Category Archives: Futurism

combination of right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes

Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism,[1][2] is a political ideology which combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. The rhetoric often consists of anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to the "common people". Both right-wing populism and left-wing populism object to the perceived control of liberal democracies by elites; however, populism of the left also objects to the power of large corporations and their allies, while populism of the right normally supports strong controls on immigration.[3][4]

In Europe, the term right-wing populism is used to describe groups, politicians and political parties that are generally known for their opposition to immigration,[5] especially from the Islamic world,[6] and for Euroscepticism.[7] Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism,[8] neo-nationalism,[9][10] anti-globalization,[11] nativism,[12][13] and protectionism.[14] European right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state, but only for the "deserving";[15] this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism".[16][17][18]

From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right") have been characterized atomistically, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.

Since the Great Recession,[20][21][22] European right-wing populist movements such as the National Rally (formerly the National Front) in France, the League in Italy, the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, the Finns Party, the Sweden Democrats, Danish People's Party, the Freedom Party of Austria, the UK Independence Party and the Brexit Party began to grow in popularity,[23][24] in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.[25] U.S. President Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that included right-wing populist themes.[26]

Classification of right-wing populism into a single political family has proved difficult and it is not certain whether a meaningful category exists, or merely a cluster of categories since the parties differ in ideology, organization and leadership rhetoric. Unlike traditional parties, they also do not belong to international organizations of like-minded parties, and they do not use similar terms to describe themselves.

Cas Mudde argues that two definitions can be given of the "populist radical right": a maximum and a minimum one, with the "maximum" group being a subgroup of the "minimum" group. The minimum definition describes what Michael Freeden has called the "core concept"[a] of the right-wing populist ideology, that is the concept shared by all parties generally included in the family. Looking at the primary literature, Mudde concludes that the core concept of right-populism "is undoubtedly the "nation". "This concept", he explains, "also certainly functions as a "coat-hanger" for most other ideological features. Consequently, the minimum definition of the party family should be based on the key concept, the nation". He however rejects the use of "nationalism" as a "core ideology" of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term "nativism": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ("the nation"), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state". Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianisman attitude, not necessary anti-democratic or automatic, to prefer "law and order" and the submission to authority[b]and populisma "thin-centered ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", if needed before human rights or constitutional guarantees.[c][28] Cas Mudde and Cristbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature."[29]

Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath, writes that "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."[30] For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires a "nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis."[31]

[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.[32]

In summary, Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia, anti-immigration sentiments, nativism, ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."[33] Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism."[34] Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";[35] in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".[36]

Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right" or other terms such as new nationalism.[38] Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'new right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neofascist', 'antiestablishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'antigovernment', 'antiparty', 'ultranationalist', 'neoliberal', 'right-libertarian' and so on".

To Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, "national populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part, Eatwell and Goodwin follow, of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] "direct" conception of democracy differs from the "liberal" one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement, and are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas".[2] Populist parties use crisis in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.[40]

Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right, and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions. As they aim at a unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".[41] As Front National ideologue Franois Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If populism itself is shared by both left and right parties, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".[42]

Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists are able to, in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists."[43]

European right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 18701900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the Vlkisch movement and Boulangism.[44] Vlkischen represented a romantic nationalist, racialist, and from the 1900s antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation", that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".[45][44] In France, the anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes, led by Boulanger, Droulde and Barrs, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums.[44] It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894).[46]

Modern national populismwhat Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the postWorld War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the Progress Party, ancestor of the Danish People's Party; and the Anders Lange's Party in Norway.[41]

A new wave of right-wing populism arose in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List, and later followed by Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom and Marine Le Pen's National Rally. According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, those parties are however not a real syncretism of the left and right, as both their ideology and voter base are interclassist.[d] Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.[48]

Piero Ignazi divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement; whereas he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.[49]

Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation. The U.S. Republican Party and Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.

In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election.[51] In the Brazilian general election of 2014, Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party[52] presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, same-sex marriage and proposed homosexual individuals to be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.[53] In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.[54] Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate Acio Neves.[55]

In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice Antnio Augusto de Queiroz the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military, the police and the religious right. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas from in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party. At the same time, young market liberals and right-libertarians such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In the case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".[56]

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,[57] facing a corruption scandal after accusations for obstructing justice and racketeering were placed against him.[58] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the Brazilian Congress.[57][58] On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, who was acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and member of the Centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, was himself removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.[59]

In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party, far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party[60] and, supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, he won the 2018 presidential election followed by left-wing former Mayor of So Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Incio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.[61][62][63] Lula was banned to run after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and being imprisoned.[64][65][66] Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,[67] xenophobic,[68] misogynistic[69] and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, LGBT identity and support for tax cuts, militarism, Catholicism and Evangelicalism.[70][71]

Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada partly due to the idea of Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, but fell into obscurity by the 1970s. The Reform Party of Canada led by Preston Manning was another right-wing populist party formed as a result of the policies of the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada which alienated many Blue Tories. The two parties ultimately merged into the Conservative Party of Canada.

