Category Archives: Genetic Engineering

Sergei Savostyanov/TASS

MOSCOW, March 22. /TASS/ Scientists discovered new types of CRISPR-CAS systems of adaptive bacterial immunity, Skoltechs press office said.

The work of joint research team from Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), the National Institutes of Health (NIH; USA) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT; USA) was published in the journal Nature Reviews Microbiology.

In nature, CRISPR-Cas systems are used by bacteria to defend against invading viruses. In the CRISPR-Cas, bacteria store the sequences of the viral genome, so the genes of the Cas proteins act like scissors and can cut the DNA at known points. If a bacteria is attacked by a virus, it can recognize the viral DNA by means of CRISPR-Cas and then destroy it with Cas proteins. It is the ability of CRISPR-Cas system to cut DNA at exactly the predefined locations that enable it to create new technologies for genome editing, making it possible for instance to treat genetic diseases.

"Using the systematic bioinformatics search in DNA sequences from the genome databases, we predicted new systems. The genes of newly disclosed systems are quite unusual, and the CRISPR-Cas systems are unlike those studied before. We are almost sure that now all the main types of CRISPR-Cas systems have been classified," commented Sergey Shmakov, the first author of the study and Skoltech PhD student.

As a result of the evolutionary arms race between viruses and bacteria, an incredible diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems exists in nature.

In the new study, scientists performed a large-scale bioinformatics analysis and identified previously unknown types of CRISPR-Cas systems that may have a broad range of uses in the field of genetic engineering. The researchers believe that some of the discovered CRISPR-Cas systems might be applied to developing innovative tools for genome editing and regulation.

For example, the VI-B type CRISPR-Cas system has novel proteins that may regulate its activity. Another discovery, the V-U system, contains comparatively small Cas proteins which makes it highly attractive for genetic engineering purposes because it is relatively easy for bioengineers to work with small proteins and deliver them to various kinds of cells.

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Newly-discovered 'molecular scissors' may help carve out new niches in genetic engineering - TASS

Officials in Houston, Texas, are contemplating the use of genetically-modified mosquitoes to fight Zika and other viruses transmitted by the insect.

Jim Gathany, Scientific Photographer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Officials are considering releasing genetically modified mosquitoes in Houston as part of the fight against the insects known to carry diseases such as the Zika virus.

The Houston Chronicle reports that Harris County, Texas, officials are negotiating with a British biotech company, Oxitec, to release mosquitoes that have been genetically engineered to produce offspring that die.

Oxitec has yet to try out its technology in the U.S. A proposed trial in a Florida Keys suburb never got off the ground last year amid residents concerns about genetic engineering.

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Millions of genetically-modified mosquitoes are being released in the Brazilian town of Piracicaba with the hope that they'll take out Zika-infec...

There have been no documented cases of Zika being locally transmitted in the Houston region. The only homegrown Zika cases in Texas have been in Cameron County, on the border with Mexico.

Mustapha Debboun, director of the Harris County Mosquito Control Division, said working with Oxitec could provide another tool in the fight against Zika and other mosquito-borne illnesses. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which carry the Zika virus, dengue fever and chikungunya, among other deadly illnesses, are common in the Houston region.

Deric Nimmo, principal scientist at Oxitec, called the release of mosquitoes to control mosquitoes an important change in the approach.

Oxitec has conducted field trials in Brazil, Panama and the Cayman Islands and says it has reduced the Aedes mosquito populations by up to 90 percent in each location.

In August, the Food and Drug Administration gave approval to a proposed field trial in Key Haven, a Florida Keys suburb, finding that it would have no significant impacts on human health, animal health or the environment. Residents in Monroe County, Florida, voted in a nonbinding resolution in favor of working with Oxitec. But Key Haven residents voted nearly 2-to-1 in November against the trial.

According to the FDA, if Oxitec wanted to conduct a field trial in Texas Harris County, the company would have to submit an environmental assessment to the agency.

