Category Archives: Genome

GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS: ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
METABOLIC REACTIONS: ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEMFrom:drjahn41Views:0 0ratingsTime:02:07More inScience Technology

Visit link:
GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS: ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM - Video

GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS: ATP
METABOLIC REACTIONS: ATPFrom:drjahn41Views:0 0ratingsTime:01:12More inScience Technology

Original post:
GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS: ATP - Video

10 scientific arguments why HIV can NOT cause AIDS (dr. Duesberg)
This is a clip from "HIV=AIDS: Fact or Fraud?" (www.youtube.com In this clip dr. Duesberg is interviewed. Dr. Duesberg (full Professor at University of California, Berkeley) is perhaps the best retrovirologist in the world. He discovered the oncogene (the gene that causes cancer) and he decoded for the first the genome of retro-viruses, creating a map that is used by every retro-virologist in the world researching retroviruses. In this clip 10 scientific arguments are presented why HIV cannot cause AIDS. Arguments/questions that haven #39;t been answered till today. Dr. Duesberg is not alone. Top scientists and Nobel Prize winners agree with him, like: dr. Rasnick, that discovered the protease inhibitors that are being used in the HIV research. Dr Mullis a nobel prize winner, invented the PCR, the method being used to detect viruses (including HIV). Richard Strohman, professor at the department of Cell Biology in University of California, Berkeley. Nobel prize winner dr. Walter Gilbert from Harvard University and dr. Charles Thomas, a Molecular Biologist and former Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University. Those scientists claim that whoever doesn #39;t support the hypothesis that HIV causes AIDS gets no funding for his research, so young scientists don #39;t even dare to oppose the HIV=AIDS hypothesis anymore. Dr Duesberg even calls them "prostitutes".From:socialist11Views:0 0ratingsTime:29:59More inScience Technology

Read the original:
10 scientific arguments why HIV can NOT cause AIDS (dr. Duesberg) - Video

Partnerships in Clinical Trials: Ann Wang of Human Genome Sciences Interview
Last week found us in Hamburg, Germany as a sponsor and presenter at the Partnerships in Clinical Trials (PCT) conference. Stephen Young, who leads Medidata #39;s Insights initiative, presented a case study on our Insights Council and shared metrics and industry benchmarks uncovered through our metrics database. Attendees were particularly interested in the data Steve shared on enrollment trends by global region and were surprised to learn that in the past four years, there has not been much of a push into emerging regions. Steve #39;s presentation also focused on monitoring and opportunities for risk-based monitoring and showed that source document verification (SDV) and on-site monitoring are both on the rise. Steve also shared that typical site monitoring costs are 30 percent of the total clinical trial budget mdash;a tremendous investment for the industry mdash;making a compelling argument for the need to adopt a more efficient risk-based approach. But Stephen #39;s presentation was just one of many insightful discussions at this clinical outsourcing event where pharmaceutical companies, sponsors, contract research organizations (CROs) and other industry leaders addressed minimizing risk through agile clinical development. As PCT came to an end, we had the opportunity to sit down with Ann Wang, vice president of clinical operations at Human Genome Sciences mdash;a biopharmaceutical founded in 1992 that was recently acquired by GlaxoSmithKline mdash;to hear her top PCT takeaways. Check out this video ...From:MedidataSolutionsViews:0 0ratingsTime:03:30More inScience Technology

View original post here:
Partnerships in Clinical Trials: Ann Wang of Human Genome Sciences Interview - Video

GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS
GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONSFrom:drjahn41Views:0 0ratingsTime:01:06More inScience Technology

Read this article:
GENOME: METABOLIC REACTIONS - Video

Lawrence LeBlond for redOrbit.com Your Universe Online

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a dangerous staph infection often associated with medical procedures in hospitals and doctors offices, has had its genome sequenced by UK researchers.

The successful mapping of the bacteria has given researchers an upper hand in controlling an infection in a local hospital that has so far been found in 12 babies in the maternity ward there. Using fast genome sequencing technology, the researchers suggest they could also find a way to control other hospital superbugs like salmonella and E. coli, and diseases such as tuberculosis.

