Category Archives: Genome

Less than a year after launch, Omega Therapeutics is getting an $85 million (PDF) cash boost. It will push a pipeline of treatments toward the clinic as well as bankroll the identification of new targets for genomic medicines.

We had founded Omega with a long-term vision to create a controllable epigenomic programming platform, Omega CEO Mahesh Karandetold Fierce Biotech. Rather than switching genes on and off, cutting out disease-causing genes or replacing them with healthy versions, Omegas platform is designed to adjust gene expression to healthy levels.

The companys work is based on neighborhoods of genes and their regulatory elements found in loops of DNA called Insulated Genomic Domains (IGDs). These loops occur because long strands of DNA need to fit into the cells nucleus.

In nature, generally things are not all the way on or all the way off, but rather turned to a very specific range in a healthy setting, Omega Chief Scientific Officer Thomas McCauley, Ph.D., said in a previous interview. Omegas epigenomic controllers are designed to target the right place on specific IGDs to restore gene function at the right level, he said.

Since launch, Omega has been workingto figure out which neighborhoods play a role in different diseases.

RELATED: Flagship unveils 'genome-tuning' biotech Omega Therapeutics

We could have gone in various directions, Karande said. But Omega landed on a handful of areas. Its advancing five programs spanning oncology and inflammation as well as autoimmune, metabolic and raregenetic diseases, the first of which should hit the clinic in 2021.

In addition to tweaking gene expression without making permanent changes to the genome, Omegas approach offers advantages over a small-molecule approach to epigenetics.

There are a number of companies developing small-molecule therapies for epigenetic targets, almost exclusively in cancer, McCauley.

The issue is really specificity, in having those molecules go everywhere in the body as opposed to having them go to specific cell types and specific locations in the genome, McCauley continued, adding that the benefits of such treatments might outweigh the risks in oncology but that this risk-benefit profile may be unacceptable in other diseases.

In its first efforts, Omega is going after targets with links to specific diseases that are well understood, McCauley said. Moving forward, it will take advantage of the lessons it learns to look for new targets.

Were looking for the ability to expand laterally, he added.

One of those lateral expansions could be into COVID-19. Since inflammation plays a big role in COVID-19 infection, Omega could leverage the work its already done in that space to quickly move into drug development against the new coronavirus.

Right now, it's all systems go with its fivepotentially sixprograms. Karande said the company would be "remiss" if it did not ink partnerships.

"We are absolutely open to partnering with people. We have a robust discovery platform that has many, many more targets in the pipeline, so yes, partnering is definitely in the cards for us," he said.

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'Genome-tuning' biotech Omega Therapeutics snags $85M as it aims for the clinic - FierceBiotech

Dr. Andrew Cameron a microbial geneticist with the university of Regina, together with Manitobas Cadham Provincial Laboratory and Saskatchewans Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory, received funding to lead Genome Prairies COVID-19 Rapid Regional Response (COV3R) project.

The COV3R team also includes members of the Institute for Microbial Systems and Society at the University of Regina where Cameron is co-director, as well as the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control.

Co-infection is a problem because any time your body has to fight multiple infectious diseases, it can compromise the ability of your immune system to protect you, Cameron said,

Genome Prairie provided $240,000 in funding for the project, and the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation (SHRF) contributed $50,000, while the Centre for Disease Control in B.C., the Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory in Saskatchewan, and the Cadham Provincial Laboratory in Manitoba provided in-kind support.

Using genome capture, the COV3R initiative aims to tackle the problem of detecting co-infections in humans, and in the process provide powerful new tools for public health.

Co-infection by respiratory pathogens is bad for patients, yet we know very little about co-infection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Integrating the genomic detection of respiratory viruses and bacteria to better understand the severity of COVID-19 infection will directly and immediately improve public health interventions and clinical treatment plans,Cameron explained.

This technique will also give researchers the ability to test for all viral groups, even those scientists dont yet know about.

Misdiagnosis is a problem with infectious diseases because of the limited number of signs and symptoms that people experience such as a fever, a sore throat, and a headache. So even in the modern day with all our advanced techniques, we still sometimes attribute disease to the wrong culprit.

Cameron says that genome capture can help in diagnosing infectious diseases by adding a powerful tool for provincial public health testing labs.

Our work with genome capture will directly complement genetic sequencing of 150,000 coronaviruses as part of Genome Canadas Canadian COVID-19 Genomics Network (CanCOGeN) initiative, he said.

We will sequence coronavirus genomes along with co-infecting viruses, then can examine the Manitoba and Saskatchewan coronavirus infections in broader provincial, national, and international contexts through integration with CanCOGeN.

Another key feature of genome capture testing is that it offers the ability to track viruses by their unique genetic makeup. This allows public health officials to compare, for example, coronavirus causing COVID-19 cases in different parts of a province or region with virus strains from elsewhere to find out where the disease is coming from and how its moving through communities.

The COV3R team is also developing a unique tool that efficiently captures genetic material and compares it against all coronaviruses known to infect animals, which will be a valuable asset in the current pandemic and for early detection of coronavirus pathogens in the future.

Whole genome sequencing is revolutionizing epidemiology. This technology has the potential to discover so much. With it, we might find something circulating here that we didnt know we had. No other technology comes close, Cameron said.

The technology will also address the added problem of what the pandemic is doing to testing capacity.

Laboratories, and the experts who run them, are flooded with COVID-19 testing, forcing them to reduce testing for other respiratory pathogens. This means information about other diseases in Canada is being missed at the moment because COVID-19 is the priority, says Cameron. Our project will help to address this gap.

Dr. Gerald Brown, Genome Prairies interim President and CEO, says Genome Prairie is thrilled to be supporting the research teams work.

The COV3R project represents our organizations ability to bring together the best researchers in our Prairie provinces to respond rapidly and effectively to an emerging issue, Brown said.

