Category Archives: DNA

A new blood test that can detect more than 50 types of cancer has been revealed by researchers in the latest study to offer hope for early detection.

The test is based on DNA that is shed by tumours and found circulating in the blood. More specifically, it focuses on chemical changes to this DNA, known as methylation patterns.

Researchers say the test can not only tell whether someone has cancer, but can also shed light on the type of cancer they have.

Dr Geoffrey Oxnard of Bostons Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, part of Harvard Medical School, said the test was now being explored in clinical trials. You need to use a test like this in an independent group at risk of cancer to actually show that you can find the cancers, and figure out what to do about it when you find them, he said.

Writing in the journal Annals of Oncology, the team reveal how the test was developed using a machine learning algorithm a type of artificial intelligence. Such systems pick up on patterns within data and as a result learn to classify it.

The team initially fed the system with data on methylation patterns in DNA from within blood samples taken from more than 2,800 patients, before further training it with data from 3,052 participants, 1,531 of whom had cancer and 1,521 of whom did not.

Using this information, the system sorted the samples into groups based on the methylation patterns. The team then taught the system which groups reflected which type of cancer.

In pregnant women we look in their free-floating DNA for foetal abnormalities, said Oxnard. We know this [approach] exists, the question is how do you fine-tune and perfect the art of looking for cancer in this free-floating DNA? And that is what the machine learning did.

The team then tested the trained system on another set of samples from 1,264 individuals, about half of whom had cancer.

The results reveal that less than 1% of those without cancer were wrongly identified by the system as having the disease. It is really important you dont tell non-cancer patients they have cancer, said Oxnard.

When it came to identifying people with cancers the team found that, across more than 50 different types of cancer, the system correctly detected that the disease was present 44% of the time although the team stress that figure could differ if the test was used to screen a general population, rather than those known to have cancer.

Detection was better the more advanced the disease was. Overall, cancer was correctly detected in 18% of those with stage I cancer, but in 93% of those with stage IV cancer.

The team say the results are exciting as they offer the possibility of a new way to screen for cancers that are otherwise difficult to detect. For example, the system correctly identified 63% of those with stage I pancreatic cancer, rising to 100% in stage IV.

The team further found that the system could shed light on the type of cancer. For 96% of samples deemed to show cancer, the test was able to offer a prediction for in which the tissue the cancer originated, with 93% of these predictions found to be correct.

Dr David Crosby, head of early detection at Cancer Research UK, said that detecting cancers in their early stages is important as they are less aggressive and more treatable.

Although this test was still at an early stage of development, the initial results were encouraging, he said. And if the test can be fine-tuned to be more efficient at catching cancers in their earliest stages, it could become a tool for early detection.

But Crosby added there was work to do. More research is needed to improve the tests ability to catch early cancers and we still need to explore how it might work in a real cancer screening scenario, he said.

Read this article:
New blood test can detect 50 types of cancer - The Guardian

ByAmanda Zrebiec

Peter Thielen and Tom Mehoke have spent years sequencing the genome of influenza. Now, as a new strain of coronavirus spreads across the globe, these biologists from Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory are transitioning their work to better understand the virus that causes COVID-19.

Inside the molecular diagnostics laboratory at Johns Hopkins Hospital, while health care workers and hospital staff work tirelessly to process patient tests, Thielen and Mehoke, members of APL's Research and Exploratory Development Department and the Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, are waiting for the positive tests. Certainly, positive tests are no cause for celebration, but for Thielen and Mehoke, they are a key to learning more about the rapidly spreading virus.

With software and molecular biology approaches developed in part at APL, Thielen and Mehoke are using handheld DNA sequencers to conduct immediate on-site genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2the virus that causes COVID-19.

"This information allows us to track the evolution of the virus," Thielen said. "It gives us a sense of where the new cases coming into Baltimore could've originated, and insight into how long transmission may have occurred undetected. There are a lot of things we can glean from that."

Topping that list is the ability to see how quickly the virus mutatesintegral information for mapping its spread, as well as developing an effective vaccine. Influenza, for example, mutates constantly. That's why it's necessary to vaccinate against different strains of the flu each year.

