-Zionist circles for years that U.S. police delegations to Israel serve to import brutal and militarized policing to the U.S.

The organizations running the trips say that beyond being false the trips do not teach physical, on-the-ground tactics such as chokeholds the claim that Israel encourages American police brutality is an anti-Semitic canard.

These types of instances existed long before any of these professional leadership exchanges happened, and are part and parcel of the history of the U.S., said George Selim, senior vice president of programs at the Anti-Defamation League, which runs police delegations to Israel, regarding American police brutality. Seeking to link Israel as a state to U.S. police misconduct is a bizarre excuse for the centuries-long history of racism and injustice that has been part of American history, really since our founding.

The main organization opposing the delegations has been Jewish Voice for Peace, or JVP, an anti-Zionist group that published a 2018 report calling the trips a Deadly Exchange. The report says they normalize the violent repression of communities and movements the government defines as threatening.

Based on the report, JVP has campaigned for an end to police delegations to Israel, and has succeeded in banning them and other international police exchanges in Durham, North Carolina. It also has successfully pressured two New England police officials to withdraw from delegations.

Now JVP is seeking to temper the anti-Israel criticism tied to recent protests of police brutality. In a June update to its Deadly Exchange campaign, JVP said that Suggesting that Israel is the start or source of American police violence or racism shifts the blame from the United States to Israel and furthers an antisemitic ideology.

But JVP is still campaigning against the trips not, they say, as the driver of police abuse in the United States but because the group says such exchanges allow police forces from two countries with histories of racial discrimination and allegations of oppressive policing to swap strategies.

On these trips its about sharing and swapping ideas and tactics, but thats not to say that the mission from the United States officials wasnt there to begin with, said Stefanie Fox, JVPs executive director. Its like, oh great, then lets adapt this and adopt this to the practice were already trying to do of surveillance and of suppression of protest and of racial profiling.

Trip organizers and participants, however, say thats a fundamental mischaracterization of the trips. They say the trips, which are far from unique among international police exchanges, expose participants to a variety of policing practices in Israel, from surveillance systems to models for community policing in minority communities. The itineraries, they add, mostly consist of lectures, meetings and tours.

What we do is focus on management and policy issues, not training, not specific tactical training, said Steven Pomerantz, director of the Homeland Security Program at the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, or JINSA, a conservative think tank that runs some of the delegations. Theres no shooting, theres no wrestling, theres no chokeholds. Thats just not what this is about. Its about the constituent parts of successful law enforcement [and] counterterrorism responsibilities in local policing.

Tammy Gillies, the Anti-Defamation Leagues San Diego regional director, meets with Palestinian police officials in Jericho during a 2019 delegation. (Courtesy of the ADL)

A focus on counterterrorism in a post-9/11 world

The delegations to Israel began in the 1990s and ramped up after the Sept. 11 attacks in 2001. The sponsoring organizations and their Israeli partners frame the trips as an opportunity for American police to learn from a country and police force with many decades of experience protecting civilian populations from attack.

There was a lot of interest, and still is, in understanding the Israeli approach to terrorism and counterterrorism, said Robbie Friedmann, who runs the Georgia International Law Enforcement Exchange, a program at Georgia State University that takes senior police officers on delegations to Israel and elsewhere. Delegations learn about the need to provide balance between fighting terror and providing services, so that if someone gets their apartment burglarized, they know thats something the Israel Police will take care of.

More than 1,000 participants, mostly senior law enforcement officials, have gone on the trips, which are primarily provided by Friedmanns program, the ADL and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs. Each organization has taken several hundred police officials to Israel, a small fraction of the leaders of the approximately 18,000 police departments in the United States. The trips are generally privately funded and are free for participants, though none of the organizations would share the exact sources of the funding or the costs of the trip.

Israel is far from the only country to host a delegation of police officials from abroad. Foreign police officers come to the United States to see how police forces here operate, and countries across the world also host delegations. Friedmanns group has run tours in countries throughout Europe and South America, as well as in China, Australia and elsewhere.

And the trips are just one example of a whole industry of delegations to Israel. Jewish organizations regularly offer Israel trips to politicians, community activists, celebrities, students, business executives and an array of others. As with those trips, part of the goal of the police delegations is to acquaint the participants with Israel and give them a favorable view of the country.

The main goal of the trips, across the groups that organize them, is to share Israeli expertise in counterterrorism. Organizers say the trips are about observation, policy and systems, not about doing active-duty training or teaching American officers physical maneuvers.

In Israel in general, confronted with the kind of threats they are, theyre still very resilient, said Lou Dekmar, the chief of police of LaGrange, Georgia, and the past president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, who has been on several delegations to Israel. How important it is, when there is a crime or an attack, to quickly address it, process it and reintroduce a state of normalcy.

But American officials do get to see their Israeli counterparts in action. The field of counterterrorism in Israel covers a range of topics, from responding to a terror attack in real time to gathering intelligence to policing mass protests. In addition to the Israel Police, some of the trips meet with the Border Police, which patrols the border with the West Bank, as well as the Israel Security Service, or Shin Bet, and the army.

Some trips take officers on a tour of Israels surveillance system in eastern Jerusalem, as well as study how to clear the scene of a terror attack so that normal life can resume. The excursions emphasize efficient sharing of intelligence between the Israeli military and police, as well as the importance of having defined procedures in place at West Bank border crossings for Palestinians who enter Israel. Delegations also visit Israels National Police Academy, where they view training in action.

A 2019 itinerary from the ADL, for example, had the delegation observe security procedures at Ben Gurion Airport, a West Bank checkpoint and eastern Jerusalem, in addition to visiting the Gaza border and the Palestinian police. The delegation also visited Israels Police Academy and other Israeli police institutions, the Yad Vashem Holocaust museum, and Christian and Jewish religious sites.