In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties, and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier Franois Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto, Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.[72][73][74][75]

In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.[76]

In the most recent political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado[77][78] and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro[79][80] were described as examples of right-wing populists.

Early antecedents of right-wing populism which existed in the USA during the 1800s include the Anti-Masonic and Know-Nothing Parties. The Populist Party (which existed in the 1890s) was a primarily left-wing populist movement.[citation needed]

Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.[81] Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson, Strom Thurmond, Joe McCarthy, Barry Goldwater, George Wallace and Pat Buchanan.[82]

The Tea Party movement has been characterized as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement" by Rasmussen and Schoen (2010). They add: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".[83] In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".[84] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.[85][86][87] In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, which is associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.[88]

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment, anti-immigration and anti-free trade rhetoric, was characterized as that of a right-wing populist.[90] The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.[91] According to a 2018 study, there is a strong correlation between the ratio of U.S. jobs that were lost to automation and the statessuch as Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsinthat voted for Barack Obama in 2012 and for Trump in 2016.[92]

The main right-wing populist party in Australia is One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland.[93] One Nation typically supports the governing Coalition.[94]

Other parties formerly represented in the Australian Parliament with right-wing populist elements and rhetoric include the Australian Conservatives, led by Cory Bernardi, Senator for South Australia,[95] the libertarian Liberal Democratic Party, led by David Leyonhjelm, Senator for New South Wales,[96] and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.[97] The Liberal Democratic Party and the Australian Conservatives previously formed a voting bloc in the Australian Senate.[98]

Some figures within the Liberal Party of Australia, which is part of the Coalition, have been described as right-wing populists, including former Prime Minister Tony Abbott[99] and Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton.[100]

In India, right-wing populism came into the picture in the late 1980s by current ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the political party having close relation to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Right-wing populism has been fostered by RSS which stands against persecution of Hindus by various invading forces over the centuries and have also been attributed to the concept of Hindutva. It vows to protect the ancient religion and culture of Hinduism and have strong views against destruction of its ancient heritage, in India.

Former Prime Ministers Shinzo Abe and Junichiro Koizumi are both right-wing nationalists and populists.

In a speech to LDP lawmakers in Tokyo on 8 March 2019, Steve Bannon said that Prime Minister Abe is a great hero to the grassroots, the populist, and the nationalist movement throughout the world.[101]

The recent wave of right-wing populism is in Pakistan in the form of Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI).[102] Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions.[102] British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.[103]

Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism. However, since the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.[104]

Hong Joon-pyo and Lee Un-ju of the United Future Party are leading right-wing populists advocating anti-homosexuality, anti-immigration and social conservatism.[105][106]

South Korean right-wing populists show a revisionist view of Gwangju Uprising, and insist that the impeachment of former President Park Geun-hye is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung-hee administration.[107] It also shows a radical anti-North Korea, anti-China and anti-communist stance.[108]

Taiwan's right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's left-wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.[109] In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth Issues and right-wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy, and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. One of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists is Terry Gou and Han Kuo-yu.[110][111]

Senior European Union diplomats cite growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had stepped up scrutiny of possible links with Moscow.[112] In 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia tries to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.[113]However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that isn't massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.[114] In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop, were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election. Whereas those that the price of their house rise, were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron. The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which those that saw the price of their house rise, voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop, voted to Leave.

The Austrian Freedom Party (FP) established in 1955 claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager), beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political centre. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g. the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see KreiskyPeterWiesenthal affair).

From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more liberal stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor. The liberal interlude however ended, when Jrg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. By his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude, Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters. Nevertheless, he was also able to obtain votes from large sections of population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.

Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FP) with 26.9% of the votes cast became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FP ministers, but also the impossibility of agitation against members of his own cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FP's loss of reputation by the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZ) relaunch in order to carry on his government. The remaining FP members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZ has lost a measurable amount of support.

The FP regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, though he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FP formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party, but lost seats in 2019.

Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with particular focus on Islamic immigration) and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.[115] However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under the country's anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.[116]

In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, with a near-identical ideology. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country.[117] Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.[118] With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament[119] and it also holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives.[120]

Mischal Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, was chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contested elections in Wallonia.[61]

As of the 2019 federal, regional and European elections Vlaams Belang (VB) has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 votes on 26 May 2019.[121]

Volya is a right-wing populist political party founded by Bulgarian businessman Veselin Mareshki on 15 July 2007. Before 2016, it was known variously as Today and Liberal Alliance.[122][123] The party advocates populist and reform policies, promoting patriotism, strict immigration controls, friendlier relations with Moscow, Bulgarian withdrawal form NATO, and the need to "sweep away the garbage" of a corrupt political establishment.[124][125]

The ELAM (National People's Front) ( ) was formed in 2008.[126] Its platform includes maintaining Cypriot identity, opposition to further European integration, immigration and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).[citation needed]

In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing-populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.[127] In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.[128] In the following years, its support dwindled away, but was replaced by the Danish People's Party in the 1990s, which has gone on to be an important support party for the governing Liberal-Conservative coalition in the 2000s (decade).[129] The Danish People's Party is the largest and most influential right-wing populist party in Denmark today. It won 37 seats in the 2015 Danish general election[130] and became the second largest party in Denmark. The Danish People's Party advocates immigration reductions, particularly from non-Western countries, favor cultural assimilation of first generation migrants into Danish society and are opposed to Denmark becoming a multicultural society.