The virus causing COVID-19, Thielen said, does not appear to be mutating as fast.

"When this virus was first sequenced in China, that information was helpful in starting the process to develop a vaccine," Thielen explained. "What we're doing informs whether or not the virus is mutating away from that original sequence, and how quickly. Based on the mutation rate, early data indicates that this would likely be a single vaccine rather than one that needs to be updated each year, like the flu shot."

In the near-term, the mutations inform how the virus is spreading.

Image caption: APL biologist Tom Mehoke reviews the DNA sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, at the molecular diagnostics laboratory at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

Image credit: Johns Hopkins APL / Ed Whitman

With the United States continuing to ramp up testing and mitigation capabilities, the ability to understand how outbreaks are linked gives public health departments another tool for evaluation. Mutations can explain how long the virus may have gone undetected and the supposition that there are likely far more cases than diagnosed, and can advise on what measures to put in place (such as the social-distancing efforts and closings that are ongoing nationwide).

Sequencing of the virus' genome is being performed by scientists all over the globe as they work to trace the source of regional outbreaks. In northern California, for example, news reports suggest that genome sequencing has linked the Bay Area outbreak to the Grand Princess cruise ship, which linked back to the virus found in Washington State, which likely came from China.

That's the type of insighta DNA fingerprint, if you willthat Thielen and Mehoke will gain as more virus genomes are sequenced from the Baltimore and Washington, D.C., regions.

They've completed analysis of the first four COVID-19 samples, with upward of 100 in the queue from the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. area, and expect many more in the coming weeks.

Coverage of how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting operations at JHU and how Hopkins experts and scientists are responding to the outbreak

Operating remotely with handheld sequencers and laptop computers, Thielen and Mehoke's process required a several day wait before results could be transferred. But, at the end of last week they validated a new process that enables same-day sequencingone that can be done by the hospital staff members already administering the diagnostic tests.

In the last nine months, Thielen and Mehoke held two workshops with the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center to help train scientists from low- and middle-income countries on how to use the handheld sequencers to do this work. The latest workshop was held virtually last week, when they trained stateside researchers to do the same type of on-site sequencing in their own laboratories.

"We were doing that to prepare as many researchers as we can, in the event that there would be a future pandemic," Thielen said. "It's here."

Read more from the original source:
Sequencing the genome of the virus behind COVID-19 - The Hub at Johns Hopkins

The Spaniard is pleased that the club decided to keep faith in a club legend through a difficult period amid constant speculation over his future

Manchester United are heading in the right direction under Ole Gunnar Solskjaer, according to Juan Mata, who has credited the Norwegian for injected much-needed "positivity" into the squad.

United appointed Solskjaer to replace Jose Mourinho on an interim basis in December 2018, following a poor run of results which left the team well off the pace in the race for Champions League qualification.

He oversaw 15 wins from his first 17 games at the helm, and was rewarded with a permanent three-year contract, but results then took a turn for the worse.

Article continues below

A drop in collective fitness levels and standards on the pitch saw the Red Devils limp to the finishing line in sixth, without a single piece of silverware to show for their efforts.

United's inconsistency continued in the first half of the 2019-20 campaign, despite the arrivals of British trio Harry Maguire, Aaron Wan-Bissaka and Daniel James.

However, an upturn in form has coincided with the signing Bruno Fernandes from Sporting in January, with the midfielder injecting a new creative dimension into the startingline up.

United are unbeaten in their last 11 matches, and nine clean sheets have been recorded during that period, easing the pressure on Solskjaer amid reports of ex-Spurs manager Mauricio Pochettino waiting in the wings to take his position.

Mata says Solskjaer's reputation at Old Trafford preceded him when he was drafted in to succeed Mourinho, and that his continued presence in the dugout serves as proof "things are going okay" for the Red Devils as they approach the end of a frustrating transitional period.

Of course, I heard much about him as a player. About that goal, about the many goals," Mata told United's official podcast.

"So we had a meeting between us, the team, and they said: 'Listen, it's probable that Ole's going to come. He's going to take care of the team until the end of the season. He's coming from Molde in Norway.'