Chief Janet Moon of the Peachtree City, Georgia, Police Department, who visited Israel with Friedmanns institute in 2015, remembers watching training on how police officers shoot at a moving vehicle.

No matter where you go in the world, law enforcement is law enforcement, she said. They have the same challenges with budgeting, resource allocation, community policing. And theyve been dealing with terrorism a lot longer than we have.

The Deadly Exchange campaign: Expos or anti-Semitism?

An interest in counterterrorism is not the only thing that Israeli and American police have in common. As in the United States, minorities in Israel have long complained of mistreatment from law enforcement, though in the case of Israels Arab minority, one recent protest movement called for more policing in Arab cities.

Israel Police officers also have been accused of profiling both Arab and Ethiopian Israelis, and recent years have seen large protests by the Ethiopian community against police brutality.

For participants in these programs, the extensive itineraries and opportunities for observation are seen as a benefit because Israeli and U.S. police face similar challenges regarding crowd control, detection of terror threats, airport security and patrolling diverse populations. But to critics of the trips, who already oppose much of how Israel and America practice policing, the combination of the two is damning.

Militarized, racist, violent policing in this country, rooted in centuries of colonization and slavery and warmaking here in the U.S., alongside Israeli occupation and the brutality enacted against Palestinians there theres no good sense in which those governments should be trading and cross training and developing relationships with one another, the JVPs Fox said.

Her groups Deadly Exchange report claims that the trips goals include justifying racial profiling and suppressing public protests through use of force.

The report cites some examples of American policing practices that came from Israel. It notes that the Atlanta Police Departments camera surveillance system is modeled after Jerusalems, following a 2008 police delegation to Israel, for example, and cites testimony by the administrator of the Department of Homeland Securitys Transportation Security Administration in 2016 that said Israeli training and Israels airport security practices have informed those of his agency.

But more often, the report notes general links between American and Israeli policing practices without showing that controversial practices in the United States were learned in Israel or created with Israeli participation. In one section, discussions of Israeli crowd control are portrayed as technical know-how based in disregard for the right of Palestinians to oppose the Israeli occupation. The report also suggests that a Jewish lawmaker in New York who lobbied for racial profiling was influenced by Israels example, when in fact he did not link his support for Israel to that proposal and had not participated in police exchanges.

Trip organizers say that the Deadly Exchange reports claims amount to bigotry.

To me this is a libel, following a long string of libels in Jewish history, JINSAs Pomerantz said. This is kind of the same thing, that the Jews are responsible for whats happening in minority communities in America at the hands of the police. Its just another one of those libels.

Palestinian activists and their allies point back to accusations of Israeli police misconduct as the core reason that they say the trips shouldnt be happening. Yousef Munayyer, a Palestinian-American scholar, says he is routinely profiled when he returns to Israel, where his extended family still lives and where he was born.

Yes, our police need to get better here in the United States, said Munayyer, a nonresident fellow at the Arab Center in Washington, D.C. But do they really need to be training in a place and with forces where racial profiling is a value, where racial profiling is actually central to the ethos of the security system?

Hundreds of demonstrators in Haifa protest the recent Israeli police killing of an unarmed autistic Palestinian man, June 2, 2020. Protesters in Israel and the United States have sought to link police violence in both countries. (Mati Milstein/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

What the trip participants bring home

The delegations do broach uncomfortable topics, organizers say. When it comes to racial profiling, for example, the Georgia State programs Friedmann said, We receive briefings based on the policies, and that participants learn about the process for filing complaints.

Whats important is not to suggest that Israel is a perfect society, he said. But it is a society based on the rule of law, and if an officer is behaving egregiously, it will be handled.

Similarly, Selim said, the ADL trips naturally discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including on its visits to Palestinian police in the West Bank and to an Israeli border crossing. He said those portions of the trip are especially valuable for participants from border cities in the United States.

Its impossible to talk about policing and security in Israel without talking about the conflict, he said. When there are police executives from Southern California or from Texas or from Arizona, New Mexico, that have joined the delegation in the past two decades, these are in many instances border cities and border towns on the Mexican border.

He added, Issues of cross-border dialogue, engagement, holistic community policing in those cities is very real for them. So to see that in an international context is very helpful for a comparative sense of what works, what doesnt.

In addition to discussing counterterrorism, the trips also show Israels efforts at community policing in Arab-Israeli cities. Micky Rosenfeld, the spokesperson for the Israel Police, said the police have opened new police stations in Arab-Israeli areas and increased their efforts to recruit Arab police officers.

The situation in America is complicated in the same way that the situation [in Israel] is also complicated, he said. Building an ongoing relationship with the community is something that takes time, and it has to come both from the community and law enforcement.

Both Moon and Dekmar say they have been influenced by Israels approach to community policing. Dekmar noticed that the Israel Police has started recruiting Arab-Israeli cadets as early as high school to increase the chances that theyll become officers. He says he began identifying and engaging minority high-schoolers as candidates to serve in his Georgia department as well.

That was a direct result of the experience I saw in Israel, Dekmar said. A recognition that if youre going to recruit from minority populations, you need to start developing relationships younger.

The police chiefs have also implemented procedures or technologies they saw in Israel in their home departments. Moon installed a geo-location system in her 911 call center similar to one she saw in Israel. Dekmar said he adopted an Israeli mentality of conducting training more improvisationally, with less complex equipment.

[I] recognize that this is a very complicated situation that doesnt necessarily lend itself to good guys and bad guys, Dekmar said. It lends itself to an understanding of different cultures placed in a position that potentially could clash at any time.

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More than 1,000 senior US police officers have visited Israel. Here's what they learn from Israel's police force and why it's controversial. - JTA...

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1,000 US police officers learned from Israel visit, why its controversial – The Jerusalem Post

Posted: at 12:08 pm

In June, as protests against aggressive and abusive policing in the United States took hold, so did a false accusation about a group of programs that sends American police chiefs to learn from their counterparts in Israel.