The sequencing was completed by researchers at Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, the University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals. Using the advanced DNA sequencing technology they were able to confirm the presence of an ongoing outbreak of MRSA in real time. Their efforts led to the stoppage of the outbreak, saving countless patients from further harm. While other methods have been used to track down hospital infection outbreaks, this new method is by far the fastest and most accurate.

The researchers discovered the outbreak had extended into the wider community, which also could not have been reached using previous methods. The new technologies also led the team to link the outbreak to an unsuspecting carrier, who was treated to eradicate the infection.

We are always seeking ways to improve our patient care and wanted to explore the role that the latest sequencing technologies could play in the control of infections in hospitals, Dr. Nick Brown, consultant microbiologist at the Health Protection Agency and infection control doctor at Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, said in a statement.

What we have glimpsed through this pioneering study is a future in which new sequencing methods will help us to identify, manage and stop hospital outbreaks and deliver even better patient care, added Brown.

Doctors were concerned when they started detecting MRSA in babies at Rosie Hospital in Cambridge. In all, doctors found infections in 12 babies at the facilitys maternity ward during routine screening. But their testing could not give them a clear picture if the infection was from a single outbreak or if separate cases were being brought into the hospital.

With no other alternatives, doctors turned to science for an answer.

In their study, the researchers analyzed MRSA isolates in the 12 babies with DNA sequencing technology and demonstrated clearly that all the MRSA bacteria were closely related, indicating there was an official outbreak. Their study also showed the outbreak was more extensive than previously realized, discovering that more than twice as many people were carrying or were infected with the same strain. Many of these additional cases were people who had recent links to the hospital but were otherwise healthy and living in the community when they developed a MRSA infection.

See the original post:
Researchers Put An End To MRSA Superbug After Successful Genome Sequencing

The detailed annotation of the pig genome will speed along efforts to help breed healthier and meatier pigs and to create more faithful models of human disease

By Alison Abbott and Nature magazine

Duroc pigs, stars of the show. Image: Flickr/Max Westby

T. J. Tabasco is something of a porcine goddess at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where her ruddy, taxidermied head looks down from the office wall of geneticist Lawrence Schook. Now she has been immortalized in this weeks Nature not by name, but by the letters of her DNA.

Scientists are salivating. For the past couple of decades they have been slowly teasing information from the pig genome, applying it to breed healthier and meatier pigs, and to try to create more faithful models of human disease. This weeks draft sequence of T. J.s genome (see page 393), with its detailed annotation a reference genome will speed progress on both fronts, and perhaps even allow pigs to be engineered to provide organs for transplant into human patients. Agriculture in particular will benefit fast, says Alan Archibald of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK, one of the papers lead authors. The pig industry has an excellent track record for rapid adoption of new technologies and knowledge.

T. J., a domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), was born in Illinois in 2001. The next year, Schook and his colleagues generated a fibroblast cell line from a small piece of skin from her ear and commissioned clones to be created from it, so that they could work on animals all with the same genome. One set of clones was created at the National Swine Resource and Research Center (NSRRC) in Columbia, Missouri, along with genetically engineered pigs with genes added or deleted to mimic human diseases.Making such pigs has got increasingly easier as knowledge of the genome increases, says physiologist Randall Prather, a co-director of the NSRRC, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The NIH launched the NSRRC in 2003 to encourage research in pig disease models. Pigs are more expensive to keep than rodents, and they reproduce more slowly. But the similarities between pig and human anatomy and physiology can trump the drawbacks. For example, their eyes are a similar size, with photoreceptors similarly distributed in the retina. So the pig became the first model for retinitis pigmentosa, a cause of blindness. And four years ago, researchers created a pig model of cystic fibrosis that, unlike mouse models, developed symptoms resembling those in humans.

Geneticist and veterinarian Eckhard Wolf at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich, Germany, has exploited the similarity between the human and pig gastrointestinal system and metabolism like us, pigs will eat almost anything and then suffer for it to develop models of diabetes. One pig model carries a mutant transgene that limits the effectiveness of incretin, a hormone required for normal insulin secretion. Mice with the transgene developed unexpectedly severe diabetes, but the pigs have a more subtle pre-diabetic condition that better models the human disease. This shows the importance of using an animal with a relevant physiology, says Wolf.