Additionally, the Danish People's Party's stated goals are to enforce a strict rule of law, to maintain a strong welfare system for those in need, to promote economic growth by strengthening education and encouraging people to work and in favor of protecting the environment.[131] In 2015, The New Right was founded,[132] but they have not yet participated in an election.

In Finland the main right-wing party is the Finns Party. Together with National Coalition and Centre-Party, it formed the government coalition after the 2015 parliamentary election. In 2017 the governmental branch broke off to form the Blue Reform, which took the coalition position from the Finns Party. Blue Reform is currently in government coalition and the Finns Party in opposition and are the fastest growing party in Finland.[133] In 2018 a Finnish member of the parliament Paavo Vyrynen formed the Seven Star Movement. The party is anti-immigration but is in center in economic politics.

France's National Front (NF) renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally" has been cited the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party".[29]

The party was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen as the unification of a number of French nationalist movements of the time, it was developed by him into a well-organized party.[29] After struggline for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first time a NF candidate had qualified for a high-level run-off election.

Since Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front has established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing", or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015.

Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population consider the party to be a threat to democracy.[134]

The 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election result was a victory for the FideszKDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor Orbn remaining Prime Minister. Orbn and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[citation needed]

Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.

On a regional level, right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Brger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner) led by Franz Schnhuber entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Wrttemberg twice in 1992 and 1996, but after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favour of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).

In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremism[135] and immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero tolerance policy and the combat of corruption. With the denial of a multiethnic society (berfremdung) and the islamization, their politics extend to far-right positions. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU) and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").

The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).[136][137] Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.[138]

The Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the country's economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexation of territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and Izmir.[139] Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens which only supplied to Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.[140]

The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature, but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalisation and lower taxes for small businesses as well as opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia as well as immigration only for Europeans.[141] Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.[142]

In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party is Lega, formerly Lega Nord (Northern League),[143] whose leaders reject the right-wing label,[144][145][146] though not the "populist" one.[147] The League is a federalist, regionalist and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the North-South divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education or criminality.[148][149][150][151] Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians that is evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.[148][149][152] As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.

With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone, is considered a Eurosceptic movement and as such is apart of the Identity and Democracy(ID) group in the European Parliament. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 20012006, 20082011 and 20182019. Most recently, the party, which notably includes among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has to some extent embraced Italian nationalism and emphasised Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration and other "populist" policies, while forming an alliance with right-wing populist parties in Europe.[153][154][155]

Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 19941995, 20012006 and 20082011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.[156][157]

A number of national conservative, nationalist and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong especially in Lazio, the region around Rome and Southern Italy. Most of them originated as a result of the Italian Social Movement (a national-conservative party, whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in 1996 general election). They include the Brothers of Italy (4.4% in 2018), New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).

Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.

In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982, when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election.[158] The coalition had broken up by 2003, and the party went into steep decline until it was dissolved.

Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main programme revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder through ending Dutch usage of the euro.[159]

The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.

In the 2017 Dutch general election, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.[160]

From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy has emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands.[161][162]

The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds both the presidency and a governing majority in the Sejm. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.[164]

Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Micha Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education and abolishment of Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.[165][166] The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.[167][168]

In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia, in which the right-wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seats,[169] and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People's Party and Citizens, even though the Socialist Party won the elections.[170] VOX, that has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,[171][172] promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,[173] such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country -even of legal immigrants who commit crimes-, a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities, and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence, approved by the socialist government of Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".[174]

Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about the Islamist invasion.[175] The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with right-wing liberalism in tax and social security matters.

After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in Andalusia[176] and other regions,[177] in the 2019 Spanish general election VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short from expectations[178] after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX in order to reach the government,[179] the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the socialist Pedro Snchez.[180]

The Sweden Democrats are the third largest party in Sweden with 17.53% of popular votes in the parliamentary election of 2018.

In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered to be national conservative,[181] but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right" and "radical right-wing populist",[184] reflecting a spectrum of ideologies present among its members. In its far-right wing, it includes members such as Ulrich Schler, Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.[185][186]

In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979 and again grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from being the fourth largest party to being the largest and gained a second seat the Swiss Federal Council in 2003, with prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.[187][188][189][190]

Justice and Development Party (AKP), and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoan has been in power since 2002.