Dr. Kathleen McNutt, VicePresident (Research) at the University of Regina, says without this work the people of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and B.C. will likely be hit even harder by the coronavirus, especially in the fall when cold and flu season re-emerges.

Thanks to the support from Genome Prairie and SHRF, the work that Dr. Cameron and the COV3R team are doing is poised to make a dramatic difference in detecting COVID-19, and a multitude of other viruses and bacteria that are yet unknown, McNutt said.

It is not an overstatement to say this research is a matter of life and death.

SHRF CEO Patrick Odnokon says SHRF has been a strong supporter of Cameron and his team since 2013, including earlier work evaluating whole genome sequencing to enhance our understanding of disease transmission.

Dr. Cameron is a perfect example of the expertise that exists in Saskatchewan to seek solutions to health challenges faced by our province and across the globe. The impact of this work will not only benefit public health during the current pandemic, but it will demonstrate what is possible when we nurture and support home-grown talent and collaboration to prepare for potential health crises in the future.

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University of Regina led genome capture project aims to detect COVID-19 or anything else that ails you - Prince Albert Daily Herald

]]]]]]>]]]]>]]> How can genomics help tackle the Covid-19 pandemic? Credit: Shutterstock.

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In 2003, after 13 years of work and more than 2bn spent, scientists involved in the Human Genome Project mapped the first complete genetic code, or genome, of a human being. This was a huge scientific breakthrough and taught genetics researchers a lot about human genes, the genome and how they interact with health and disease.

As further genomics work was undertaken over the next decade or so, it became evident that genome sequences are most useful when combined with other data about the person who donated their sequence, such as physiological measurements and their past medical records of previous illness and prescribed medication.

By joining up these dots, genomic medicine has the potential to improve understanding about the underlying causes of genetic diseases and predict how a person could respond to certain treatments, helping to find personalised approaches for each individual patient, as well as determining what diseases people are at risk of developing in the future.

With this in mind, the UK Government created Genomics England to coordinate work in the field. Having a centralised approach also mitigates some security concerns around the storage and use of patients incredibly private health data. The UK is an excellent location to push genomics forward. Not only does the country have a strong genetics heritage two British scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick, discovered the double helix structure of DNA in the 1950s but it has a unique resource in the National Health Service (NHS), one of the worlds largest single-payer healthcare systems in the world.

Initially focused on cancer and rare diseases known to have genetic elements, Genomics England has now diversified to look at how genomics can help track the spread of infectious disease. The organisation has joined a national consortium looking to leverage genomics to better tackle the Covid-19 pandemic. The UK has been hit extremely hard by the pandemic so far according toJohn Hopkins Covid-19 map, the UK has the second-highest number of deaths globally.

Before looking at the latest project, its important to reflect on Genomics Englands foundation and mission.

Genomics England was established in 2013 by the Department of Health and Social Care to deliver the 100,000 Genomes Project, which was launched by former Prime Minister David Cameron in late 2012.

Backed by more than 300m in government funding, the 100,000 Genomes Project aimed to create a foundation for a new era of personalised medicine within the NHS by sequencing 100,000 whole genomes from 70,000 patients with rare diseases and cancers.

To support Genomics England with recruitment for the project, NHS England set up 11 Genomic Medicines Centres (GMCs); now there are 13 in England as well as a few more in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as they got on board with the project in the mid-2010s. The GMCs also helped with finding the clinical information needed to inform better interpretation of each persons genome sequence.

From the outset, Genomics England was very aware that it would need to build its own technology to complete the 100,000 Genomes Project. The company decided the best way to do this was to work with innovators in the genomics and sequencing space.

Genomics Englands first partnership was signed with California-headquartered Illumina to develop a sequencing infrastructure. As part of the deal, Illumina invested 162m in this work in the UK over the next four years.

In addition, as part of its 1bn commitment to the UKs genomics industry, the Wellcome Trust agreed to spend 27m on a world-class sequencing hub just outside Cambridge to house Genomics Englands operations. This gave the 100,000 Genomes Project easy access to world leaders in the genomics space, such as the European Bioinformatics Institute and the Sanger Institute.

Within two years of the launch, ten companies moved to collaborate with Genomics England to support and further accelerate the 100,000 Genomes Project. These companies, which included GSK, AstraZeneca, UCB, AbbVie, Roche and Takeda, established the Genomics Expert Network for Enterprises (GENE) Consortium; Big Pharma had to contribute 250,000 to the project in funding to collaborate. The aim was to carry out a year-long industry trial of select whole-genome sequences to establish how industry could leverage the learnings from the 100,000 Genomes Project into drug discovery and development. This initiative was renamed the Discovery Forum in 2017.

Simultaneously, Genomics England launched its Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP) to find ways to work with clinicians and researchers to directly bring the benefit of the 100,000 Genomes Project to drive diagnosis.

As part of a pilot scheme under the 100,000 Genomes Project, Newcastle University and Hospitals used whole-genome sequencing to reveal that a patients kidney failure was due to a rare genetic variant; this explains why his father, brother and uncle had all died of the same condition.

This diagnosis using genome sequencing meant that the patient could receive personalised treatment for this specific condition. Also, his family members could be tested to find out if they were affected by the same rare genetic kidney disease, rather than face a lifetime of uncertainty.

Hot on the heels of the first patients diagnosed, two children became the first to be genetically diagnosed through the 100,000 Genomes Project via Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. Both have rare, undiagnosed and unknown medical conditions, but due to whole-genome sequencing doctors now know the genetic changes responsible for their conditions.

NHS chief scientific officer Professor Dame Sue Hill said: This is an excellent example of how whole-genome sequencing can finally provide the answers that families have been seeking out for years. This new insight sets them free to make decisions about the treatment options for their child and how they move forward with future plans for their family.

One of the biggest challenges facing delivery of the 100,000 Genomes Project early on was to create a bioinformatics pipeline to analyse and interpret the genomics data. To this end, Genomics England decided to expand its sequencing partnership with Illumina to create informatics tools for use at the NHS GMCs and GeCIP.