The organizations running the trips say that beyond being false the trips do not teach physical, on-the-ground tactics such as chokeholds the claim that Israel encourages American police brutality is an antisemitic canard.

These types of instances existed long before any of these professional leadership exchanges happened, and are part and parcel of the history of the US, said George Selim, senior vice president of programs at the Anti-Defamation League, which runs police delegations to Israel, regarding American police brutality. Seeking to link Israel as a state to US police misconduct is a bizarre excuse for the centuries-long history of racism and injustice that has been part of American history, really since our founding.

The main organization opposing the delegations has been Jewish Voice for Peace, or JVP, an anti-Zionist group that published a 2018 report calling the trips a Deadly Exchange. The report says they normalize the violent repression of communities and movements the government defines as threatening.

Based on the report, JVP has campaigned for an end to police delegations to Israel, and has succeeded in banning them and other international police exchanges in Durham, North Carolina. It also has successfully pressured two New England police officials to withdraw from delegations.

Now JVP is seeking to temper the anti-Israel criticism tied to recent protests of police brutality. In a June update to its Deadly Exchange campaign, JVP said that Suggesting that Israel is the start or source of American police violence or racism shifts the blame from the United States to Israel and furthers an antisemitic ideology.

But JVP is still campaigning against the trips not, they say, as the driver of police abuse in the United States but because the group says such exchanges allow police forces from two countries with histories of racial discrimination and allegations of oppressive policing to swap strategies.

On these trips its about sharing and swapping ideas and tactics, but thats not to say that the mission from the United States officials wasnt there to begin with, said Stefanie Fox, JVPs executive director. Its like, oh great, then lets adapt this and adopt this to the practice were already trying to do of surveillance and of suppression of protest and of racial profiling.

Trip organizers and participants, however, say thats a fundamental mischaracterization of the trips. They say the trips, which are far from unique among international police exchanges, expose participants to a variety of policing practices in Israel, from surveillance systems to models for community policing in minority communities. The itineraries, they add, mostly consist of lectures, meetings and tours.

What we do is focus on management and policy issues, not training, not specific tactical training, said Steven Pomerantz, director of the Homeland Security Program at the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, or JINSA, a conservative think tank that runs some of the delegations. Theres no shooting, theres no wrestling, theres no chokeholds. Thats just not what this is about. Its about the constituent parts of successful law enforcement [and] counterterrorism responsibilities in local policing.

A focus on counterterrorism in a post-9/11 world

The delegations to Israel began in the 1990s and ramped up after the Sept. 11 attacks in 2001. The sponsoring organizations and their Israeli partners frame the trips as an opportunity for American police to learn from a country and police force with many decades of experience protecting civilian populations from attack.

There was a lot of interest, and still is, in understanding the Israeli approach to terrorism and counterterrorism, said Robbie Friedmann, who runs the Georgia International Law Enforcement Exchange, a program at Georgia State University that takes senior police officers on delegations to Israel and elsewhere. Delegations learn about the need to provide balance between fighting terror and providing services, so that if someone gets their apartment burglarized, they know thats something the Israel Police will take care of.

More than 1,000 participants, mostly senior law enforcement officials, have gone on the trips, which are primarily provided by Friedmanns program, the ADL and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs. Each organization has taken several hundred police officials to Israel, a small fraction of the leaders of the approximately 18,000 police departments in the United States. The trips are generally privately funded and are free for participants, though none of the organizations would share the exact sources of the funding or the costs of the trip.

Israel is far from the only country to host a delegation of police officials from abroad. Foreign police officers come to the United States to see how police forces here operate, and countries across the world also host delegations. Friedmanns group has run tours in countries throughout Europe and South America, as well as in China, Australia and elsewhere.

And the trips are just one example of a whole industry of delegations to Israel. Jewish organizations regularly offer Israel trips to politicians, community activists, celebrities, students, business executives and an array of others. As with those trips, part of the goal of the police delegations is to acquaint the participants with Israel and give them a favorable view of the country.

The main goal of the trips, across the groups that organize them, is to share Israeli expertise in counterterrorism. Organizers say the trips are about observation, policy and systems, not about doing active-duty training or teaching American officers physical maneuvers.

In Israel in general, confronted with the kind of threats they are, theyre still very resilient, said Lou Dekmar, the chief of police of LaGrange, Georgia, and the past president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, who has been on several delegations to Israel. How important it is, when there is a crime or an attack, to quickly address it, process it and reintroduce a state of normalcy.

But American officials do get to see their Israeli counterparts in action. The field of counterterrorism in Israel covers a range of topics, from responding to a terror attack in real time to gathering intelligence to policing mass protests. In addition to the Israel Police, some of the trips meet with the Border Police, which patrols the border with the West Bank, as well as the Israel Security Service, or Shin Bet, and the army.

Some trips take officers on a tour of Israels surveillance system in eastern Jerusalem, as well as study how to clear the scene of a terror attack so that normal life can resume. The excursions emphasize efficient sharing of intelligence between the Israeli military and police, as well as the importance of having defined procedures in place at West Bank border crossings for Palestinians who enter Israel. Delegations also visit Israels National Police Academy, where they view training in action.

A 2019 itinerary from the ADL, for example, had the delegation observe security procedures at Ben Gurion Airport, a West Bank checkpoint and eastern Jerusalem, in addition to visiting the Gaza border and the Palestinian police. The delegation also visited Israels Police Academy and other Israeli police institutions, the Yad Vashem Holocaust museum, and Christian and Jewish religious sites.

Chief Janet Moon of the Peachtree City, Georgia, Police Department, who visited Israel with Friedmanns institute in 2015, remembers watching training on how police officers shoot at a moving vehicle.

No matter where you go in the world, law enforcement is law enforcement, she said. They have the same challenges with budgeting, resource allocation, community policing. And theyve been dealing with terrorism a lot longer than we have.