2017 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

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Genetically modified mosquito use under consideration in Houston - CBS News

The research team used blood sample data, collected at Arkansas Children's Hospital, from 83 children with autism and 76 neurotypical children, all between 3 and 10 years old. With the help of advanced modeling and statistical analysis tools, the metabolic data allowed the researchers to correctly classify 97.6% of the children with autism and 96.1% of the neurotypical children.

"Because we did everything possible to make the model independent of the data, I am very optimistic we will be able to replicate our results with a different cohort," Dr. Hahn remarked. "This is the first physiological diagnostic, and it's highly accurate and specific."

Previously, researchers had looked at individual metabolites produced by the methionine cycle and the transsulfuration pathways, finding possible links with ASD, but the correlation has been inconclusive. Dr. Hahn said the more sophisticated techniques he applied revealed patterns that would not have been apparent with earlier efforts.

"A lot of studies have looked at one biomarker, one metabolite, one gene, and have found some differences, but most of the time those differences weren't statistically significant, or the results could not be reliably replicated," Dr. Hahn stated. "Our contribution is using big data techniques that can look at a suite of metabolites that have been correlated with ASD and statistically make a much stronger case."

The research team was excited by their findings and are looking ahead to replicate the results with a new cohort. In the long run, the researchers hope the model and diagnostic tool will aid in developing improved treatment options.

"If these pathways are different, what happens if I can manipulate the pathway so that it works similarly to the neurotypical ones?" Dr. Hahn proposed. "What do I need to prod? Which molecules do I need to add or take away? Having a model that describes these pathways makes it a lot easier to adjust them."

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Autism Blood Test Incorporates Big Data Techniques - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

Science Daily

From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification: Study ... Science Daily A discovery, several years in the making, demonstrates that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic ... and more »

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From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification: Study ... - Science Daily

March 15, 2017 by Grove Potter The four images, from left to right, show Keratinocyte-derive neural crest stem cells turning into neurons as shown by typical neuronal morphology. Credit: University at Buffalo.

A discovery, several years in the making, by a University at Buffalo research team has proven that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic modification, and that these stem cells can yield other cells that are present in the spinal cord and the brain.

The practical implications could be very significant, from studying genetic diseases in a dish to generating possible regenerative cures from the patient's own cells.

"It's actually quite remarkable that it happens," says Stelios T. Andreadis, PhD, professor and chair of UB's Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, who recently published a paper on the results in the journal Stem Cells.

The identity of the cells was further confirmed by lineage tracing experiments, where the reprogrammed cells were implanted in chicken embryos and acted just as neural crest cells do.

Stem cells have been derived from adult cells before, but not without adding genes to alter the cells. The new process yields neural crest cells without addition of foreign genetic material. The reprogrammed neural crest cells can become smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells or neurons.

"In medical applications this has tremendous potential because you can always get a skin biopsy," Andreadis says. "We can grow the cells to large numbers and reprogram them, without genetic modification. So, autologous cells derived from the patient can be used to treat devastating neurogenic diseases that are currently hampered by the lack of easily accessible cell sources."

The process can also be used to model disease. Skin cells from a person with a genetic disease of the nervous system can be reprogrammed into neural crest cells. These cells will have the disease-causing mutation in their chromosomes, but the genes that cause the mutation are not expressed in the skin. The genes are likely to be expressed when cells differentiate into neural crest lineages, such as neurons or Schwann cells, thereby enabling researchers to study the disease in a dish. This is similar to induced pluripotent stem cells, but without genetic modification or reprograming to the pluripotent state.

The discovery was a gradual process, Andreadis says, as successive experiments kept leading to something new. "It was one step at a time. It was a very challenging task that took almost five years and involved a wide range of expertise and collaborators to bring it to fruition," Andreadis says. Collaborators include Gabriella Popescu, PhD, professor in the Department of Biochemistry in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; Song Liu, PhD, vice chair of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a research associate professor in biostatistics UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions; and Marianne Bronner, PhD, professor of biology and biological engineering, California Institute of Technology.