This was followed later in 2016 by a deal signed with Ohio-based GenomOncology to improve clinical reporting, particularly in clinical trials, for the 100,000 Genomes Project cancer programme.

In early 2018, Genomics England and the Department of Health and Social Care announced 50,000 whole genomes had been sequenced.

This put Genomics England on track to finish recruitment and scale up operations so the full project could be completed on time by the end of 2018.

As the 100,000 Genomes Project came closer to completion, the newly appointed Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matt Hancock announced a roadmap for honouring its legacy through continuing work on genomics medicine in the NHS.

Hancock committed to sequencing five million whole genomes by 2024 and bringing access to genetic and genomic testing into mainstream clinical practice through theNHS Genomic Medicine Service. Initially it will focus on cancer and rare diseases, like the 100,000 Genomes Project, but it is expected to evolve and expand to other therapeutic areas as the technology becomes more advanced.

At the same time, Genomics England signed a research agreement with life sciences technology vendor IQVIA. This partnership involves the pair running analytics on patient-consented, de-identified data from the 100,000 Genomes Project to drive more efficient drug research and development, particularly in the field of personalised medicine. These insights could be used by IQVIAs life science customers in parallel with their clinical development programmes.

Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Matt Hancock announced in mid-December 2018 that the 100,000 Genome Project had been completed.

Genomics England chair Sir John Chisholm noted: At launch the 100,000 Genomes Project was a bold ambition to corral the UKs renowned skills in genomic science and combine them with the strengths of a truly national health service to propel the UK into a global leadership position in population genomics.

With this announcement, that ambition has been achieved. The results of this will be felt for many generations to come as the benefits of genomic medicine in the UK unfold.

This project led to one in four participants with rare diseases receiving a diagnosis for the first time, while transforming treatment for up to half of cancer patients who participated.

Although launched at the end of 2018, the NHS Genomic Medicine Service was only expected to be operational in mid-2020.

To allow the new service to hit the ground running, Genomics England expanded its sequencing partnership with Illumina to focus on the next 300,000 whole genomes. All clinical samples for the collaboration will be provided through the NHS Genomic Medicine Service.

This follows the late-2018 deal with Congenica to support clinicians to make informed medical decisions based on insights from whole-genome sequencing. Congenica had previously provided similar sequencing services to the 100,000 Genomes Project.

Although Genomics England has primarily focused on cancer and rare diseases, it is clear that insights from genomics also have a role to play in tackling infectious disease.

In the context of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, which has killed more than 40,000 people in the UK to date, Genomics England is carrying out a whole-genome study of 35,000 people with either severe, moderate or mild Covid-19 symptoms to try and discover why this viral disease has such a varied impact on patients.

Genomics England will read the data from entire genomes of those who have been most severely impacted by Covid-19 and compare them to those who only experienced mild symptoms; this genomics data will also be enriched by clinical insights into participants.

The company is working with the GenOMICC consortium, Illumina, the NHS and the University of Edinburgh to carry out this study. The project is backed by 28m in funding from UK Research and Innovation, the Department of Health and Social Care and the National Institute for Health Research.

The aim is for this human genomic data to be linked to the virus genome data being sequenced by the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK), which is led by the NHS and the Sanger Institute. This would help to improve insights into how the two genomes interact and affect how the patient responds to the infection, which can feed into better knowledge about promising treatments for clinical trials and practice.

Read more:
From rare diseases to Covid-19: charting the history of Genomics England - Pharmaceutical Technology

Data is central to offering an innovative, personalized approach to healthcare. Personalized medicine, or precision medicine, is a growing field, with the aim to apply scientific processes, technology and evidence to optimize for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and wider disease management of individual patients.

COVID-19 has demonstrated that access to data literally has life-or-death consequences in healthcare delivery. Data is the lifeblood of healthcare: either you can test, treat and trace the virus, or succumb to the will of an invisible enemy, as coined by David Nott. The hospitals and healthcare systems set up to share data quickly and efficiently have been able to adapt to new, expanding flows of information on the coronavirus, while those ill-equipped to participate in data-sharing efforts have struggled to flatten the curve.

Yet recognizing the value of data collaboration and actually designing, establishing and administering a data consortium segregates the global healthcare ecosystem. Many want to share data to improve clinical outcomes for patients, but far fewer are actively participating in data-sharing initiatives.

Genomic data exemplifies that health data can have value beyond the rationale for its initial collection; genomic data at scale can provide answers to how we prevent, diagnosis, and treat disease. Genomic data in isolation isnt incredibly insightful, but larger datasets linked to de-identified clinical health records and phenotypic data can serve as a treasure trove of information on our most complex and destructive diseases.

As the global health community continues to understand the benefits of data collaboration and the value of participating in a data consortium, how can we advance data interoperability in genomics and other types of sensitive health data and globally deliver a more personalized approach to healthcare?

Genomic data in isolation isnt incredibly insightful, but larger datasets linked to de-identified clinical health records and phenotypic data can serve as a treasure trove of information on our most complex and destructive diseases.

The biggest perceived challenge to creating a data consortium is how to build and use the technology that enables such data sharing and interoperability.

Yet the technology solution is evident amid a range of other proof of concept examples led by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health and other international collaborations: a federated data system.

In fact, developing and delivering a federated data system and associated management system has been solved before in other applications. The global network of genomic data established and managed by ELIXIR is an example of how aligned organizations with common interests can relatively quickly build a functional federated data system for life sciences data.

Challenges such as managing the security of the query in flight to the data system, and similarly securing the return result, require attention, but can be solved. The scale of genomic data storage presents a formidable challenge, with the annual storage requirements predicted to be 2 40EB (EB = 10^18 b) commonly compared to multiples of the total global astronomy data or the universe of YouTube data. Multiple technologies ranging from novel storage media to compression standards should support this need.