As soon as he came in, you could see the positivity. You could see the Man United DNA. He knew everyone, he felt like a proper United fan, and he was happy and smiley and full of energy. So we stay with him, and I think that's a good sign of things going okay."

The Spain international went on to offer an insight into his relationship with Mourinho, the man who sanctioned his move to Manchester while he was in charge at Chelsea in 2014.

Mata insiststhe pair have always had a "mutual" respect for one another, despite reports suggesting otherwise upon his Stamford Bridge exit,which continued when they reunited at Old Trafford.

The respect is mutual, and we never had any personal problem," he said."The situation was a football situation. He played in a certain way that maybe didn't suit perfectly my qualities as a player, and that's it. Sometimes it happens in football.

But my mentality [when Mourinho joined United]was: 'Okay, I'm going to try'.My family was a bit scared. The fans were telling me, 'What are you going to do?' But I had it clear in my mind that I'm going to stay and prove that I can play much more than people think, and I did.

"And it's one of the things that I feel very proud ofin my career: having made that decision, testing myself and keeping going and playing, at the end, the Carabao Cup final, the Europa League final, and feeling an important player in the squad.

"That's how I felt before, and how I felt with him.

See the rest here:
'Solskjaer has Man Utd DNA and brings positivity to the squad' - Everything 'going okay' under Norwegian boss, says Mata - Goal.com

Key point:This fighter was built for export and has come a long way. Here's how Beijing is keeping it up-to-date.

Chinas JF-17 Thunder multirole fighter is one of Chinas most successful aerospace exports. While it was designed from the outset to be an export fighter, its road to service was very rocky, involving decades of development and even American involvement at some points. Design wise, its a fusion of the MiG-21 and the F-16 Fighting Falcon. The most recent blocks of the JF-17 have introduced advanced capabilities that nominally put it on par with designs twenty years its senior. But how exactly did the United States help in creating the JF-17? Does the ancient airframe hold it back, or can it be worked around?

This first appeared in 2020 and is being reposted due to reader interest.

The JF-17evolved out of a seriesof projects to produce an upgrade for the Pakistani Air Forces fleet of Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) J-7 fighters. As Pakistan was one of the primary facilitators of U.S. aid to the anti-Soviet Afghan Mujaheddin, the United States was willing to provide aid to Pakistan in other defense sectors. As the Soviets were preparing to field their next generation lightweight fighter; the MiG-29, Pakistan wanted an aircraft that could counter it.

This resulted inProject Sabre II, an attempt to modernize the J-7s conducted by CAC and Grumman. The original iteration of Sabre II only stretched the fuselage of the J-7, redesigned the control surfaces, and changed the location and size of the air intakes. However the Sabre II was unable to reach the performance of contemporary American fighters or the projected performance of the MiG-29 with this configuration, so Project Sabre II was canned.

However, the three countries decided to have another go at it later in the 1980s, resulting in the Super 7 project. This time the wingspan was increased and formed into asimilar configuration to the F-16in addition to the prior aerodynamic changes. Grumman pulled out of the Super 7 project in 1989 due to Tiananmen Square and the resulting fallout. The project remained on ice for around 10 years as negotiations between China and Pakistan continued. A feasibility study to see if future development would be fruitful was commissioned in 1992, it was successful so a memorandum to continue development was signed.

In 1998China and Pakistan recommenced serious development of the Super 7. Costswere split 50/50between the Pakistani government and CAC and the aircraft was renamed JF-17 As Grumman had dropped out, the fighter needed a new powerplant. A solution was found in the Russian Mikoyan design bureau, which offered the Klimov RD-93 engine which was originally designed for the canceled MiG-33 fighter jet. The RD-93 was an advanced version of the RD-33 used on the MiG-29, however, only one RD-93 is used on the JF-17 in contrast to two RD-33s in a MiG-29.

Another key innovation that occurred during the development process was the inclusion of diverterless supersonic intakes (DSI) on the JF-17 design. The designwent through several iterationsbut is seen on current JF-17 production aircraft. In 2003 the first prototype took to the air. By 2006 the JF-17 was finalized and ready to enter serial production. It was formally adoptedin 2007.The first fully Pakistani-manufactured JF-17 was created in 2008.