Media outlets such as The New York Times have called the UK Independence Party (UKIP), then led by Nigel Farage, the largest right-wing populist party in the United Kingdom.[191] UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum[192] and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.[194][195]

The United Kingdom's governing Conservative Party has seen defections to UKIP over the European Union and immigration debates as well as LGBT rights.[196]

In the Conservative Party, party leader and Prime Minister Boris Johnson has been described as expressing right-wing populist views during the successful Vote Leave campaign.[197] Jacob Rees-Mogg, the Leader of the House of Commons, has also been described as a right-wing populist.[198]

In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the main right-wing populist force.[199]

Notes

Informational notes

Bibliography

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Right-wing populism - Wikipedia

You cant always get what you want, but if you try sometimes, you might find you get what you need. The government might have wanted to listen to the Rolling Stones a few more times before publishing its response yesterday to the Independent Review of Administrative Laws Faulks Report.

Rather than engaging with the substance of the Report, which upheld the role of the judiciary in a democracy, the government misrepresented its conclusions. Its response cherry-picked the few proposals that limited the authority of the courts before promptly announcing another consultation on judicial review, presumably hoping that it will strike lucky second time around.

Given the judgement reached by the Independent Review and the character of Johnsons government which is increasingly unwilling to brook dissent such a response is hardly a surprise. While not a celebration of judicial review, the Faulks Report was a firm vindication of the status quo, recommending few substantive changes and endorsing the principle that an effective, independent judicial system is a fundamental prerequisite for effective executive accountability.

This is not what the government wanted to hear. Having hand-picked the panel and installed Lord Faulks, a judicial power sceptic, as chair, it was doubtless anticipating an excoriation of the judiciarys expansionist tendencies, and an assertion that it is solely for the executive and the legislature to decide on moral values [sic] issues. Nor was the government alone in this expectation, with many commentators, including myself, expecting (possibly unfairly) the Review to act as an adjunct of the Policy Exchange think tanks Judicial Power Project, which devotedly defends the right of the government to act free from judicial oversight.

If Downing Street were blessed with an iota of self-awareness, the Reviews conclusions would have made it think again about its fixation on the judiciary, and consider if the executive really should be free to amass ever more unaccountable power. After all, there is at least some part of the government that believes that democratic values are to be celebrated and defended, with Dominic Raab, the Foreign Secretary, bemoaning the fact that democracy is retreat across the globe last Wednesday.

Delivering a speech to the US Aspen Security Forum, Raab claimed that the UK needed to be guided by its moral compass and that it has an obligation and responsibility to use its clout as a force for good in the world in trying to stem the rising tide of tyranny.

Admittedly, it may be that the government is simply taking Humpty Dumptys approach to the English language, who told Alice in Through the Looking-Glass that a word means just what I choose it to mean- neither more nor less. After all, Raab was also content to argue that the UK can and should alleviate the worst suffering in the world while his Foreign Office near-simultaneously slashed the aid given to the people of Yemen, one of the most devastated populations in the world, and he must also be confident that increasing the UKs nuclear arsenal will somehow enhance the conditions of peace and stability that underpin the current world order.

Raab was right, however, to acknowledge Britains global responsibility. As one of the worlds leading democracies, it is for British governments to illuminate liberal values, not to provide would-be autocrats with manuals on how to turn the lights off on them. Yet this latter course of action is the one the prime minister and his Cabinet are pursuing. The debate and vote in the House of Commons on the Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Bill earlier this week was one of the most shamefully illiberal moments in Parliaments history.

The bill empties the right to protest a right fundamental to any real democracy of its substance, essentially granting the Home Secretary and the police the unilateral power to decide if a protest can continue- or if it can go ahead at all.

Even Theresa May, who as Home Secretary was not averse to a draconian policy, warned the government about walking a fine line between being popular and being populist.

In its report, the review was at pains to emphasise that it is not the role of Parliament to be supine and incapable or unwilling to challenge or enact legislation, particularly of a constitutional character. Perhaps parliamentarians would have benefited from an advance copy of the Report, as it is difficult to reconcile this dignified view of Parliament with Tuesdays reality. Rather than challenge the government on its proposals, Conservative MPs lined up to vote for it, with the bill passing the second reading by 96 votes.

If Johnson is able to proceed with legislation that hacks away at a right as integral to a democracy as that of protest, it is difficult to imagine that there is anything this kowtowing House of Commons will not nod through, particularly a bill checking the powers of the courts, which is what the prime minister clearly wants to do.

But before he proceeds down such a path, Johnson needs something to give any such proposals a veneer of legitimacy, and so we have this second consultation. Judging from the Lord Chancellors foreword, Downing Streets focus is on ousting the judiciary from reviewing certain matters, erecting a fence around some executive decisions and adorning it with a large sign saying JUDGES KEEP OUT.

This was not something the Faulks Report endorsed, finding that it would be a significant disadvantage if Parliament and in some circumstances possibly the executive was easily able to oust judicial review. While they were willing to accept that some changes to the operation of judicial review may be reasonable, advocating reform of the Cart judicial review system that operates in the immigration tribunals, the Report drew the line well before any wholesale reform.