Where the challenge does become more formidable is the real need to link clinical records to genomic data. A genomic variant (a variation in an individuals DNA) coupled with a longitudinal health record is vastly more informative than either piece of data alone. Data ontologies and standards will likely become universal over the coming years, but the vast investment in legacy data systems such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) will make it very difficult to migrate such pre-existing data to a standardized, machine-readable format. Solving this challenge, however, is possible by aligning the needs of organizations and focusing on a specific use case to start with as a shared dataset.

The application of precision medicine to save and improve lives relies on good-quality, easily-accessible data on everything from our DNA to lifestyle and environmental factors. The opposite to a one-size-fits-all healthcare system, it has vast, untapped potential to transform the treatment and prediction of rare diseasesand disease in general.

But there is no global governance framework for such data and no common data portal. This is a problem that contributes to the premature deaths of hundreds of millions of rare-disease patients worldwide.

The World Economic Forums Breaking Barriers to Health Data Governance initiative is focused on creating, testing and growing a framework to support effective and responsible access across borders to sensitive health data for the treatment and diagnosis of rare diseases.

The data will be shared via a federated data system: a decentralized approach that allows different institutions to access each others data without that data ever leaving the organization it originated from. This is done via an application programming interface and strikes a balance between simply pooling data (posing security concerns) and limiting access completely.

The project is a collaboration between entities in the UK (Genomics England), Australia (Australian Genomics Health Alliance), Canada (Genomics4RD), and the US (Intermountain Healthcare).

The Australian Genomics Health Alliance (Australian Genomics) is an example of a national-scale genomic data consortium that has driven considerable value for partner organizations, collaborators, the health system and individuals and families participating in the research. It operates as a collaborative network of clinicians, researchers and academics dedicated to sharing data to advance scientific knowledge, improve patient outcomes and inform policy.

The clinical, phenotypic and genomic data generated through Australian Genomics research is managed in scalable, standardized systems established to facilitate data sharing. The tools and guidelines implemented by the collaboration are designed to empower Australians to contribute to data sharing, if they choose.

With 25 million people in Australia, international collaboration and data sharing are critical to increase the power and maximize the value of the countrys health and genomic datasets particularly in the context of rare diseases.

The formation of international genomic data consortia is a compelling means to achieve this. With trusted partners, defined governance and agreed standards and approaches, a data consortium delivers the value of data sharing, mitigates security risks and provides the opportunity to learn from other genomic initiatives globally.

The World Economic Forum, Australian Genomics and Genomics4RD in Canada set out to better understand how to provide a clear governance model to drive global innovation via federated data access while still mitigating potential privacy or security risks.

The result is an 8-Step Guide to Sharing Sensitive Health Data in a Federated Data Consortium Model. From finding trustworthy partners (Step 1) to determining a common problem where federating data is beneficial (Step 2), to aligning on incentives and capacities (Step 3), to identifying resourcing (Step 4), to designing and deploying a governance model (Steps 5 and 6), to structuring data (Step 7), to deploying the API technology (Step 8), creating a new health data consortium requires a custom process and extensive dialogue to ensure success and long-term viability.

Eight steps to follow to build a federated data consortium

Image: World Economic Forum

Accessing large volumes of pre-collected health data for further analysis beyond a single countrys border will unlock new innovations and discoveries, but also produce new risks to patient privacy and data security. While it is impossible to implement a singular policy safeguarding against all potential hazards of participating in a health data consortium, it is possible to create a consortium governance model by following a calculated development process. Creating a governance model will foster a cohesive, symbiotic relationship between institutions with otherwise differing models of consent, operations, security and technology. It is possible to optimize for the best outcomes policy and implementation.

Beyond technical frameworks, operational, legal and ethical frameworks of genomic data sharing will allow for transformation in healthcare delivery, enriched reference databases representative of all ethnicities, large genomic data resources available for clinical deliberation and scientific discovery, and an informed, empowered patient community.

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Increasing the value of genomic data with global genomic data consortia - World Economic Forum

BRISBANE, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: SGMO), a genomic medicine company, today announced that it has executed a global licensing collaboration agreement with Novartis to develop and commercialize gene regulation therapies to address three neurodevelopmental targets, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. The collaboration will leverage Sangamos propriety genome regulation technology, zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP-TFs), to aim to upregulate the expression of key genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders.

At Sangamo, we believe that we can engineer zinc finger proteins to address virtually any genomic target, and we are building a broad pipeline of wholly owned and partnered programs with the goal to bring our genomic medicines to patients. In the case of the central nervous system, there are potentially hundreds of neurological disease gene targets that may be addressable by our zinc finger platform, said Sandy Macrae, CEO of Sangamo. Partnering Sangamos proprietary technology with Novartis deep experience in neuroscience drug development is a powerful combination which expands Sangamos pipeline and allows us to tackle challenging neurodevelopmental conditions. Our goal in this collaboration is to create genomic medicines for patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, that can potentially alter the natural history of these complex lifelong disorders.

This collaboration with Sangamo is part of our commitment to pioneering the next generation of neurodevelopmental treatments, said Jay Bradner, President of the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. The goal is to create new gene regulation therapies that act at the genomic level, moving us beyond the symptom focused treatments of today and toward therapies that can address some of the most challenging neurodevelopmental disorders.

Sangamos ZFP-TF genome regulation technology, which is currently delivered with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), functions at the DNA level to selectively repress or activate the expression of specific genes to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. The collaboration will leverage ZFP-TFs engineered by Sangamo scientists in an effort to upregulate, or activate, the expression of genes that are inadequately expressed in individuals with certain types of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Under the terms of the agreement, over a three-year collaboration period, Novartis has exclusive rights to ZFP-TFs targeted to three undisclosed genes which are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD and intellectual disability. Novartis also has the option to license Sangamos proprietary AAVs. Sangamo is responsible for certain research and associated manufacturing activities, all of which will be funded by Novartis, and Novartis assumes responsibility for additional research activities, investigational new drug-enabling studies, clinical development, related regulatory interactions, manufacturing and global commercialization.