The JF-17s designers have proven adept at keeping up with the times following its entry into service. The initial run of fighters for Pakistan have been referred to as Block I JF-17s. Block II JF-17s introduced a multitude of new capabilities and upgrades, includingcompositesin the airframe for reduced weight, air to air refueling, a full fly-by-wire system, and a better radar. China offered to replace the Russian RD-93s with their own WS-13 in Block II JF-17s, but Pakistanopted to stick with the Russian engine.

For the Block III, China hopes to add an AESA radar to the JF-17 and further improve the avionics and weapons compatibility of the JF-17. The standard JF-17 features the MIL-STD-1760 databus in some implementations, allowing for compatibility with Western and Eastern weapons. One potential weakness of the JF-17 is its internal cannon, which is still the double-barrel GSh-23, a legacy of its MiG-21 heritage. This cannon is outperformed by practically any other autocannon mounted on a modern combat aircraft. However, given the relative infrequency of cannon usage in modern air combat, this is not a big issue.

The largest advantage of the JF-17 is its cost. At only 15 million per plane in its most basic configuration, the JF-17 is far cheaper than any of its competitors, even used. Block II JF-17s cost around the same margin, with Myanmarbuying them for only 16 million per unit. This has been the key to the JF-17s export success. A poor nation can field a relatively modern fighter for a very low price. It is yet to be seen whether it can actually perform at its price point in combat, but Pakistan seems to be satisfied with what the JF-17 can do in trials. In many ways, China has updated the budget fighter of the last generation, the MiG-21, for the modern era with the help and additional design cues from the F-16.

Charlie Gao studied political and computer science at Grinnell College and is a frequent commentator on defense and national-security issues.This first appeared in 2020 and is being reposted due to reader interest.

Image: Reuters

More:
Why China's Jf-17 Fighter Has American F-16 "DNA" - The National Interest

English naturalist Charles Robert Darwins seminal book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection went to press in 1859. That was 40 years before the concept of viruses was introduced to the world of science by Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsk. It took another century for viral researchers to decipher the genetic make-up of these infectious agents, to find out how they replicate and spread disease.

Darwin shunned and ridiculed after the publication of his book would probably be amazed to know that viruses such as the Covid-19 are considered living evidence of his theory of evolution.

If Charles Darwin reappeared today, he might be surprised to learn that humans are descended from viruses as well as from apes, British microbiologist Robin Weiss wrote in the journal Retrovirology. He was referring to fragments of retroviruses close cousins of the coronavirus found in the human genome.

These fragments are the fossils of a number of killer viruses, including several novel reassortments of influenza or coronaviruses that ravaged humans on a large scale in the past. These so-called endogeneous retroviruses (ERVs) are actually trophies of ancient molecular battles between viruses and their human hosts one which the humans eventually won. Some 8 per cent of human DNA represents fossil retroviral genomes, pointed out Weiss in his seminal research paper in 2010.

When competing groups of scientists in different parts of the world fully mapped the human genome in 2003, they found something they had never anticipated: bits that have no known function. Many scientists termed these seemingly inert shards junk DNA that littered our bodies. In the following decade, however, geneticists realised that some of those bits were actually endogenous retroviruses, fossils of defeated viruses that managed to invade our bodies but were disabled by our immune system. In Darwinian terms, in the struggle for existence our immune system got better of them and there was survival of the fittest through natural selection. Instead of getting buried as mineralised relics, these viruses reside within our DNA as bits of genetic code carrying records of millions of years but forever disabled, with no power to make us sick.

The discovery of the human genome as a living document of ancient and now extinct viruses prompted the emergence of a new field called palaeovirology. Two of its proponents, Michael Emerman and Harmit S. Malik, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, US, define palaeovirology as the study of extinct viruses (called palaeoviruses) and the effects these agents have had on the evolution of their hosts. In other words, indirect evidence of these viral fossils can help reconstruct the past and offer clues on how to fight emerging viral epidemics or pandemics.

Malik grew up in Bombay and studied chemical engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology there. He studies evolving proteins and the genetics of evolutionary conflict embedded in the molecules, which has helped him uncover previously unrecognised sources of conflict.

