Category Archives: Genome

WASHINGTON - Chances are you've heard of mapping genes to diagnose rare diseases, predict your risk of cancer and tell your ancestry. But to uncover food poisonings?

The nation's disease detectives are beginning a program to try to outsmart outbreaks by routinely decoding the DNA of potentially deadly bacteria and viruses.

The initial target is listeria, the third-leading cause of death from food poisoning and bacteria that are especially dangerous to pregnant women. Already, the government credits the technology with helping to solve a listeria outbreak that killed one person in California and sickened seven others in Maryland.

"This really is a new way to find and fight infections," said Dr. Tom Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "One way to think of it is, is it identifying a suspect by a lineup or by a fingerprint?"

Whole genome sequencing, or mapping all of an organism's DNA, has become a staple of medical research. But in public health, it has been used more selectively, to investigate particularly vexing outbreaks or emerging pathogens, such as a worrisome new strain of bird flu.

For day-to-day outbreak detection, officials rely instead on decades-old tests that use pieces of DNA and aren't as precise.

Now, with genome sequencing becoming faster and cheaper, the CDC is armed with $30 million from Congress to broaden its use with a program called advanced molecular detection. The hope is to solve outbreaks faster, foodborne and other types, and maybe prevent infections, too, by better understanding how they spread.

"Frankly, in public health, we have some catching up to do," said the CDC's Dr. Christopher Braden, who is helping to lead the work.

As a first step, federal and state officials are rapidly decoding the DNA of all the listeria infections diagnosed in the U.S. this year, along with samples found in tainted foods or factories.

It's the first time the technology has been used for routine disease surveillance, looking for people with matching strains who may have gotten sick from the same source.

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Can genome sequencing be used outsmart foodborne diseases?

A research team led by a cell biologist at the University of California, Riverside has generated a 3D model of the human malaria parasite genome at three different stages in the parasite's life cycle -- the first time such 3D architecture has been generated during the progression of the life cycle of a parasite.

The parasite that causes malaria in humans is Plasmodium falciparum. The female Anopheles mosquito transmits P. falciparum from an infected human to healthy individuals, spreading malaria in the process. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 207 million people were infected with malaria in 2012, leading to 627,000 deaths.

"Understanding the spatial organization of chromosomes is essential to comprehend the regulation of gene expression in any eukaryotic cell," said Karine Le Roch, an associate professor of cell biology and neuroscience, who led the study.

Her research team also found that those genes that need to be highly expressed in the malaria parasite -- for example, genes involved in translation -- tend to cluster in the same area of the cell nucleus, while genes that need to be tightly repressed -- for example, genes involved in virulence -- are found elsewhere in the 3D structure in a "repression center." The 3D structure for the malaria parasite genome revealed one major repression center.

Virulence genes in the malaria parasite are a large family of genes that are responsible for the parasite's survival inside humans. Le Roch's team found that these genes, all organized into one repression center in a distinct area in the nucleus, seem to drive the full genome organization of the parasite.

Study results appeared online last week in Genome Research, an international, peer-reviewed journal that features outstanding original research providing novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms. The research paper will appear in print in the June issue of the journal.

"We successfully mapped all physical interactions between genetic elements in the parasite nucleus," Le Roch said. "To do so, we used a 'chromosome conformation capture method,' followed by high throughput sequencing technology -- a recently developed methodology to analyze the organization of chromosomes in the natural state of the cell. We then used the maps of all physical interactions to generate a 3D model of the genome for each stage of the parasite life cycle analyzed."

To understand the biology of an organism or any cell type, scientists need to understand not only the information encoded in the genome sequence but also how the sequence is compacted and physically organized in each cell/tissue, and how changes in the 3D genome architecture can play a critical role in regulating gene expression, chromosome morphogenesis and genome stability. In human cells, changes in chromosome organization and compaction can lead to diseases such as cancer.

"If we understand how the malaria parasite genome is organized in the nucleus and which components control this organization, we may be able to disrupt this architecture and disrupt, too, the parasite development," Le Roch said. "We know that the genome architecture is critical in regulating gene expression and, more important, in regulating genes that are critical for parasite virulence. Now we can more carefully search for components or drugs that can disrupt this organization, helping in the identification of new anti-malaria strategies."

Le Roch's lab is now looking at other stages of the malaria life cycle in order to identify components responsible for the 3D genome architecture.

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3-D structure for malaria parasite genome constructed

Variations in a woman's genome may contribute to her risk of developing ovarian cancer. Researchers using data collected by the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium have discovered uncommon variants in new regions of the genome that influence ovarian cancer risk, and will present their findings on April 6, 2014 at the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting in San Diego, CA.

"We are trying to identify new 'spelling mistakes,' or variants in the genetic code, that may influence a woman's risk for ovarian cancer," said co- investigator Jenny Permuth Wey, PhD, an applied research scientist in the Department of Cancer Epidemiology at Moffitt Cancer Center. "We are particularly interested in genetic variants that are not common in the population (those carried by less than 1 and 20 women) because uncommon variants are not well studied and evidence suggests they may significantly contribute to cancer risk."

This is the largest study of its kind to use new technology to comprehensively investigate the inherited basis of ovarian cancer. To capture uncommon genetic variants, the study used an exome genotyping array to genotype 7,060 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cases and 6,712 cancer-free women from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Preliminary data from this large-scale study revealed novel variants that may influence susceptibility to EOC.

"Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy, and it is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage with little chance for cure," said Jennifer A. Doherty, PhD, a member of the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Norris Cotton Cancer Center and a co-author of the study. "This collaborative effort including 19 studies from the international Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium provides clues that will lead to a better understanding of how and why ovarian cancer develops, and may also inform targeted treatment, prevention and screening strategies."

The researchers acknowledge the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium and the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON): a National Cancer Institute Post-Genome Wide Association Study Initiative (U19-CA148112).

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The above story is based on materials provided by Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Uncommon genetic variations may contribute to ovarian cancer risk

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Scientists Generate 3D Structure for the Malaria Parasite Genome
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Scientists Generate 3D Structure for the Malaria Parasite Genome - Video

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A gnome dies every time you don #39;t share this! Fungal disease threatens Gnome Colonies
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Genome Sequencing Brings Hope to La Jolla Teen
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