The Deadly Exchange campaign: Expos or antisemitism?

An interest in counterterrorism is not the only thing that Israeli and American police have in common. As in the United States, minorities in Israel have long complained of mistreatment from law enforcement, though in the case of Israels Arab minority, one recent protest movement called for more policing in Arab cities.

Israel Police officers also have been accused of profiling both Arab and Ethiopian Israelis, and recent years have seen large protests by the Ethiopian community against police brutality.

For participants in these programs, the extensive itineraries and opportunities for observation are seen as a benefit because Israeli and US police face similar challenges regarding crowd control, detection of terror threats, airport security and patrolling diverse populations. But to critics of the trips, who already oppose much of how Israel and America practice policing, the combination of the two is damning.

Militarized, racist, violent policing in this country, rooted in centuries of colonization and slavery and warmaking here in the US, alongside Israeli occupation and the brutality enacted against Palestinians there theres no good sense in which those governments should be trading and cross training and developing relationships with one another, the JVPs Fox said.

Her groups Deadly Exchange report claims that the trips goals include justifying racial profiling and suppressing public protests through use of force.

The report cites some examples of American policing practices that came from Israel. It notes that the Atlanta Police Departments camera surveillance system is modeled after Jerusalems, following a 2008 police delegation to Israel, for example, and cites testimony by the administrator of the Department of Homeland Securitys Transportation Security Administration in 2016 that said Israeli training and Israels airport security practices have informed those of his agency.

But more often, the report notes general links between American and Israeli policing practices without showing that controversial practices in the United States were learned in Israel or created with Israeli participation. In one section, discussions of Israeli crowd control are portrayed as technical know-how based in disregard for the right of Palestinians to oppose the Israeli occupation. The report also suggests that a Jewish lawmaker in New York who lobbied for racial profiling was influenced by Israels example, when in fact he did not link his support for Israel to that proposal and had not participated in police exchanges.

Trip organizers say that the Deadly Exchange reports claims amount to bigotry.

To me this is a libel, following a long string of libels in Jewish history, JINSAs Pomerantz said. This is kind of the same thing, that the Jews are responsible for whats happening in minority communities in America at the hands of the police. Its just another one of those libels.

Palestinian activists and their allies point back to accusations of Israeli police misconduct as the core reason that they say the trips shouldnt be happening. Yousef Munayyer, a Palestinian-American scholar, says he is routinely profiled when he returns to Israel, where his extended family still lives and where he was born.

Yes, our police need to get better here in the United States, said Munayyer, a nonresident fellow at the Arab Center in Washington, D.C. But do they really need to be training in a place and with forces where racial profiling is a value, where racial profiling is actually central to the ethos of the security system?

What the trip participants bring home

The delegations do broach uncomfortable topics, organizers say. When it comes to racial profiling, for example, the Georgia State programs Friedmann said, We receive briefings based on the policies, and that participants learn about the process for filing complaints.

Whats important is not to suggest that Israel is a perfect society, he said. But it is a society based on the rule of law, and if an officer is behaving egregiously, it will be handled.

Similarly, Selim said, the ADL trips naturally discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including on its visits to Palestinian police in the West Bank and to an Israeli border crossing. He said those portions of the trip are especially valuable for participants from border cities in the United States.

Its impossible to talk about policing and security in Israel without talking about the conflict, he said. When there are police executives from Southern California or from Texas or from Arizona, New Mexico, that have joined the delegation in the past two decades, these are in many instances border cities and border towns on the Mexican border.

He added, Issues of cross-border dialogue, engagement, holistic community policing in those cities is very real for them. So to see that in an international context is very helpful for a comparative sense of what works, what doesnt.

In addition to discussing counterterrorism, the trips also show Israels efforts at community policing in Arab-Israeli cities. Micky Rosenfeld, the spokesperson for the Israel Police, said the police have opened new police stations in Arab-Israeli areas and increased their efforts to recruit Arab police officers.

The situation in America is complicated in the same way that the situation [in Israel] is also complicated, he said. Building an ongoing relationship with the community is something that takes time, and it has to come both from the community and law enforcement.

Both Moon and Dekmar say they have been influenced by Israels approach to community policing. Dekmar noticed that the Israel Police has started recruiting Arab-Israeli cadets as early as high school to increase the chances that theyll become officers. He says he began identifying and engaging minority high-schoolers as candidates to serve in his Georgia department as well.

That was a direct result of the experience I saw in Israel, Dekmar said. A recognition that if youre going to recruit from minority populations, you need to start developing relationships younger.

The police chiefs have also implemented procedures or technologies they saw in Israel in their home departments. Moon installed a geo-location system in her 911 call center similar to one she saw in Israel. Dekmar said he adopted an Israeli mentality of conducting training more improvisationally, with less complex equipment.

[I] recognize that this is a very complicated situation that doesnt necessarily lend itself to good guys and bad guys, Dekmar said. It lends itself to an understanding of different cultures placed in a position that potentially could clash at any time.

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1,000 US police officers learned from Israel visit, why its controversial - The Jerusalem Post

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Power of DNA to Store Information Gets an Upgrade – UT News – UT News | The University of Texas at Austin

Posted: at 11:58 am

AUSTIN, Texas A team of interdisciplinary researchers hasdiscovered a new technique to store informationin DNA in this case The Wizard of Oz,translatedinto Esperantowith unprecedented accuracy and efficiency. The technique harnesses the information-storage capacity of intertwined strands of DNA to encode and retrieve informationin a way that is both durable and compact.

The technique is described in a paper in this weeksProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The key breakthrough is an encoding algorithm that allows accurate retrieval of the information even when the DNA strands are partially damaged during storage, said Ilya Finkelstein, an associate professor of molecular biosciences and one of the authors of the study.

Humans are creating information at exponentially higher rates than we used to, contributing to the need for a way to store more information efficiently and in a way that will last a long time. Companies such as Google and Microsoft are among those exploring using DNA to store information.