As a pioneer palaeovirologist, Malik is fascinated by the constant battle being waged between humans and viruses for hundreds of thousands of years. In the course of his study, he found telltale imprints in our genome that narrate the story of how viruses infected our cells, how sometimes we have fought back by changing our protein and how sometimes viruses evaded them to get an upper hand. This evolutionary cat-and-mouse game has shaped our defence against viruses.

Palaeovirologists have also studied how similar viruses have attacked our close relatives, the primates chimpanzees and gorillas and compared how we have fared in these battles. For instance, the virus that leads to to the killer disease Aids in humans does not have much of an effect on chimps. What makes chimps relatively immune to this scary virus? Malik and Emerman found the clue to this mystery in an endogenous retrovirus called Pterv found in chimps (and other apes) but not in humans. They surmised that the retrovirus may have infected both humans and chimps about 4 million years ago. We learnt to stave off the virus while the chimps were hit by an epidemic. A gene called Trim 5 alpha is believed to have helped humans make a protein to purge the virus.

Malik and his colleagues reconstructed a part of the Pterv through computer modelling and found that while Trim 5 alpha helped us prevent the entry of the virus, it made us vulnerable to the HIV virus that causes Aids. However, the monkey version of the gene helps protect the apes from HIV and Aids. They concluded that if we can develop a therapy based on the Trim 5 alpha protein, it could defeat HIV. Research on drugs based on such evolutionary principles, however, is few and far between

Scientists have been studying several resurrected palaeoviruses like Pterv through evolution-guided reconstruction procedures. In 2005, researchers at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), reconstructed the influenza virus that caused the 1918-19 flu pandemic, which killed as many as 50 million people worldwide. According to CDC, the research provides new information about the properties that contributed to its exceptional virulence. The natural emergence of another pandemic virus is considered highly likely by many experts, and therefore insights into pathogenic mechanisms can and are contributing to the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions needed to prepare for future pandemic viruses, says a CDC release.

The rapid evolution of viruses and emergence of the new coronavirus Covid-19 has once again shown that viruses evolve by the same means as humans. Many of these viruses hop from animals to humans and evolve, swapping genetic material in and out of respective genomes. Thats why we can have immunity to a virus weve had in the past, but get seriously affected by one our body has never seen before.

Somewhere, Darwin must be feeling vindicated that his theory is so starkly exposed in a viral machinery.

Read more:
The human DNA is littered with fossils of viruses past that attacked us. And lost - Telegraph India

Canadian researchers are developing a DNA vaccine not just for SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, but also for all the other viruses of the coronavirus family. This vaccine, if successfully developed, will be effective against all coronavirus-related diseases from the past, present and the future.

Entos Pharmaceuticals, a health-care biotechnology company headed by a University of Alberta researchers, has developed a new therapeutic compounds using the company's proprietary drug-delivery platform, and has begun manufacturing vaccine candidates against the novel coronavirus.

"Given the urgency of the situation, we can have a lead candidate vaccine within two months. Once we have that it's a race to get it into clinical trials," said John Lewis, CEO of Entos and a Professor at the University of Alberta in Canada.

Lewis said in comparison to a traditional vaccine, DNA-based vaccines hold several advantages.

Nucleic acids are introduced directly into the patient's own cells, causing them to make pieces of the virus, and thereby tricking the immune system into mounting a response without the full virus actually being present, the researcher said.

According to the company, the approach is recognised as being easier to move into large-scale manufacturing, offers improved vaccine stability, and works without needing an infectious agent.

In the current absence of a vaccine for COVID-19, several companies around the world are mounting efforts to begin similar work.

The first clinical trial using a DNA-based vaccine developed by Moderna Inc. in the US was on March 13. Their approach allows for antibodies to be made in the human trial volunteers against a specific protein on the surface of the coronavirus that lets the virus enter human cells. The hope is that the antibodies will stop the interaction.

Though this approach is designed to be effective against COVID-19 specifically, Lewis said Entos is taking a different track. The company plans to use plasmid DNA to amplify the production of key coronavirus surface and structural proteins with each injection, with an eye to the bigger picture.