For anyone still in any doubt as to whether judges are enemies of the people, the conclusions of the review have made it abundantly clear that they are not, but instead a vital cog in Britains democracy. Inevitably, Johnsons government refuses to accept the reality of this. Rather than take the opportunity to enact some moderate reforms of judicial review and to claim a victory, it has doubled down, claiming that the review identified a growing tendency for the courts to assert their authority over the governance of the nation, and asserting its determination to put judges firmly back in their box.

This is something Parliament will be all too willing to assist in. The real question is whether the Supreme Court will simply watch Britain be submerged by tyrannys rising tide, or if the justices will try and hold it back.

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The fine line between popular and populist The Justice Gap - thejusticegap.com

By any standard, the Telangana Budget for 2021-22 presented in the Assembly by Finance Minister T Harish Rao on Thursday was very ambitious. The size of the Budget was Rs 2.3 lakh crore, with a fiscal deficit of Rs 45,509 crore. Last year, the Budget was Rs 1.8 lakh crore, but that had shrunk to Rs 1.66 lakh crore, what with Covid-19 dealing a mortal blow to the states receipts.

The Budget proposals make it clear that the government still does not want to cut the coat according to the cloth. Each year, even if not for Covid, something else like a sudden slash in Central devolutions would be present. In the present Budget, it is not as though the government was unrestrained. It deferred the unemployment allowance promised to jobless youth. But again, on the flip side, it does not show any allocation for implementation of the Pay Revision Commission recommendations at the rate of 27% fitment, which has to be done anyway since the chief minister had reportedly promised it recently. The additional outgo would likely be about Rs 8,000 crore. This would add to the fiscal deficit, which means more borrowings. The public debt outstanding at the end of 2021-22 is estimated to be a whopping Rs 2.86 lakh crore, a figure that is intimidating. It is about 24.84% of the GSDP. Anything more would break the states back.

No one blames Harish Rao or Chief Minister K Chandrashekar Rao for their overreaching ambition if one looks at the issue through the political prism. As peoples expectations grow each year, the government finds itself compelled to increase allocations. Welfare schemes such as Rythu Bandhu, Aasara, Kalyana Lakshmi and free power supply to farmers drain finances but are big vote catchers. Once announced, welfare schemes stay forever. Additional schemes would only mean greater financial profligacy. A beginninghas to be made to channelise revenues going into such schemes towards asset creation instead. For this, the TRS needs to show political courage.

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The perils of populist budgets - The New Indian Express

NASA says itll burn up on re-entry. Take Out The Trash

NASA jettisoned a massive load of garbage into orbit from the International Space Station (ISS) last week.

The trash is a whopping 2.9-ton cargo pallet of old batteries that was used to power the station, according to Spaceflight Now. The garbage is expected to orbit the Earth for two to four years before it enters the atmosphere.

If youre worried about a nearly three ton pallet of batteries landing on your house one day, dont fret: the garbage jettisoned from the ISS is typically burned up upon re-entry.

In fact, the H-II Transfer Vehicles (HTV) used by the Japanese space program to transport supplies to the ISS is typically disposed into orbit once it accomplishes its missions. Eventually, the HTV burns up on re-entry with any remaining pieces landing in the Pacific Ocean.

Likewise, the pallet is expected to burn up as it enters the atmosphere harmlessly, said Leah Cheshier, a NASA communications specialist, to Spaceflight Now.

So yeah, itll just be some harmless flaming batteries hurtling towards the Earth at unfathomable speeds. Very comforting!

Though you wouldnt think so, space is actually a really messy place or at least thats the case with the space around Earth.

Space debris is mostly made up of pieces of spacecraft, defunct satellites, and rocket parts that zoom around our planet in low Earth orbit, according to NASA. Like garbage on the ground, orbital debris can pose a massive danger especially when you consider the fact that the trash can hit speeds of 18,000 miles per hour.

Luckily, there are some initiatives proposed to recycle the orbital garbage. But it doesnt really help when billionaires keep sending their cars into space.

READ MORE: Garbage pallet jettisoned from space station will stay in orbit two-to-four years [Spaceflight Now]

More on space garbage: Reconsidering Space Debris: Can Space Junk Be Useful?

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The Space Station Just Released Its Largest Piece of Garbage Ever - Futurism

It's a backup plan to prevent an, uh, sticky situation here on Earth.Backup Plan

With asteroids, supervolcanoes, and other calamities potentially lurking around the corner, a team of engineers has a plan to save life on Earth: Building a new ark, loaded up with cryogenically-frozen sperm and other germ cells from millions of species, on the Moon.

The lunar ark, dreamed up by University of Arizona engineer Jekan Thanga and presented last weekend at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, is conceptually similar to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway, except itd be tucked away inside an underground lava tube on the Moon so that terrestrial disasters cant touch it.

The lunar ark is meant to be a contingency plan in case some horrible disaster befalls Earth and causes mass extinction.