We need a way to store this data so that it is available when and where its needed in a format that will be readable, said Stephen Jones, a research scientist who collaborated on the project with Finkelstein; Bill Press, a professor jointly appointed in computer science and integrative biology; and Ph.D. alumnus John Hawkins. This idea takes advantage of what biology has been doing for billions of years: storing lots of information in a very small space that lasts a long time. DNA doesnt take up much space, it can be stored at room temperature, and it can last for hundreds of thousands of years.

DNA is about 5 million times more efficient than current storage methods. Put another way, a one milliliter droplet of DNA could store the same amount of information as twoWalmartsfull of data servers. And DNA doesnt require permanent cooling and hard disks that are prone to mechanical failures.

Theres just one problem: DNA is prone to errors. And when a genetic code has errors, its a lot different from when a computer code has errors. Errors in computer codes tend to show up as blank spots in the code. Errors in DNA sequences show up as insertions or deletions. The problem there is that when something is deleted or added in DNA, the whole sequence shifts, with no blank spots to alert anyone.

Previously, when information was stored in DNA, the piece of information that needed to be saved, such as a paragraph from a novel, would be repeated 10 to 15 times. When the information was read, the repetitions would be compared to eliminate any insertions or deletions.

We found a way to build the information more like a lattice, Jones said. Each piece of information reinforces other pieces of information. That way, it only needs to be read once.

The language the researchers developed also avoids sections of DNA that are prone to errors or that are difficult to read. The parameters of the language can also change with the type of information that is being stored. For instance, a dropped word in a novel is not as big a deal as a dropped zero in a tax return.

To demonstrate information retrieval from degraded DNA, the team subjected its Wizard of Oz code to high temperatures and extreme humidity. Even though the DNA strands were damaged by these harsh conditions, all the information was still decoded successfully.

We tried to tackle as many problems with the process as we could at the same time, said Hawkins, who recently was with UTs Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences. What we ended up with is pretty remarkable.

Bill Press is the Warren J. and Viola M. Raymer Professor in Computer Science and Integrative Biology at UT Austin and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. The research was funded by a College of Natural Sciences Catalyst Grant, the Welch Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

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Power of DNA to Store Information Gets an Upgrade - UT News - UT News | The University of Texas at Austin

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Messenger of DNA, Therapeutics and Coronavirus: How are they all linked? – PLoS Blogs

Posted: at 11:58 am

This blog was written by Ashley Chin, BSc, a PhD candidate in the Division of Experimental Medicine at McGill University and Montreal Clinical Research Institute. Her research areas of interest include RNA and cell biology.

The answer lies in RNA. As we may know from the central dogma of molecular biology, RNA is best known as a messenger for DNA. Genetic information is passed on from DNA, to messenger RNA (mRNA), to protein. However, this dogma has led to an overly simplistic view. In the last few decades, scientists have dedicated themselves toward understanding the role that RNA molecules may play beyond being a simple genetic blueprint. They realize that having proper control over these microscopic regulators can translate into macroscopic health benefits in animals, including human. As such, the search for innovative RNA-based therapeutics have set sail.

An Emerging Drug for Mankind

For many years, RNAs have been deemed to be easily degraded and too cumbersome to be manipulated in the laboratory. Any scientists working with RNA would agree with this. This is because the human body is constantly releasing RNases into the environment, enzymes that are used for degrading RNA during normal cellular maintenance and for protecting us against harmful microorganisms. Although this benefit may initially seem like an advantage to you, it has in fact prevented scientists from using RNA as a potential therapeutic for many years, until some recent breakthroughs.

In recent years, RNAs are being explored as a new class of pharmaceutical target and drug, especially as vaccines for neurological disorders and infectious diseases (1-3). For example, to treat children with a crippling neurodegenerative disease called spinal muscular atrophy, building upon the initial RNA research conducted by Adrian Krainer and C. Frank Bennett, who were co-recipients of the 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, one pharmaceutical company and biotech teamed up to harness the power of antisense oligonucleotide therapy, a novel technique whereby carefully modified versions of DNAs are introduced into the cells (1-3). This is achieved by injecting the modified molecules into the fluid surround the spinal cord as a way to alter mRNA splicing, an editing process that is crucial for maintaining genetic information in the cells (1, 3). Additionally, last year, in a study conducted by Feldman and colleagues, they successfully produced effective mRNA vaccines against the influenza A viruses, the mastermind behind seasonal flu every winter. The researchers specifically targeted the H10N8 and H7N9 influenza strains that surfaced in 2013 by producing vaccines that contained chemically modified, full-length forms of those virus mRNAs. The vaccines were given in the deltoid muscle surrounding the shoulder during phase 1 of the clinical trial and yielded promising immune response from healthy participants (4).

What about the pandemic that is currently taking the world by storm paralyzing our daily routines, sinking the global economy and killing countless lives? In fact, much like the mRNA vaccine mentioned above, scientists are working at unprecedented pace to explore the feasibility of using mRNA vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that is causing COVID-19 (5). This is because the traditional form of vaccines we are used to, which usually works by introducing a weakened or dead form of the virus to the body, requires a lengthy manufacturing time. Take the typical seasonal flu shots, an egg-based vaccine, as a more recent example, the virus needs to be first injected into a fertilized chickens eggs, where the selected virus strains incubate and replicate. Following, the viral containing fluids need to be harvested and deactivated before the purified virus antigen can be used in a vaccine (6). With the clock ticking and infection spreading as we speak, any mean to shorten vaccine manufacturing time is lifesaving.

RNA scientists believe mRNA vaccine can be a suitable solution in a time pressed pandemic as the mRNAs can serve as instruction molecules to direct a persons immune system to make their own protein reserve to combat a viral invasion. In this sense, the recipient uses the immune cells within its own body as a manufacturing hub for antibodies, rather than relying on external manufacturing capabilities, which is expected to save time when compared to traditional way of manufacturing vaccines.