Under the collaboration agreement, Novartis will pay Sangamo a $75 million upfront license fee payment within thirty days. In addition, Sangamo is eligible to earn up to $720 million in other development and commercial milestone payments, including up to $420 million in development milestones and up to $300 million in commercial milestones. Sangamo is also eligible to receive from Novartis tiered high single-digit to sub-teen double-digit royalties on potential net commercial sales of products arising from the collaboration.

About Sangamo Therapeutics

Sangamo Therapeutics is committed to translating ground-breaking science into genomic medicines with the potential to transform patients lives using gene therapy, ex vivo gene-edited cell therapy, and in vivo genome editing and gene regulation. For more information about Sangamo, visit http://www.sangamo.com.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements regarding Sangamo's current expectations. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements relating to the potential to develop, obtain regulatory approvals for and commercialize safe and effective therapies to treat neurodevelopmental disorders and the timing and availability of such therapies, the potential for Sangamo to receive upfront licensing fees and earn milestone payments and royalties under the Novartis collaboration and the timing of such fees, payments and royalties, the potential to use ZFP-TF technology to upregulate specific genes involved with neurodevelopmental disorders, the therapeutic potential of Sangamos zinc finger platform and other statements that are not historical fact. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, risks and uncertainties related to: the evolving COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global business environment, healthcare systems and the business and operations of Sangamo and Novartis; the research and development process; the unpredictable regulatory approval process for product candidates across multiple regulatory authorities; the manufacturing of products and product candidates; the commercialization of approved products; the potential for technological developments that obviate technologies used by Sangamo and Novartis; the potential for Novartis to breach or terminate the collaboration agreement; and the potential for Sangamo to fail to realize its expected benefits of the Novartis collaboration. There can be no assurance that Sangamo will earn any milestone or royalty payments under the Novartis collaboration or obtain regulatory approvals for product candidates arising from these collaborations. Actual results may differ from those projected in forward-looking statements due to risks and uncertainties that exist in Sangamo's and Novartis operations and business environments. These risks and uncertainties are described more fully in Sangamo's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including its most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Forward-looking statements contained in this announcement are made as of this date, and Sangamo undertakes no duty to update such information except as required under applicable law.

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Sangamo Announces Global Collaboration With Novartis to Develop Genomic Medicines for Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Business Wire

Dr. Florence Haseltines resume is robust, if not intimidating: She has attended and taught at world-renowned universities, and received awards for championing womens health and advocating for womens rights. Most recently, she transformed the North Texas Genome Center at the University of Texas at Arlington into a COVID-19 testing facility for students.

Haseltine, 77, leveraged her personal connections, built on 27 years of working at the national level, to make sure that the center has the supplies necessary for testing. And that will promote her aspirations for the center: to study why the novel coronavirus appears to affect men more than women.

From a young age, she was determinedly curious about the differences between men and women. I kept asking my father, who was a scientist, why there are two sexes, and he tried hard to explain it, she said. I kept bugging him so much that finally one day he threw up his arms and said, When you grow up, you figure it out.

Haseltines career has centered on this question she asked her dad. After studying at the University of California at Berkeley and MIT, and getting her M.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, she trained as a reproductive endocrinologist and researched in vitro fertilization at Yale University. Her work helped couples struggling to have children. The Yale Fertility Center was one of the first clinics in the U.S. to offer in vitro fertilization.

In 1985, Haseltine became the Director of the Center for Population Research at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health. Working there for nearly three decades, she helped increase federal funding for womens health research.

In 2018, a few years after Haseltines retirement, the president of UTA recruited her as a faculty member. The prospect of studying the human genome, or all of our genetic material, seemed like a perfect reason for her to return to academia.

Her career was influenced by her younger brother, William Haseltine. He developed some of the methodologies and technology used in genomics research as the founder of the biotechnology company Human Genome Sciences. It was clear if I was to make a second jump [in academia], it would be into the genome, she said.

When Haseltine first came to UTA, she planned to study why certain diseases affect men and women differently, and why, in some cases, one sex might suffer from more severe symptoms.

She thought that it might be due to differences between the sexes when it comes to some genetic information that determines our immune response. In particular, she wants to investigate a group of genes called human leukocyte antigens, or HLA.

HLA genes serve as an early warning for the immune system. These genes provide pieces of proteins made by foreign invaders, like a virus, to specialized immune cells that can then fight and eliminate the pathogen.

To proceed with the research, the North Texas Genome Center needed federal certification for processing human samples to diagnose, prevent and treat diseases. Last summer, Haseltine brought Anajane Smith, a researcher who studied HLA genes in Seattle, out of her own retirement to help the center get certified.

Haseltine knew Smith since the age of 6. They parted ways after college when she took a job on the East Coast and Smith took a position on the West Coast. Even after all this time, Smith jumped in to help when Haseltine needed her expertise.

With Smiths guidance, the North Texas Genome Centers officials got their required certification in January. Then the pandemic struck Texas and the university encouraged the centers director, Jon Weidanz, to shift the centers focus to testing for COVID-19.

Through personal relationships, Haseltine got the supplies necessary to test for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. She reached out to Dr. Mary Lake Polan, whom she had mentored at Yale University in 1975.

She has the ability to deal with people, so that, as focused as she is, she doesnt put them off, said Polan. They want to help her.

Polan is a board member of Quidel Corp., a company that makes diagnostic health care products. Haseltine was able to get one of the companys SARS-CoV-2 assays or products that analyze COVID-19 tests the day that the assay was approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Then she needed to make sure that the assays worked with the UTA centers equipment. She needed the genetic material, or the RNA, of SARS-CoV-2 to test the assays.

She contacted Scott Weaver, a colleague from the Global Virus Network, an international coalition of scientists dedicated to managing viral diseases.

Weaver, director of the Institute for Human Infections & Immunity at the University of Texas Medical Branch, gave Haseltine some SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the universitys World Reference Center on Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses.