Citing ancient supervolcano eruptions and the pressing matter of global climate change, Thanga argues that the millions of frozen sperm, spore, seed, and egg samples would be safer nestled away within a volcano tube on the Moon than down here on Earth.

Earth is naturally a volatile environment, Thanga said in a press release.

Of course, sending and storing all the samples on the Moon comes with its own substantial challenges. Thanga estimates that it would take 250 rocket launches just to ship all of the samples 50 each from 6.7 million species to the Moon, assuming none are lost along the way.

And once theyre there, the samples would need to be stored indefinitely at cryogenic temperatures colder than even the most frigid lunar nights. To get around that, Thanga suggested using quantum levitation so that the sperm can be locked in place without freezing and damaging the metal structures around them.

All that is to say that this lunar ark would already be a highly ambitious project if it were staying on Earth. Shipping and protecting all that sperm on the Moon would be an extra challenge that will be particularly interesting to follow.

READ MORE: Engineers Propose Solar-Powered Lunar Ark as Modern Global Insurance Policy [University of Arizona College of Engineering]

More on seed vaults: Melting Permafrost Threatens The Doomsday Seed Bunker

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Scientists Are Aiming to Send 6.7 Million Sperm Samples to the Moon - Futurism

Blue Origin's rockets are going for a spin.Spinning Out

Blue Origin and NASA have teamed up to develop a new artificial gravity system within a spacecraft, stemming from a rapidly-spinning capsule that generates centrifugal force like a carnival ride.

The plan, it seems, is to basically find a way to turn Blue Origins New Shepard spacecraft into a flyingTilt-A-Whirlwith about as much of a gravitational force as the Moon, according to a NASA press release. The new trick will create lunar gravity-like conditions that last much longer than the fleeting moments of weightlessness experienced on parabolic flights like NASAs infamous vomit comet, making it much easier to run experiments or even train astronauts in low-gravity conditions.

The partnership will ultimately result in an upgraded Blue Shepard that can rotate its entire capsule 11 times per minute, simulating a gravitational field inside of the spacecraft.

Blue Origins rockets have never actually left orbit, but they have crossed the Krmn line 100 kilometers off the ground thats commonly accepted as the border where Earth ends and space begins, ExtremeTech notes. With the new upgrade, the craft will be able to provide the experience of partial gravity without getting too far from Earth.

With a reliable way to generate Moon-like gravity, NASA and Blue Origin will be able to better test and tinker with the instruments it ultimately plans to send to the Moon, giving a better idea of how theyll fare there.

One of the constant challenges with living and working in space is reduced gravity, Christopher Baker, NASAs program executive for Flight Opportunities, said in the press release. Many systems designed for use on Earth simply do not work the same elsewhere. A wide range of tools we need for the Moon and Mars could benefit from testing in partial gravity, including technologies for in-situ resource utilization, regolith mining, and environmental control and life support systems.

READ MORE: NASA, Blue Origin Partner to Bring Lunar Gravity Conditions Closer to Earth [NASA]

More on artificial gravity: Company Has Ambitious Plan to Build Private Space Station with Artificial Gravity

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NASA and Blue Origin Developing Artificial Gravity Trick - Futurism

THE CLOSEST NEIGHBORING STAR TO OUR SUN, a small red dwarf called Proxima Centauri, is about 4.24 light-years from Earth.

That might not sound like much but even for one of the fastest spacecraft ever built by mankind, NASAs interplanetary traveler New Horizons, itd take more than 78,000 Earth years to travel there at top speed. If we ever want a chance of traveling to other parts of our galaxy, were going to have to go a lot faster than that.

One potential workaround would be a warp drive, popularized by the science fiction franchise Star Trek, which would bend the fabric of spacetime to achieve travel at the speedof light or even, possibly, faster.

For the most part, warp drives have remained confined to the realm of sci-fi. But now perhaps, and with numerous caveats that may be starting to change.

A pair of researchers associated with a little-known startup called Applied Physics recently published a paper,accepted into the peer-reviewed journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, suggesting that actual warp drives could be constructed based on the physical principles known to humanity today.

Alexey Bobrick, a PhD student from Lund University in Sweden who co-authored the paper, admits that an immense amount of work is still needed before the idea could ever be practical.

Simply put, a lot would still need to happen, Bobrick said in an email. Before our paper, the validity of warp drives technologically, given the science we know, was completely out of the question. Now its just extremely difficult, but doable.

Just because we have the mathematical understanding of how to achieve something, that does not mean we have the engineering ability, he added.

The ambition, though, seems real. Bobrick likened the current moment to the calculations done by NASA scientists in the early 1960s, which set the groundwork for Neil Armstrongs one giant leap for mankind as he stepped onto the Moon in July 1969.

The idea,which Bobrick fleshed out in the paper with Gianni Martire, a tech entrepreneur who founded Applied Physics, builds on an existing concept first brought forward by Mexican theoretical physicist Miguel Alcubierre in the early 1990s. His Alcubierre Drive, a purely speculative warp drive, could theoretically allow a spacecraft to travel faster than light by contracting space in front of it and expanding it behind.