Andreadis credits the persistence of his then-PhD student, Vivek K. Bajpai, for sticking with it.

"He is an excellent and persistent student," Andreadis says. "Most students would have given up." Andreadis also credits a seed grant from UB's office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Development's IMPACT program that enabled part of the work.

The work recently received a $1.7 million National Institutes of Health grant to delve into the mechanisms that occur as the cells reprogram, and to employ the cells for treating the Parkinson's-like symptoms in a mouse model of hypomyelinating disease.

"This work has the potential to provide a novel source of abundant, easily accessible and autologous cells for treatment of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are excited about this discovery and its potential impact and are grateful to NIH for the opportunity to pursue it further," Andreadis said.

The research is described in the journal Stem Cells under the title "Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates."

Explore further: Embryonic gene Nanog reverses aging in adult stem cells

More information: Vivek K. Bajpai et al, Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates, STEM CELLS (2017). DOI: 10.1002/stem.2583

Journal reference: Stem Cells

Provided by: University at Buffalo

The fountain of youth may reside in an embryonic stem cell gene named Nanog.

Caltech scientists have converted cells of the lower-body region into facial tissue that makes cartilage, in new experiments using bird embryos. The researchers discovered a "gene circuit," composed of just three genes, that ...

Scientists at the University of Newcastle, UK, have used a combination of small molecules to turn cells isolated from human skin into Schwann cells - the specialised cells that support nerves and play a role in nerve repair. ...

Johns Hopkins stem cell biologists have found a way to reprogram a patient's skin cells into cells that mimic and display many biological features of a rare genetic disorder called familial dysautonomia. The process requires ...

(Phys.org)A team of researchers affiliated with New York and Dalhousie Universities, in the U.S. and Canada respectively, has found a possible intermediate cell type that might help understand the evolutionary process ...

German researchers succeed in obtaining brain and spinal cord cells from stem cells of the peripheral nervous system.

Adolescence marks not only the period of physical maturation bridging childhood and adulthood, but also a crucial period for remodeling of the human brain. A Penn study reveals new patterns of coordinated development in the ...

(Phys.org)A trio of researchers from the U.K., the Netherlands and the U.S. has filmed a grown female chimpanzee cleaning her son's teeth after he died. In their paper published in the journal Scientific Reports, Edwin ...

It's a good thing we don't have to think about putting all the necessary pieces in place when one of our trillions of cells needs to duplicate its DNA and then divide to produce identical daughter cells.

Biologists who study the malaria mosquito's 'nose' have found that it contains a secondary set of odor sensors that seem to be specially tuned to detect humans. The discovery could aid efforts to figure out how the insects ...

Even plants have to live on an energy budget. While they're known for converting solar energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars, plants have sophisticated biochemical mechanisms for regulating how they spend that ...

For decades, the tiny roundworm C. elegans has been a vital tool in the biomedical researcher's toolkit, proving central to groundbreaking discoveries such as green fluorescent protein, the molecular marker used universally ...

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From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification - Phys.Org

A discovery, several years in the making, by a University at Buffalo research team has proven that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic modification, and that these stem cells can yield other cells that are present in the spinal cord and the brain.

The applications could be very significant, from studying genetic diseases in a dish to generating possible regenerative cures from the patients own cells.

Its actually quite remarkable that it happens, says Stelios T. Andreadis, PhD, professor and chair of UBs Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, who recently published a paper on the results in the journal Stem Cells.

The identity of the cells was further confirmed by lineage tracing experiments, where the reprogrammed cells were implanted in chicken embryos and acted just as neural crest cells do.

Stem cells have been derived from adult cells before, but not without adding genes to alter the cells. The new process yields neural crest cells without addition of foreign genetic material. The reprogrammed neural crest cells can become smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells or neurons.