With Haseltines help, staff at the North Texas Genome Center recently ran their first successful assays. Staff started processing tests from student athletes this month, and will continue to do so every four weeks thereafter. Other students can be tested after they return to campus if they show symptoms. And students will have no out-of-pocket costs for testing, according to a UTA spokesperson.

Haseltine now has the opportunity to join other members of the scientific community in studying why SARS-CoV-2 seems to affect men more than women. Haseltine and Weidanz have a hunch that certain forms of some HLA genes could offer a protective role against COVID-19 in women.

Science can be an incredibly competitive field. So the amount of cooperation by scientists to work together and fight COVID-19 stunned many, including Haseltine. Ive had a lot of people help me in my life, but Ive never seen this level of cooperation, she said. Everybody wants to do whatever they can.

Gina Mantica reports on science for The Dallas Morning News as part of a fellowship with the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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How a renowned scientist used her personal network to transform UTA's North Texas Genome Center into a COVID-19 testing facility - The Dallas Morning...

Novartis has agreed to license Sangamo Therapeutics zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP-TFs) to develop gene regulation therapies for neurodevelopmental disorders that include autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, the companies said, through a collaboration that could generate more than $795 million for Sangamo.

Through Sangamos ZFP-TFs, the companies plan over three years to develop treatments addressing three target genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, by upregulating the expression of key genes that are inadequately expressed in individuals with certain neurodevelopmental disorders.

The goal is to create new gene regulation therapies that act at the genomic level, moving us beyond the symptom focused treatments of today and toward therapies that can address some of the most challenging neurodevelopmental disorders, Jay Bradner, president of the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, said in a statement. This collaboration with Sangamo is part of our commitment to pioneering the next generation of neurodevelopmental treatments.

Sangamos ZFP-TF genome regulation technology, now delivered via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), is designed to selectively repress or activate the expression of specific genes to achieve a desired therapeutic effect, at the DNA level.

While AAVs have many advantages that make them well-suited for gene therapy, Novartis says, they also have one disadvantage: They cant carry large genes. The collaboration is designed to enable the companies to target diseases caused by mutations in one copy of a large gene.

The gene for a ZFP-TF is small enough to fit inside an AAV, Ricardo Dolmetsch, head of neuroscience at the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, explained in a post on the companys blog. We can use it to increase the production of a large gene in someone who still has one intact copy of the gene. This dramatically expands the range of diseases that we can potentially target with gene therapy because many diseases are caused by the loss of a single copy of a gene.

Each of Sangamos ZFP-TFs is engineered to bind to a target region of genomic DNA in a highly specific and selective manner. They can be designed to precisely modulate the expression of targeted genes to varying extents. After identifying its target, the ZFP-TF recruits other proteins that help switch genes on or off.

The zinc finger nuclease technology is remarkable, Macrae told GEN in January. Its one of the commonest transcripts in the body. Its natural and human, and its very, very adaptable. The individual units are modular, so one is always able to come up with a solution for any part of the genome.

For its part, Sangamo reasons that it can engineer zinc finger proteins to address virtually any genomic target.

We are building a broad pipeline of wholly owned and partnered programs with the goal to bring our genomic medicines to patients, stated Sangamo CEO Sandy Macrae. In the case of the central nervous system, there are potentially hundreds of neurological disease gene targets that may be addressable by our zinc finger platform.

For Sangamo, the collaboration with Novartis is the second signed this year that focuses on applying ZFP-TFs toward treating neurological disorders. In February, Sangamo launched a potentially more than $2.7 billion partnership to develop and commercialize Sangamo gene regulation therapies. The collaboration included ST-501 for tauopathies including Alzheimers disease, ST-502 for synucleinopathies including Parkinsons disease, a third treatment targeting an undisclosed neuromuscular disease target, and additional treatments for up to nine additional undisclosed neurological disease targets over five years.

In its latest partnership with Novartis, the Swiss pharma giant will have exclusive rights to ZFP-TFs targeting the genes, which are undisclosed, during the three-year collaboration period.

Novartis also has the option to license Sangamos AAVs. Sangamo has agreed to oversee specified research and associated manufacturing activities, all of which will be funded by Novartiswhile Novartis agreed to oversee additional research activities, investigational new drug-enabling studies, clinical development, related regulatory interactions, manufacturing, and global commercialization.

Novartis agreed to pay Sangamo a $75 million upfront license fee within 30 days, plus up to $720 million tied to achieving development and commercial milestonesconsisting of up to $420 million in development milestones and up to $300 million in commercial milestones.

Sangamo is also eligible to receive from Novartis tiered high single-digit to sub-teen double-digit royalties on potential net commercial sales of products arising from the collaboration.

Partnering Sangamos proprietary technology with Novartis deep experience in neuroscience drug development is a powerful combination which expands Sangamos pipeline and allows us to tackle challenging neurodevelopmental conditions, Macrae added.

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Novartis Taps Sangamo Zinc Finger Tech for Gene Regulation Therapies - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

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For the first time, the raw genetic material that codes for bats unique adaptations and superpowers such as the ability to fly, use sound to move effortlessly in complete darkness, survive and tolerate deadly diseases and resist aging and cancer has been fully revealed and published in Nature.

Bat1K, a global consortium of scientists dedicated to sequencing the genomes of every one of the 1,421 living bat species, has generated and analyzed six highly accurate bat genomes that are 10 times more complete than any bat genome published to date, in order to begin to uncover bats unique traits.

"Given these exquisite bat genomes, we can now better understand how bats tolerate viruses, slow down aging and have evolved flight and echolocation," said Emma Teeling of University College Dublin, co-founding director of Bat1K and senior author on the paper. "These genomes are the tools needed to identify the genetic solutions evolved in bats that ultimately could be harnessed to alleviate human aging and disease."

As part of the consortium, two researchers in Texas Tech Universitys Department of Biological Sciences, associate professor David A. Ray and doctoral candidate Kevin Sullivan, played a pivotal role in the genome analysis.