Theres one big problem,though. The Alcubierre Drive would require negative energy to work, and negative energy probably doesnt exist or, at least,it isnt accounted for by todays models of physics.

But in their new paper, Bobrick and Martire suggest that some tweaks to the Alcubierre Drive could make it possible without the need for negative energy. The catch is that, unlike the Alcubierre Drive, it would be able to go fast, but no faster than the speed of light.

In fact, we can now construct a warp drive that does not require negative mass and can be built with ordinary matter, Bobrick told Futurism. Thus we have made warp drives physical and thus have built the foundational math for warp field mechanics.

Harold White, the Advanced Propulsion Team Lead for the NASA Engineering Directorate and a longtime researcher of Alcubierre Drive-like concepts, told Futurism that he isnt quite convinced by Applied Physics paper though, he said, the ideas in it could still have merit.

In the end, my view is that some of the same problems remain, White told Futurism after reviewing the paper, so it is still to be determined if one might ever be able to implement the idea of a space warp.

Rather than claiming outright that their drive can surpass the speed of light, Bobrick and Martire suggest the physical warp drive could be used to travel at subluminal speeds but still orders of magnitude faster than conventional propulsion systems that exist today.

White called subluminal warp a very appealing idea, adding that if one could achieve large fractions of the speed of light, then it might be possible to visit some of our stellar neighbors in decades rather than centuries. No small achievement!

Joseph Agnew, graduate research assistant at the University of Alabama with a penchant for warp drives, would tend to agree.

Subluminal speeds are how weve explored the galaxy thus far, it just depends on the degree to which were talking! he told Futurism in an email.

A good point of reference is to assume that the maximum subluminal speed is 0.99 times the speed of light (particle accelerator speeds), which you generalize to 1 for napkin calculations.

That would mean, at maximum subluminal speeds, visiting the Alpha Centauri system would still result in a 9+ year round trip time for the astronauts in that spaceship, not accounting for time dilation effects and other relativity-based phenomena, according to Agnew.

Other galaxies, however, or more distant parts of our own, would still require a far speedier craft.

For example, the nearest major galaxy (of many, many galaxies) is Andromeda, which is 2.5 million light years away, Agnew explained. So if youd like to take a vacation to Andromeda, or perhaps move there, like a settler in the old west, it would take you a year to get there at the superluminal speed of 2.5 million times the speed of light!

To Sabine Hossenfelder, German author and theoretical physicist, Bobrick and Martires physical warp drive makes a lot of sense and could be a sensible extrapolation of Alcubierres foundational work.

Bobrick and Martires warp drive is basically a bubble, she explained in a YouTube video about the paper. It has an inside region, which they call a passenger area.

Inside this region, spacetime is unchanging, meaning that there arent any changes to gravitational forces inside of it.

Heres where the proposed physical warp drive concept gets even wilder: time passes differently inside this bubble when compared to the outside.

You cannot break the speed of light barrier for the passengers themselves, relative to spacetime, Hossenfelder explained. So instead, you keep them moving normally in the bubble, but then you move the bubble itself superluminally.

That could lead to some mind-bending phenomena.

The drive may slow down the time for the passengers inside it, Bobrick told Futurism. In principle, by quite a lot. In other words, the passengers will not age fast while they travel, even if they travel slowly and far.

The physical warp drive would work best if passengers were seated next to each other, kind of like a wide disk sailing through space, moving with its face forward. Thats largely due to the fact that youd need less energy to get going.

The flatter it is in the direction of travel, the less energy you need, Hossenfelder said.

But before we stuff space travelers inside a pie-shaped pod and blast them off in the direction of Proxima Centauri at the speed of light, we still have plenty of other challenges to overcome.

Assuming the research holds up, there would be the immense challenge of actually building a warp drive based on the work.

Its very much a case where its an interesting concept and will have to be poked and prodded to figure out if it holds in all cases or if certain assumptions are valid, Agnew told Futurism. I like the approach [Bobrick and Martire] took and the paper is well-referenced, but as usual, its always important to retain a healthy dose of scientific skepticism.

Another challenge may be financial. Although Applied Physics goals are lofty, its not clear how much funding it has and both Bobrick and Martire were evasive about the business side of the startup.

Everything about Applied Physics can be found on the companys about website, Bobrick said. No other information about AP will be made to the public at this time, he added.

Martire declined to say whether the company was working on a prototype of the actual warp drive.

Unfortunately at this time, we cannot make any further comments, Martire wrote in an email in which he pointed to a mysterious More surprises soon link on Applied Physics website, and made an off-the-record comment.

Still, there are moments when it sounds as though Bobrick and his collaborators are imagining a near-term future in which warp travel could be possible. At one point, Bobrick suggested that the tech would be best implemented in small craft than in massive starliners, a strategy that he speculated could start a new age of research, a warp age.

Its impossible to say, knowing what we currently do, whether Applied Physics is onto something. But perhaps, by taking inspiration from science fiction and daring to dream, humanity actually does stand a chance of finally venturing beyond the farthest reaches of our solar system.