In medical applications this has tremendous potential because you can always get a skin biopsy, Andreadis says. We can grow the cells to large numbers and reprogram them, without genetic modification. So, autologous cells derived from the patient can be used to treat devastating neurogenic diseases that are currently hampered by the lack of easily accessible cell sources.

The process can also be used to model disease. Skin cells from a person with a genetic disease of the nervous system can be reprogrammed into neural crest cells. These cells will have the disease-causing mutation in their chromosomes, but the genes that cause the mutation are not expressed in the skin. The genes are likely to be expressed when cells differentiate into neural crest lineages, such as neurons or Schwann cells, thereby enabling researchers to study the disease in a dish. This is similar to induced pluripotent stem cells, but without genetic modification or reprograming to the pluripotent state.

The discovery was a gradual process, Andreadis says, as successive experiments kept leading to something new. It was one step at a time. It was a very challenging task that took almost five years and involved a wide range of expertise and collaborators to bring it to fruition, Andreadis says. Collaborators include Gabriella Popescu, PhD, professor in the Department of Biochemistry in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; Song Liu, PhD, vice chair of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a research associate professor in biostatistics UBs School of Public Health and Health Professions; and Marianne Bronner, PhD, professor of biology and biological engineering, California Institute of Technology.

Andreadis credits the persistence of his then-PhD student, Vivek K. Bajpai, for sticking with it.

He is an excellent and persistent student, Andreadis says. Most students would have given up. Andreadis also credits a seed grant from UBs office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Developments IMPACT program that enabled part of the work.

The work recently received a $1.7 million National Institutes of Health grant to delve into the mechanisms that occur as the cells reprogram, and to employ the cells for treating the Parkinsons-like symptoms in a mouse model of hypomyelinating disease.

This work has the potential to provide a novel source of abundant, easily accessible and autologous cells for treatment of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are excited about this discovery and its potential impact and are grateful to NIH for the opportunity to pursue it further, Andreadis said.

The research, described in the journal Stem Cells under the title Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates, was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.

Reference:

Bajpai, V. K., Kerosuo, L., Tseropoulos, G., Cummings, K. A., Wang, X., Lei, P., Liu, B., Liu, S., Popescu, G. K., Bronner, M. E. and Andreadis, S. T. (2017), Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates. Stem Cells. doi:10.1002/stem.2583

This article has been republished frommaterialsprovided by University at Buffalo. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.

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Stem Cells Reprogrammed without Genetic Modification - Technology Networks

Arshia Firouzi, left, and Gurkern Sufi, right. (COURTESY)

Biology meets engineering to increase production of transgenic organisms

Of the thousands of students that attend UC Davis, Arshia Firouzi and Gurkern Sufi met one another in Tercero Hall in 2011. Bright-eyed freshmen at the time, they had yet to embark on the exhilarating journey that would lead to their founding of Ravata Solutions a company dedicated to making transgenics, the field of biology that results in genetically engineered organisms, easier for genetic engineering.

Sufi has a degree in biotechnology and Firouzi in electrical engineering and the intersect between these two sciences is what intrigued them the most. Under the guidance of UC Davis professor Marc Facciotti, they gained a VentureWell grant in 2015 to begin tinkering with their project and conducting basic research in Translating Engineering Advances to Medicines (TEAM) Molecular Prototyping and Bioinnovation Laboratory.

We had put together a lab space and equipment where people can come and explore the various types of technology that are associated with engineering biology, Facciotti said. Connected to that is an award from a foundation called VentureWell, and VentureWell gave some money to help facilitate this general idea, and Ive been using it to seed projects that students are coming up with.

The initial idea revolved around micro-electrical components and biology together, but the application that came out of it was not the original plan.

We had been working on single-cell electroporation, [using an electric field to increase absorption of foreign materials into cells], for a while with exploring potential applications in a variety of cells, Sufi said. We asked, What are some high-value, high priority cells that researchers cant risk losing large quantities of when they want to do a transformation? Naturally, we fell upon embryos.