"Our lab was tasked with analyzing the portions of each genome that are made up of transposable elements, parts of the genome that can move around and potentially disrupt or alter function," Ray said. "We found that, unlike most other groups of mammals, bats have an exceptionally diverse transposable element repertoire. This suggests their genomes may have the ability to change and adapt to novel environments above and beyond what a typical mammal can do. This may explain what appears to be their increased ability to tolerate viruses and live longer, healthier lives than would be expected given their size."

Ray explained that a perfectly assembled genome would have the same number of pieces as there are chromosomes for that species. For example, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes so a very good assembly would consist of 23 pieces of assembled DNA. In contrast, bad genome assemblies have thousands of pieces, meaning the assembly is very fragmented. Because these bat genomes have very few pieces, the researchers refer to them as "exquisite" genomes.

To generate these exquisite bat genomes, the Bat1K team used the newest technologies of the DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, a shared technology resource in Dresden, Germany, to sequence the bats DNA, and generated new methods to assemble these pieces into the correct order and to identify the genes present.

"Using the latest DNA sequencing technologies and new computing methods for such data, we have 96-99% of each bat genome in chromosome-level reconstructions an unprecedented quality akin to, for example, the current human genome reference, which is the result of over a decade of intensive finishing efforts," said senior author Eugene Myers, director of Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, and the Center for Systems Biology in Dresden. "As such, these bat genomes provide a superb foundation for experimentation and evolutionary studies of bats fascinating abilities and physiological properties."

The team compared these bat genomes against 42 other mammals to address the unresolved question of where bats are located within the mammalian tree of life. Using novel phylogenetic methods and comprehensive molecular data sets, the team found the strongest support for bats being most closely related to a group called Ferreungulata that consists of carnivores (which includes dogs, cats and seals, among other species), pangolins, whales and ungulates (hooved mammals).

To uncover genomic changes that contribute to the unique adaptations found in bats, the team systematically searched for gene differences between bats and other mammals, identifying regions of the genome that have evolved differently in bats and the loss and gain of genes that may drive bats unique traits.

"Our genome scans revealed changes in hearing genes that may contribute to echolocation, which bats use to hunt and navigate in complete darkness," said senior author Michael Hiller, research group leader in the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems and the Center for Systems Biology. "Furthermore, we found expansions of anti-viral genes, unique selection on immune genes, and loss of genes involved in inflammation in bats. These changes may contribute to bats exceptional immunity and points to their tolerance of coronaviruses."

The team also found evidence that bats ability to tolerate viruses is reflected in their genomes. The exquisite genomes revealed "fossilized viruses," evidence of surviving past viral infections, and showed that bat genomes contained a higher diversity than other species providing a genomic record of historical tolerance to viral infection.

Given the quality of the bat genomes, the team uniquely identified and experimentally validated several non-coding regulatory regions that may govern bats key evolutionary innovations.

"Having such complete genomes allowed us to identify regulatory regions that control gene expression that are unique to bats," said senior author Sonja Vernes of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and co-founding director of Bat 1K. "Importantly, we were able to validate unique bat microRNAs in the lab to show their consequences for gene regulation. In the future we can use these genomes to understand how regulatory regions and epigenomics contributed to the extraordinary adaptations we see in bats."

This is just a beginning. The remaining approximately 1,400 living bat species exhibit an incredible diversity in ecology, longevity, sensory perception and immunology, and numerous questions remain regarding the genomic basis of these spectacular features. Bat1K will answer these questions as more and more exquisite bat genomes are sequenced, further uncovering the genetic basis of bats rare and wonderful superpowers.

This study was funded in part by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council, the Irish Research Council and the Human Frontier Science Program.

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New research reveals the genetic material that codes for bat adaptations and superpowers.

Those bat powers include the ability to fly, to use sound to move effortlessly in complete darkness, to tolerate and survive potentially deadly viruses, and to resist aging and cancer.

The project, called Bat1K, sequenced the genome of six widely divergent living bat species.

Although other bat genomes have been published before, the Bat1K genomes are 10 times more complete than any bat genome published to date.

One aspect of the paper findings shows evolution through gene expansion and loss in a family of genes, APOBEC3, which is known to play an important role in immunity to viruses in other mammals. The details in the paper that explain this evolution set the groundwork for investigating how these genetic changes, found in bats but not in other mammals, could help prevent the worst outcomes of viral diseases in other mammals, including humans.

More and more, we find gene duplications and losses as important processes in the evolution of new features and functions across the Tree of Life, says Liliana M. Dvalos, an evolutionary biologist and professor in the department of ecology and evolution at Stony Brook University and coauthor of the paper in Nature.

But, determining when genes have duplicated is difficult if the genome is incomplete, and it is even harder to figure out if genes have been lost. At extremely high quality, the new bat genomes leave no doubts about changes in important gene families that could not be discovered otherwise with lower-quality genomes.

To generate the bat genomes, the team used the newest technologies of the DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, a shared technology resource in Dresden, Germany to sequence the bats DNA, and generated new methods to assemble these pieces into the correct order and to identify the genes present. While previous efforts had identified genes with the potential to influence the unique biology of bats, uncovering how gene duplications contributed to this unique biology was complicated by incomplete genomes.

The team compared these bat genomes against 42 other mammals to address the unresolved question of where bats are located within the mammalian tree of life. Using novel phylogenetic methods and comprehensive molecular data sets, the team found the strongest support for bats being most closely related to a group called Fereuungulata that consists of carnivorans (which includes dogs, cats, and seals, among other species), pangolins, whales, and ungulates (hooved mammals).

To uncover genomic changes that contribute to the unique adaptations found in bats, the team systematically searched for gene differences between bats and other mammals, identifying regions of the genome that have evolved differently in bats and the loss and gain of genes that may drive bats unique traits.

It is thanks to a series of sophisticated statistical analyses that we have started to uncover the genetics behind bats superpowers, including their strong apparent abilities to tolerate and overcome RNA viruses, says Dvalos.