In fact, albeit a development in progress, mRNA vaccines have other key advantages over traditional vaccines or DNA-based vaccine. The first and foremost is safety. mRNA is non-infectious, so it will not be integrated into the recipients genome and it can be digested by normal cellular processes. Through various chemical modifications, the longevity of these mRNAs in the body can be controlled. Additionally, the efficiency of mRNA delivery can be increased through designing and packaging the mRNA into protective, carrier molecules, which would enhance stability and encourage rapid uptake by the cells (7). Furthermore, mRNA vaccine can not only be a rapid alternative, but it is also scalable, as it relies on in vitro transcriptions, chemical reactions that are commonly practiced in laboratories, rather than relying on external factors such as the availability of hens eggs in addition to laboratory manipulation (6, 7).

As such, a large mRNA-based biotech is evaluating mRNA-1273 as a putative candidate vaccine for the novel coronavirus (5). The concept surrounding its vaccine is to inject a portion of mRNA that codes for the spike-like protein that is located on the surface of the virus, which allows it to bind to and invade human cells. In this fashion, the synthetic mRNA can travel throughout the bodies of their recipients, stimulating their immune systems to produce beneficial antibodies against the spike protein. Thus, when someone is exposed to the virus, the antibodies will be able to stop an infection by coating spike protein on the virus surface and preventing its capacity to attach to cells. Phase 1 clinical trial consisted of 8 healthy participants and yielded a positive outlook in terms of safety and efficacy. Phase 2, involving a few hundred healthy participants, is currently underway. If all goes well, phase 3 is scheduled to commence in the coming weeks (8).

Similarly, using mRNA-based technology, a pharmaceutical giant has teamed up with another biotech to develop a coronavirus vaccine (5). The most promising vaccine candidate is named mRNA-BNT162b1. This mRNA codes for a receptor binding domain antigen that is found on SARS-CoV-2, a portion of the protein that is required for the virus to bind to human cell. These companies have started phase 1/2 of their clinical trial, which consists of 45 healthy participants. Although some minor but not serious adverse effects were observed, the vaccine generated neutralizing antibodies that are predicted to prevent the coronavirus from operating. In fact, following two administrations of the low doses tested, the concentration of these antibodies were 1.8-2.8 times when compared to recovered patients (9). Nevertheless, whether higher concentration equates to immunity against the coronavirus remains to be tested (9, 10). Phase 2b/3 of the clinical trial is expected to start in few weeks (9).

At this point, due to the inherent complexity of our biological systems and the development of an effective vaccine, only time will tell whether we can effectively fight RNA with RNA. Afterall, this novel coronavirus is an RNA virus and it would be interesting to see if we can give it a taste of its own medicine by using synthetic mRNA molecule to create protein that our own immune systems can learn to combat. This is an exciting era for RNA researchers, as the world anxiously awaits its good news.

Although we have only discussed mRNA vaccines in the context of COVID-19, around the world, there are many other types of vaccine being explored in parallel. With the urgency of this matter, we certainly do not want to put all our eggs in one basket and concurrent vaccine development using a diversity of approaches are warranted.

Perspectives

We are only beginning to understand the many roles that RNAs play in our world. With the rapid technological advances, RNA-based therapies hold great promise for improving modern medicine within the foreseeable future, but much work remains to be done before it can establish itself as an efficient, scalable and go-to clinical solution. It may potentially serve as a great alternative or replacement for gene therapy against certain diseases. This is especially true since mRNA will not integrate into the host genome, minimizing the risk of unpredictable outcome associated with gene therapy.

References

1. Mercuri, E., et al. (2018). Nusinersen versus sham control in later-onset spinal muscular atrophy. N Engl J Med, 378, 625-635.

2. Garde, D. (2018). Researchers behind Biogens breakthrough drug win big at Oscars of science. Statnews. https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/17/researchers-behind-biogens-breakthrough-drug-win-big-at-oscars-of-science/

3. Bennett, C., Krainer, A., & Cleveland, D.W. (2019). Antisense oligonucleotide therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 42, 385-406.

4. Feldman, R.A., et al. (2019). mRNA vaccines against H10N8 and N7N9 influenza viruses of pandemic potential are immunogenic and well tolerated in healthy adults in phase 1 randomized clinical trials. Vaccine, 37, 3326-3334.

5. Servick, K. (2020). Meet the company that has just begun testing a coronavirus vaccine in the United States. Sciencemag. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/mysterious-2-billion-biotech-revealing-secrets-behind-its-new-drugs-and-vaccines

6. Yeung, J. (2020). The US keeps millions of chickens in secret farms to make flu vaccines. But their eggsw ont work for coronavirus. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/27/health/chicken-egg-flu-vaccine-intl-hnk-scli/index.html

7. Pardi, N., et al. (2018). mRNA vaccines a new era in vaccinology. Nature Reviews, 17, 261-279.

8. Grady, D. (2020). Moderna coronavirus vaccine trial shows promising early results. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/18/health/coronavirus-vaccine-moderna.html

9. Pfizer and BioNTect. (2020). Pfizer and BioNTect announce early positive data from an ongoing phase study of mRNA-based vaccine candidate against SARS-COV-2. Pfizer News. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-early-positive-data-ongoing-0

10. Herper, M. (2020). Covid-19 vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTect shows positive results. CNBC Newsletters. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/01/coronavirus-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-shows-positive-results-report-says.html

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Messenger of DNA, Therapeutics and Coronavirus: How are they all linked? - PLoS Blogs

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Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China – Science Magazine

Posted: at 11:58 am

A genetic history of China

The history of human movements into and within China has been difficult to determine solely from archaeological investigations or genetic studies of contemporary peoples. Yang et al. sequenced DNA from 26 individuals from 9500 to 300 years ago from locations within China. Analyses of these individuals, along with previously sequenced ancient individuals and present-day genomes representing global populations, show a split between ancient humans in northern and southern China. Neolithic northern Chinese individuals are closest to modern-day East Asians, whereas ancient individuals from southern China are most closely related to modern-day Southeast Asians and show an affinity to modern-day Austronesian populations. These results indicate that there was a southward movement and admixture of peoples during the Neolithic that gave rise to modern-day populations in East Asia.