And thus, Ravata Solutions was born. Ravata is dedicated to creating a device that will transform transgenics. This automated device would take the place of microinjection, the classic technique used to manually insert DNA into an embryo. While microinjection does ultimately result in the production of transgenic animals, it has critical flaws. A real limitation of microinjection is the time it takes to make a successfully transgenic organism, Sufi said. It is also an outdated field [that] you cant find many skilled professionals in anymore.

Ravatas device increases the efficiency and viability of producing transgenic animals with the incorporation of electroporation and single-cell sensing. This new technology results in up to 1,000 embryo transformations per hour with over 80 percent viability and over 80 percent efficiency. This is important because it allows researchers to rapidly conduct embryo transformations and know if they are on the right path.

The rate-limiting step in creating transgenic animals is embryo transformation, Firouzi said. What Ravata is doing is enabling production of embryo engineering by allowing input of the process of embryo transformation to increase 100-fold.

Ravata was accepted into the IndieBio accelerator program in San Francisco in October of 2016, and partnered with the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, VIB Life Sciences and the UC Davis Mouse Biology Program. They are currently testing pilot programs and plan to launch the product in 2018.

We are excited to launch and also start exploring the many other applications of our technology in plants, Firouzi said. At the end of the day, our device doesnt transform just embryos, it can transform any cell type with a high efficiency and high viability. Written by: Harnoor Gill science@theaggie.org

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UC Davis alumni revolutionize genetic engineering - The Aggie

BUFFALO, N.Y. A discovery, several years in the making, by a University at Buffalo research team has proven that adult skin cells can be converted into neural crest cells (a type of stem cell) without any genetic modification, and that these stem cells can yield other cells that are present in the spinal cord and the brain.

The applications could be very significant, from studying genetic diseases in a dish to generating possible regenerative cures from the patients own cells.

Its actually quite remarkable that it happens, says Stelios T. Andreadis, PhD, professor and chair of UBs Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, who recently published a paper on the results in the journal Stem Cells.

The identity of the cells was further confirmed by lineage tracing experiments, where the reprogrammed cells were implanted in chicken embryos and acted just as neural crest cells do.

Stem cells have been derived from adult cells before, but not without adding genes to alter the cells. The new process yields neural crest cells without addition of foreign genetic material. The reprogrammed neural crest cells can become smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells or neurons.

In medical applications this has tremendous potential because you can always get a skin biopsy, Andreadis says. We can grow the cells to large numbers and reprogram them, without genetic modification. So, autologous cells derived from the patient can be used to treat devastating neurogenic diseases that are currently hampered by the lack of easily accessible cell sources.

The process can also be used to model disease. Skin cells from a person with a genetic disease of the nervous system can be reprogrammed into neural crest cells. These cells will have the disease-causing mutation in their chromosomes, but the genes that cause the mutation are not expressed in the skin. The genes are likely to be expressed when cells differentiate into neural crest lineages, such as neurons or Schwann cells, thereby enabling researchers to study the disease in a dish. This is similar to induced pluripotent stem cells, but without genetic modification or reprograming to the pluripotent state.

The discovery was a gradual process, Andreadis says, as successive experiments kept leading to something new. It was one step at a time. It was a very challenging task that took almost five years and involved a wide range of expertise and collaborators to bring it to fruition, Andreadis says. Collaborators include Gabriella Popescu, PhD, professor in the Department of Biochemistry in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB; Song Liu, PhD, vice chair of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and a research associate professor in biostatistics UBs School of Public Health and Health Professions; and Marianne Bronner, PhD, professor of biology and biological engineering, California Institute of Technology.

Andreadis credits the persistence of his then-PhD student, Vivek K. Bajpai, for sticking with it.

He is an excellent and persistent student, Andreadis says. Most students would have given up. Andreadis also credits a seed grant from UBs office of the Vice President for Research and Economic Developments IMPACT program that enabled part of the work.

The work recently received a $1.7 million National Institutes of Health grant to delve into the mechanisms that occur as the cells reprogram, and to employ the cells for treating the Parkinsons-like symptoms in a mouse model of hypomyelinating disease.