Pig models are now being developed for other common conditions, including Alzheimers disease, cancer and muscular dystrophy. This work will be enriched by the discovery, reported in the genome paper, of 112 gene variants that might be involved in human diseases. Knowledge of the genome is also allowing scientists to try to engineer pigs that could be the source of organs, including heart and liver, for human patients. Pig organs are roughly the right size, and researchers hope to create transgenic pigs carrying genes that deceive the immune system of recipients into not rejecting the transplants.

Follow this link:
'Draft Sequence' of Pig Genome Could Benefit Agriculture and Medicine

T. J. Tabasco, star of the show.

Lawrence Schook

T. J. Tabasco is something of a porcine goddess at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, where her ruddy, taxidermied head looks down from the office wall of geneticist Lawrence Schook. Now she has been immortalized in this weeks Nature1 not by name, but by the letters of her DNA.

Scientists are salivating. For the past couple of decades they have been slowly teasing information from the pig genome, applying it to breed healthier and meatier pigs, and to try to create more faithful models of human disease. This weeks draft sequence of T. J.s genome (see page 393), with its detailed annotation a reference genome will speed progress on both fronts, and perhaps even allow pigs to be engineered to provide organs for transplant into human patients. Agriculture in particular will benefit fast, says Alan Archibald of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK, one of the papers lead authors. The pig industry has an excellent track record for rapid adoption of new technologies and knowledge.

T. J., a domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), was born in Illinois in 2001. The next year, Schook and his colleagues generated a fibroblast cell line from a small piece of skin from her ear and commissioned clones to be created from it, so that they could work on animals all with the same genome. One set of clones was created at the National Swine Resource and Research Center (NSRRC) in Columbia, Missouri, along with genetically engineered pigs with genes added or deleted to mimic human diseases.Making such pigs has got increasingly easier as knowledge of the genome increases, says physiologist Randall Prather, a co-director of the NSRRC, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Geneticist Martien Groenen, part of the team that sequenced the pig genome, chews the fat with Thea Cunningham.

You may need a more recent browser or to install the latest version of the Adobe Flash Plugin.

The NIH launched the NSRRC in 2003 to encourage research in pig disease models. Pigs are more expensive to keep than rodents, and they reproduce more slowly. But the similarities between pig and human anatomy and physiology can trump the drawbacks. For example, their eyes are a similar size, with photoreceptors similarly distributed in the retina. So the pig became the first model for retinitis pigmentosa, a cause of blindness. And four years ago, researchers created a pig model of cystic fibrosis2 that, unlike mouse models, developed symptoms resembling those in humans.

Geneticist and veterinarian Eckhard Wolf at the Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich, Germany, has exploited the similarity between the human and pig gastrointestinal system and metabolism like us, pigs will eat almost anything and then suffer for it to develop models of diabetes. One pig model carries a mutant transgene that limits the effectiveness of incretin, a hormone required for normal insulin secretion3. Mice with the transgene developed unexpectedly severe diabetes, but the pigs have a more subtle pre-diabetic condition that better models the human disease. This shows the importance of using an animal with a relevant physiology, says Wolf.

Pig models are now being developed for other common conditions, including Alzheimers disease, cancer and muscular dystrophy. This work will be enriched by the discovery, reported in the genome paper, of 112 gene variants that might be involved in human diseases. Knowledge of the genome is also allowing scientists to try to engineer pigs that could be the source of organs, including heart and liver, for human patients. Pig organs are roughly the right size, and researchers hope to create transgenic pigs carrying genes that deceive the immune system of recipients into not rejecting the transplants.