Science this issue p. 282

Human genetic history in East Asia is poorly understood. To clarify population relationships, we obtained genome-wide data from 26 ancient individuals from northern and southern East Asia spanning 9500 to 300 years ago. Genetic differentiation in this region was higher in the past than the present, which reflects a major episode of admixture involving northern East Asian ancestry spreading across southern East Asia after the Neolithic, thereby transforming the genetic ancestry of southern China. Mainland southern East Asian and Taiwan Strait island samples from the Neolithic show clear connections with modern and ancient individuals with Austronesian-related ancestry, which supports an origin in southern China for proto-Austronesians. Connections among Neolithic coastal groups from Siberia and Japan to Vietnam indicate that migration and gene flow played an important role in the prehistory of coastal Asia.

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Finding Family in South Korea Through DNA Test – Virginia Connection Newspapers

Posted: at 11:58 am

Kimberly Timoras South Korean family gets together for a video call from Vienna. Photo contributed

For Kimberly Timora, taking a 23andMe test was an opportunity to learn more about her traits and medical history, but there was one other possibility she looked forward to the most.

I was hopeful that it would connect me to someone related to me, she said.

And that it did. Within one month of taking the genealogical DNA test, Timora, who was adopted from South Korea, connected with her biological parents, brother, five sisters and numerous nieces and nephews.

Back in February, Timoras husband gifted her the testing kit for her birthday. Three weeks after submitting her sample, her results came back. Timora said she had barely glanced at the results page before her eyes locked in on one detail: she had a half sister.

Thats the kind of stuff that you hope to find when youre looking for your biological family, she said.

TIMORA said she messaged her relative through the 23andMe website. Her half sister responded and shared that she had also been adopted and raised in the U.S. Having found their biological family through her own search, she sent Timora pictures of them, including her aunts and uncle. To help piece together Timoras background, her half sister contacted their adoption agency in South Korea and asked them to cross reference their files.

When the adoption agency replied, the two learned they werent half sisters and that Timora was actually her newfound relatives biological aunt. Timora said the agency confirmed she had been the youngest of seven children. The aunts and uncle she saw in the photos were actually her siblings.

Using a contact number provided by her relative, Timora sent her family a WhatsApp message. Unsure of how soon she would hear back from someone, she said she focused on continuing with her day-to-day life as usual.

Dont keep holding your breath, she said. Keep living. When it comes it comes.

The following morning, Timora said she woke up to two missed calls from a Korean phone number. She had also received an email from her biological brother asking to connect through an instant messaging app. After an initial exchange of pictures and brief questions, the family had their first video call the next day. Timora said her biological mother, father, brother, two sisters and a niece joined in.

Were just on the phone staring at each other, waving and crying, she said.

Through high emotions and jumbled online translations, the family was still able to communicate and learn about each other. Shared blood types and a dislike for humid weather were just a couple of the things they bonded over.

It was amazing to look at my mom and dad and say I look like you, thats a mannerism of mine, said Timora, who was raised by her adoptive parents in Aspen, Colo.

Timoras biological parents gave her up for adoption because they struggled financially and felt they were unable to care for her. Her father had a difficult time finding work after losing an arm at war, and her mother became ill after giving birth to her two youngest children. Timora said her parents shared details on their difficult decision to give her up, like the sudden regret they felt after leaving her, and how they hoped a distinctive bump on her ear would help them find her one day.

LEARNING that her biological family never gave up searching has been an important part of the process for Timora.

For me, emotionally, its lifted so much weight from my heart knowing that they looked for me and they searched for me, she said.

Timora and her biological family continue to stay in touch via daily texts and occasional video calls. She said her six-year-old daughter and three-year-old son have also been present for some of the calls. Once the COVID-19 crisis is over, she plans to travel to South Korea to meet her family in person.

Had it not been for the pandemic I probably would have already booked my flight, she said.

In the meantime, Timora said she has something special to look forward to. She is also keeping herself busy.

Im trying to learn Korean, which is a super slow process.

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Finding Family in South Korea Through DNA Test - Virginia Connection Newspapers

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DNA/RNA Extraction Kits Market Business Outlook, Geographical Segmentation, Industry Size, Share and Comprehensive Analysis to 2027 – Jewish Life News

Posted: at 11:58 am

This report studies the DNA/RNA Extraction Kits market status and outlook of global and United States, from angles of players, regions, product types and end industries; this report analyzes the top players in global and United States market, and splits the DNA/RNA Extraction Kits market by product type and applications/end industries.

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DNA Test Kits Market Breaking new Grounds and touch new Level in Upcoming Year by Maj Ancestry, 23andMe, MyHeritage Ltd, Gene by Gene, Living DNA Ltd…

Posted: at 11:58 am

DNA Test Kits Market research is an intelligence report with meticulous efforts undertaken to study the right and valuable information. The data which has been looked upon is done considering both, the existing top players and the upcoming competitors. Business strategies of the key players and the new entering market industries are studied in detail. Well explained SWOT analysis, revenue share and contact information are shared in this report analysis.

DNA Test Kits Market is growing at a High CAGR during the forecast period 2020-2026. The increasing interest of the individuals in this industry is that the major reason for the expansion of this market.