More on warp drives: Professor: Progress Toward Warp Drive Has Been Enormous

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Is This Startup Working on an Actual Warp Drive? - Futurism

All it needs is a name and a phone number.Yikes

Dating app Tinder will soon allow its users to run background checks on possible dates, The Verge reports.

Tinders parent company, Match Group, made an investment of an undisclosed amount in Garbo, a nonprofit that facilitates these background checks based on just a first name and phone number a partnership that could change the nature of intimacy, online relationships and privacy.

Its a fraught development, considering users will be able to sift through Tinder profiles based on personal criminal records.

In an effort to make its system more equitable, Garbo announced in February it will exclude drug possession charges on Garbos platform, noting that the criminal justice system has been used to monitor substance possession in a way that promotes systemic inequality for decades.

Still, if the data gets into the wrong hands it could spell disaster. Even more troubling: just last summer, Tinder banned users for including the hashtag #blacklivesmatter.

Tinder will likely charge its customers for the background checks. Its unclear whether its tied to a subscription model. Match Group will likely roll out the feature to its other dating apps, including OKCupid and Hinge as well.

According to Match Group, personal information wont be shared with Garbo its customers will simply share a first name as well as a phone number or full name.

READ MORE: Tinder will soon let you run a background check on a potential date [The Verge]

More on Tinder: Tinder Reverses Decision to Ban Black Lives Matter Supporters

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Tinder Is Adding an Option to Run Background Checks on Potential Dates - Futurism

"Its not a great climate thing."Not Great

Its no secret that Bitcoin is a bit of a resource hog and some of the most influential people on the planet are starting to weigh in on the issue as more and more financial institutions are starting to accept the cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin uses more electricity per transaction than any other method known to mankind, Microsoft founder and billionaire Bill Gates told The New York Times in a recent interview.

Its not a great climate thing, he added.

While estimates vary, one thing is clear: mining Bitcoin is extremely resource intensive, generating as much carbon emissions globally as an entire developed country.

Its a divisive topic, with one side lauding its decentralized nature, while others dismiss it as an environmentally harmful alternative to traditional currencies that will only increase the financial sectors carbon footprint.

Many, including Twitter founder Jack Dorsey, are now looking for greener alternatives because right now there really arent any.

But that might change soon. For instance, Ethereum, one of the largest Bitcoin alternatives, is hoping to switch to a more sustainable mining model.

Even Gates could be convinced.

If its green electricity and its not crowding out other uses, eventually, you know, maybe thats OK, he told the Times.

READ MORE: Why Bill Gates Is Worried About Bitcoin [The New York Times]

More on bitcoin: Bill Gates: You Should Probably Not Follow Elon Musk To The Moon On BTC

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Bill Gates Says That Bitcoin Sucks - Futurism

NASAs Perseverance Mars rover just shot its laser at a rock on Mars.

In a clip uploaded to SoundCloud, we get to listen in on the scientific instrument doing its work. Youre listening to the first audio recordings of laser strikes on Mars, a tweet by the rovers official account reads.

These rhythmic tapping sounds heard by the microphone on my SuperCam instrument have different intensities that can help my team figure out the structure of the rocks around me, the tweet reads.

The microphone serves a practical purpose by telling us something about our rock targets from a distance, Sylvestre Maurice of the Institute for Research in Astrophysics and Planetary Science in Toulouse, France, said in a NASA blog post about the instrument. But we can also use it to directly record the sound of the Martian landscape or the rovers mast swiveling.

The SuperCams laser is designed to study the mineralogy and chemistry of rocks from a distance of up to 20 feet away. NASA is hoping to aid scientists in finding signs of fossilized microbial life as well.

One of seven instruments aboard the Mars 2020 rover that launches this summer, SuperCam was built by a team of hundreds and packs what would typically require several sizable pieces of equipment into something no bigger than a cereal box, NASAs official description of the laser reads.

It fires a pulsed laser beam out of the rovers mast, or head, to vaporize small portions of rock from a distance, providing information that will be essential to the missions success, the description continues.

The laser heats up the rock to around 18,000 degrees Fahrenheit. A special camera then analyzes the plasma released by the rocks to study their chemical makeup.

Its not the first time weve gotten to hear Perseverances fascinating recordings, taken on a planet over a hundred million miles away.

Earlier this year, Perseverance shared the first-ever microphone recordings from the Martian surface.

Things are sounding really good here, the rover tweeted earlier today, with a link to the eerie sounds of Martian winds. This mic is located at the top of my mast. For this [February 19] recording, my mast was still down so the sound is a bit muffled.

It hasnt even been three weeks since Perseverance landed on Mars and weve already been able to see some amazing results. The rover still has plenty of aces up its many sleeves, so it will only get more exciting from here.

More on Perseverance: NASA May Have Picked a Place to Fly the Mars Helicopter

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NASA's New Rover Just Shot a Rock With Its Laser - Futurism