See more here:
Pig geneticists go the whole hog

Various genomic tricks help Bactrian camels to live in harsh conditions, and give them an ability to regulate insulin signalling pathways and withstand massive blood glucose and salt levels

By Nidhi Subbaraman and Nature magazine

Bactrian camels have evolved to live in very cold and dry climates. Image: He Meng

Sky-high blood glucose levels, a diet loaded with salt and a tendency to pack away fat sounds like a recipe for a health disaster in a human. But in a Bactrian camel, these are adaptations that may help it survive in some of the driest, coldest and highest regions of the world.

Researchers in Mongolia and China have begun to unravel the genomic peculiarities behind the physiological tricks that camels use to survive in the harshest of conditions. In a paper published today in Nature Communications, the scientists describe the draft genomes of wild and domesticated Bactrian camels.

When they first explore a new genome, geneticists are most interested in the rapidly evolving sections. These hot zones of activity typically contain genes that define the species, coding for the characteristics that set it apart from its closest relatives.

We found that many genes related to metabolism are under accelerated evolution in the camel, compared with other even-toed ungulates such as cattle, says Yixue Li, director of the Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology in China and a co-author of the paper.

All in the blood Camels, as ruminants like cattle and sheep, digest food by chewing the cud. But many of the Bactrian genome's rapidly evolving genes regulate the metabolic pathway, suggesting that what camels do with the nutrients after digestion is a whole different ball game. It was surprising to me that they had significant difference in the metabolism, says Kim Worley, a molecular geneticist at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. The differences could point to how Bactrians produce and store energy in the desert.

The work shows that camels can withstand massive blood glucose levels owing in part to changes in genes that are linked to type II diabetes in humans. The Bactrians' rapidly evolving genes include some that regulate insulin signaling pathways, the authors explain. A closer study of how camels respond to insulin may help to unravel how insulin regulation and diabetes work in humans. Im very interested in the glucose story, says Brian Dalrymple, a computational biologist at the Queensland Bioscience Precinct in Brisbane, Australia.

The researchers also identified sections of the genome that could begin to explain why Bactrian camels are much better than humans at tolerating high levels of salt in their bloodstreams. In humans, the gene CYP2J controls hypertension: suppressing it leads to high blood pressure. However, camels have multiple copies of the gene, which could keep their blood pressure low even when they consume a lot of salt, suggest the authors of the latest work.

See the original post here:
Camel Genome Holds Desert Survival Secrets

By Kate Kelland ReutersResearchers have used DNA sequencing for the first time to identify, analyze and put a halt to an infectious disease outbreak in a hospital.

The success of the technique, which used fast genome sequencing technology to control an outbreak of the MRSA superbug on a baby ward, suggests it could be used to control hospital bugs, salmonella and E.coli infections and diseases like tuberculosis, scientists said.

"What we have glimpsed through this pioneering study is a future in which new sequencing methods will help us to identify, manage and stop hospital outbreaks," said Nick Brown, an infection control doctor at Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, who co-led the study and presented the findings at a briefing.

MRSA, or methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, is a drug-resistant bacterial infection, or superbug, and a serious public health problem. When outbreaks occur in hospitals it can lead to the closure of whole wards with many people infected.

The bug kills an estimated 19,000 people in the United States per year. Although rates of MRSA infection have come down significantly in Britain in recent years, it still presents a major threat with several hundred deaths a year and high hospital costs involved in managing infected patients.

Julian Parkhill from Britain's Sanger Institute, who also worked on the study, said there is a "real health and cost burden from hospital outbreaks" which could be significantly reduced or eliminated if they were contained swiftly.

In the study, staff at Addenbrooke's hospital using routine screening over a six month period found 12 patients carrying MRSA. Because they were only using standard tests, which provide limited information, the infection control team was not able to tell if the 12 were part of an outbreak, or were unconnected cases that did not present a threat.

MRSA is a bug present in around one percent of the population at any time, and does not always cause infection.

Parkhill and Brown's team analyzed MRSA samples from the 12 patients with DNA sequencing technology and found that all the MRSA bacteria were closely related, confirming an outbreak.

By tracing relatives and other people who had recent links to the hospital, they also found the outbreak was more extensive than previously thought, with twice as many people carrying or infected with the MRSA strain.

Excerpt from:
Genome sequencing halts superbug outbreak