The researchers found evidence the exquisite genomes revealed fossilized viruses, evidence of surviving past viral infections, and showed that bat genomes contained a higher diversity of these viral remnants than other species providing a genomic record of ancient historical interaction with viral infections. The genomes also revealed the signatures of many other genetic elements besides ancient viral insertions, including jumping genes or transposable elements.

Funding for the study came in part from the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council, the Irish Research Council, the Human Frontiers of Science Program, and the National Science Foundation.

Source: Stony Brook University

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Genomes reveal the source of bat 'superpowers' - Futurity: Research News

(The Conversation is an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts.)

William Petri, University of Virginia

(THE CONVERSATION) As millions of people are recovering from COVID-19, an unanswered question is the extent to which the virus can hide out in seemingly recovered individuals. If it does, could this explain some of the lingering symptoms of COVID-19 or pose a risk for transmission of infection to others even after recovery?

I am a physician-scientist of infectious diseases at the University of Virginia, where I care for patients with infections and conduct research on COVID-19. Here I will briefly review what is known today about chronic or persistent COVID-19.

What is a chronic or persistent viral infection?

A chronic or persistent infection continues for months or even years, during which time virus is being continually produced, albeit in many cases at low levels. Frequently these infections occur in a so-called immune privileged site.

What is an immune privileged site?

There are a few places in the body that are less accessible to the immune system and where it is difficult to eradicate all viral infections. These include the central nervous system, the testes and the eye. It is thought that the evolutionary advantage to having an immune privileged region is that it protects a site like the brain, for example, from being damaged by the inflammation that results when the immune system battles an infection.

An immune privileged site not only is difficult for the immune system to enter, it also limits proteins that increase inflammation. The reason is that while inflammation helps kill a pathogen, it can also damage an organ such as the eye, brain or testes. The result is an uneasy truce where inflammation is limited but infection continues to fester.

A latent infection versus a persistent viral infection

But there is another way that a virus can hide in the body and reemerge later.

A latent viral infection occurs when the virus is present within an infected cell but dormant and not multiplying. In a latent virus, the entire viral genome is present, and infectious virus can be produced if latency ends and the infections becomes active. The latent virus may integrate into the human genome as does HIV, for example or exist in the nucleus as a self-replicating piece of DNA called an episome.

A latent virus can reactivate and produce infectious viruses, and this can occur months to decades after the initial infection. Perhaps the best example of this is chickenpox, which although seemingly eradicated by the immune system can reactivate and cause herpes zoster decades later. Fortunately, chickenpox and zoster are now prevented by vaccination. To be infected with a virus capable of producing a latent infection is to be infected for the rest of your life.

How does a virus become a latent infection?

Herpes viruses are by far the most common viral infections that establish latency.

This is a large family of viruses whose genetic material, or genome, is encoded by DNA (and not RNA such as the new coronavirus). Herpes viruses include not only herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 which cause oral and genital herpes but also chickenpox. Other herpes viruses, such as Epstein Barr virus, the cause of mononucleosis, and cytomegalovirus, which is a particular problem in immunodeficient individuals, can also emerge after latency.

Retroviruses are another common family of viruses that establish latency but by a different mechanism than the herpes viruses. Retroviruses such as HIV, which causes AIDS, can insert a copy of their genome into the human DNA that is part of the human genome. There the virus can exist in a latent state indefinitely in the infected human since the virus genome is copied every time DNA is replicated and a cell divides.

Viruses that establish latency in humans are difficult or impossible for the immune system to eradicate. That is because during latency there can be little or no viral protein production in the infected cell, making the infection invisible to the immune system. Fortunately coronaviruses do not establish a latent infection.

Could you catch SARS-CoV-2 from a male sexual partner who has recovered from COVID-19?

In one small study, the new coronavirus has been detected in semen in a quarter of patients during active infection and in a bit less than 10% of patients who apparently recovered. In this study, viral RNA was what was detected, and it is not yet known if this RNA was from still infectious or dead virus in the semen; and if alive whether the virus can be sexually transmitted. So many important questions remain unanswered.

Ebola is a very different virus from SARS-C0V-2 yet serves as an example of viral persistence in immune privileged sites. In some individuals, Ebola virus survives in immune privileged sites for months after resolution of the acute illness. Survivors of Ebola have been documented with persistent infections in the testes, eyes, placenta and central nervous system.

The WHO recommends for male Ebola survivors that semen be tested for virus every three months. They also suggest that couples abstain from sex for 12 months after recovery or until their semen tests negative for Ebola twice. As noted above, we need to learn more about persistent new coronavirus infections before similar recommendations can be considered.

Could persistent symptoms after COVID-19 be due to viral persistence?

Recovery from COVID-19 is delayed or incomplete in many individuals, with symptoms including cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. It seems unlikely that these constitutional symptoms are due to viral persistence as the symptoms are not coming from immune privileged sites.

Where else could the new coronavirus persist after recovery from COVID-19?

Other sites where coronavirus has been detected include the placenta, intestines, blood and of course the respiratory tract. In women who catch COVID-19 while pregnant, the placenta develops defects in the mothers blood vessels supplying the placenta. However, the significance of this on fetal health is yet to be determined.

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The new coronavirus can also infect the fetus via the placenta. Finally, the new coronavirus is also present in the blood and the nasal cavity and palate for up to a month or more after infection.

The mounting evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can infect immune privileged sites and, from there, result in chronic persistent but not latent infections. It is too early to know the extent to which these persistent infections affect the health of an individual like the pregnant mother, for example, nor the extent to which they contribute to the spread of COVID-19.

Like many things in the pandemic, what is unknown today is known tomorrow, so stay tuned and be cautious so as not to catch the infection or, worse yet, spread it to someone else.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article here: https://theconversation.com/does-coronavirus-linger-in-the-body-what-we-know-about-how-viruses-in-general-hang-on-in-the-brain-and-testicles-142878.

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