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Top Key Players Profiled in This Report:

Maj Ancestry, 23andMe, MyHeritage Ltd, Gene by Gene, Living DNA Ltd, National Geographic Partners LLC, Helix OpCo, Veritas, FitnessGenes

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Various factors are responsible for the markets growth trajectory, which are studied at length in the report. In addition, the report lists down the restraints that are posing threat to the global DNA Test Kits market. It also gauges the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat from new entrants and product substitute, and the degree of competition prevailing in the market. The influence of the latest government guidelines is also analyzed in detail in the report. It studies the DNA Test Kits markets trajectory between forecast periods.

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Table of Contents

Global DNA Test Kits Market Research Report 2020 2026

Chapter 1 DNA Test Kits Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Production, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8 Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12 Global DNA Test Kits Market Forecast

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DNA Test Kits Market Breaking new Grounds and touch new Level in Upcoming Year by Maj Ancestry, 23andMe, MyHeritage Ltd, Gene by Gene, Living DNA Ltd...

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DNA and Gene Chip Market to Witness Huge Growth by COVID 19 Forecast Period | Key Players: Perkin Elmer Inc., Illumina Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific…

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Worldwide Market Report: A recent study of the Global DNA and Gene Chip Market was published. The DNA and Gene Chip Market Research Report shows the latest market insights, current situation analysis of future trends, and product and service analysis. This report provides key statistics on market conditions, size, share, and growth factors of the DNA and Gene Chip market. The study covers data from emerging players, including competitive terrain, sales, revenue, and market share of the worlds leading manufacturers.

DNA and Gene Chip Market and Competitive Analysis:Know the current market situation! Not only new products, but also existing ones are given ever-changing market dynamics. This study will allow market experts to drop their market share rapidly while maintaining the latest market trends and segment performance. Through market share analysis, correlate market position,% market share, and segmented revenue to identify who actually competes within the market.

Some Key Players from complete research coverage: Perkin Elmer Inc., Illumina Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Macrogen Inc., Agilent Technologies, Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, Asper Biotech, CapitalBio Corporation, Microarrays Inc.(*Note: Other Players Can be Added per Request)

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DNA and Gene Chip Market Product/Service Development:You can see why the product/service fits your needs and why modifications make the product more attractive. Approach consumer-side analytics, such as focus groups that leverage user testing and empirical research, always help to correlate innovation with demand preferences.

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How Study Have Considered the Impact of COVID-19 / Economic Slowdown of 2020?

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The DNA and Gene Chip Market Key Business Segments Growth & % Share May See a Paradigm Shift

The various segments analyzed and scaled by the application/end-user in this study show potential growth and various changes from 2014 to 2027. Due to the changing dynamics that support growth, it is important for companies in this sector to understand market movements. To segment the DNA and Gene Chip market by type, segmentation of industrial sectors (public, commercial) and channels (direct sales, distributors) has been considered.

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Trade dispute will continue, who is staying up in Competition: An Unsold Story

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DNA and Gene Chip Market to Witness Huge Growth by COVID 19 Forecast Period | Key Players: Perkin Elmer Inc., Illumina Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific...

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DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market to Make Great Impact in near Future by 2019-2025 – 3rd Watch News

Posted: at 11:58 am

The DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market research report added by Market Study Report, LLC, provides a succinct analysis on the recent market trends. In addition, the report offers a thorough abstract on the statistics, market estimates and revenue forecasts, which further highlights its position in the industry, in tandem with the growth strategies adopted by leading industry players.

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market dynamics of the global DNA and RNA sample preparation market, which includes Persistence Market Researchs analysis of key trends, drivers, restraints and opportunities that are influencing the development of the DNA and RNA sample preparation market. Impact analysis of key growth drivers and restraints based on the weighted average model has been included at a regional level in the global market report after detailed analysis of individual regions to better equip readers with meaningful insights on ongoing developments in the global DNA and RNA sample preparation market.

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Market Segmentation

By Application

By Region

By End User

By Product Type

Research Methodology

The forecast presented in this report assesses the total revenue of the global DNA and RNA sample preparation market. When developing the market forecast, the starting point involves sizing the current market, which forms the basis for the forecast of how the market is anticipated to take shape in the near future. Given the characteristics of the market, the analysts have triangulated the outcome on the basis of analysis based on supply and demand sides. The report also takes into consideration year-on-year growth to understand the predictability of the market and to identify the right opportunities across the global DNA and RNA sample preparation market. As previously highlighted, the global market for DNA and RNA sample preparation is split into various categories. All these segments have been analyzed in terms of basis point share to understand segmental contribution to overall market growth. This detailed level of information is important to identify various key trends in the global DNA and RNA sample preparation market.

Macro-economic indicators such as healthcare industry outlook, healthcare spending, Gross Domestic Product, and others have been considered to arrive at the indicated market numbers. Bottom-up approach has been used to assess market numbers for each product category while the top-down approach has been used to counter-validate the estimated market numbers. Yearly change in inflation rate has not been factored in while forecasting market numbers. Historical consumption trend has been analyzed to track data.

Company Profiles

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Exclusive details pertaining to the contribution that every firm has made to the industry have been outlined in the study. Not to mention, a brief gist of the company description has been provided as well.

Substantial information subject to the production patterns of each firm and the area that is catered to, has been elucidated.

The valuation that each company holds, in tandem with the description as well as substantial specifications of the manufactured products have been enumerated in the study as well.

The DNA and RNA Sample Preparation market research study conscientiously mentions a separate section that enumerates details with regards to major parameters like the price fads of key raw material and industrial chain analysis, not to mention, details about the suppliers of the raw material. That said, it is pivotal to mention that the DNA and RNA Sample Preparation market report also expounds an analysis of the industry distribution chain, further advancing on aspects such as important distributors and the customer pool.

The DNA and RNA Sample Preparation market report enumerates information about the industry in terms of market share, market size, revenue forecasts, and regional outlook. The report further illustrates competitive insights of key players in the business vertical followed by an overview of their diverse portfolios and growth strategies.

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DNA and RNA Sample Preparation Market to Make Great Impact in near Future by 2019-2025 - 3rd Watch News

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