This work has the potential to provide a novel source of abundant, easily accessible and autologous cells for treatment of devastating neurodegenerative diseases. We are excited about this discovery and its potential impact and are grateful to NIH for the opportunity to pursue it further, Andreadis said.

The research, described in the journal Stem Cells under the title Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates, was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.

Continued here:
From skin to brain: Stem cells without genetic modification - UB News Center

MANHATTAN Richard Dick Janssen of Ellsworth was named the 2017 Kansas Stockman of the Year during the 47th annual Stockmens Dinner in Manhattan.

Industry friends recognized Janssen for his contributions to the beef industry, and speakers described him as a visionary and an accomplished cattleman.

He is one of the most courageous and daring genetic engineers on the planet, said fellow Angus breeder Mary Ferguson.

Dan Moser, president of Angus Genetics Inc., said Janssen is making the investment in new technology and seeing the benefits and costs with his own eyes, with his own cattle and his own checkbook. Dick has positioned his business and those of his customers to take maximum benefit of these new tools.

Janssen started raising and showing his own Angus cattle in 4-H when he was 11, and hes been involved in the registered Angus business ever since. A 1964 graduate of Kansas State University with a degree in animal science, Janssen returned home and joined in a partnership with his brother, Arlo.

They farmed 1,200 acres of wheat, milo and alfalfa and managed their Angus herd. They also custom-fit and showed cattle nationwide. In 1969, Arlo transitioned to fitting and showing cattle full-time while Richard stayed in Kansas to manage his division of Green Garden Angus and farming.

In 1974, he married Shelly and they continued to expand their cattle operation, which now has 350 head. The couple had two children, Ben and Elizabeth.

In 1989, John Brethour, beef cattle scientist at K-States Ag Research Center-Hays, used the Green Garden herd to perfect ultrasound measurements of cattle.

In 2000, they were one of the first herds to use GeneStar DNA mapping and today they are using 50K DNA testing for yearling bulls and heifers.

In 2010, the Janssens sent their bulls to Hays Development Center in Diagonal, Iowa, to be evaluated for average daily gain, dry-matter intake, feed-to-gain and residual feed intake.

They used the testing station for three years and in 2013 they installed their own GrowSafe feed intake system so they can test all of their yearling bulls and heifers at home.

Janssen also served as Kansas Angus Association president in 1980, served two terms as an American Angus Association director and was the 1989-90 president. He also was chairman of the Certified Angus Beef (CAB) board of directors from 1988-89.

In 2000, Richard, Shelly, Ben and Elizabeth formed a limited family partnership, and since 2010 Ben, Elizabeth and their spouses have been running the operation, with Richard and Shelly acting as advisers.

The Stockman of the Year Award is presented annually by the Livestock and Meat Industry Council.

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Genetic Engineering - Hutchinson News

Given that its accomplishments include the domestication of plants and animals, biotechnology is practically synonymous with civilization itselfOver the last couple of centuries, a more systematic approach has been devised.

An explosion of discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries ushered in the modern era of biotechnologyLearning about everything from enzymes to hormones to vitamins meant medical researchers could deliberately design drugs to target specific problems. The new information also showed them how to go about producing these medications by tapping into natural biological processes.

The main steps of biotech medication development consist of determining the biologic source of a desired medication, mass-producing the source, extracting and purifying the medication, and preparing the medication for use.

The introduction of genetic engineering has altered the first step in creating biotech medicine. Instead of simply identifying a biological entity that produces the desired substance, an organism is literally created for this purpose.

For more sophisticated pharmaceuticals, engineered animal cells are used instead of bacteria.

The GLP aggregated and excerpted this blog/article to reflect the diversity of news, opinion, and analysis. Read full, original post: How are Biotechnology Medicines Made?

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Shortcuts? Insulin, other medicines developed faster with genetic engineering - Genetic Literacy Project