"Many of the structural proteins in the virus are pretty well conserved across all the coronaviruses, including SARS and MERS," said Lewis.

"We're hoping that if we express more of the structural proteins that are common to most coronaviruses, we can inhibit the current COVID-19, and also potentially protect against all coronaviruses both past and future," Lewis added.

To move the project forward quickly, the company is seeking financial support from both provincial and federal levels of the government. "We have the opportunity to save a lot of lives, and I think it's really upon us and governments to find solutions for that," Lewis said.

Excerpt from:
Canadian Researchers are Attempting to Develop One DNA Vaccine to Stop All Coronaviruses - The Weather Channel

A COUPLE in their 90s returned to their home in Cork city to find that an intruder had smashed his way in through a bedroom window and left a bloody towel at the scene after him.

Judge Olann Kelleher said it was awful that a couple of this age had to deal with something like that at this late stage in their lives.

Detective Garda Robert McCarthy said the blood at the scene of the crime was forensically examined and the DNA analysis linked it to Kenneth Duggan of 65 Ballinderry Park, Mayfield, Cork.

Duggan was jailed at Cork District Court for ten months in respect of this burglary and two six-month sentences for other burglaries, those sentences made consecutive to the ten months, leaving him with a total jail term of 16 months.

Shane Collins Daly, defence solicitor, said the accused had pleaded guilty to three burglaries at the earliest opportunity. He also cooperated with the garda investigation into the crimes.

Sergeant Gearid Davis said the accused had 128 previous convictions including 38 counts for carrying out burglaries and five for theft.

Det. Garda McCarthy said the couple in their 90s returned to their home on August 29 last and noticed that a bedroom window had been broken.

The house was not ransacked but it had been disturbed by the intruder and a bloodstained towel left at the scene. The burglar appeared to have cut himself while smashing the window and getting in to the house.

As well as the DNA match for Kenneth Duggan there was video evidence from a neighbours CCTV.

The elderly householders presented a victim impact report to the court through the investigating officer but this was not read out in court. Judge Kelleher read the statement.

Also on that date at another Mayfield address at Iona Park, Duggan was forcing the backdoor when the householder was alerted by the noise. Duggan fled the scene without getting anything.

Earlier on August 16 he turned up at the home of a woman in her 70s. The householder returned home to find someone had broken in through a kitchen window and stolen 1,000 worthy of jewellery. The woman lives alone in the house in the Silverheights area.

Link:
DNA from bloody towel leads to conviction of Cork city burglar - Echo Live

"The city looks as if it has been built to withstand foul weather" J. B. Priestley

Looking at Manchester's Royal Exchange, it can be difficult to remember a time when the theatre was not the powerhouse it is today. Transformed by Sarah Frankcom during her time as artistic director, the space is a hub for creativity with younger and more diverse audiences than at any point in its history. Most importantly, the Exchange's reputation for superb theatre remains as strong as it has ever been.

Like other venues around the country that have been forced to shut their doors, the Exchange now faces a period of uncertainty. Last week the theatre closed its stages until autumn, suspending the world premiere of Winsome Pinnock's Alfred Fagon Award-winning play Rockets and Blue Lights and the return of their acclaimed 2019 West Side Story production.

The venue is relying on the generosity of the public in these troubling times but as bleak as things appear, this is a plight that can be endured. Triumph in the face of adversity is not only ingrained in the history of Manchester but in the Royal Exchange's DNA as well.

15 June 1996 is remembered by some as the day that Paul Gascoigne sparked England's Euro 96 campaign with a wonderful goal against Scotland at Wembley but in Manchester it is recalled for different reasons. The Exchange itself had been due to open their revival of Stanley Houghton's play Hindle Wakes but events 50 metres down the road that morning would change the face of the city and its theatre.

A bomb attack carried out at 11:17 by the IRA caused around 700 million worth of damage and decimated Manchester's centre. The 1,500 kilogram device that detonated remains the largest explosion in Britain since WWII and over 200 people were injured. Being in close proximity to the bomb, the damage incurred by the Exchange was appalling the theatre's famous glass domes were shattered and the building was flooded in the aftermath. Like many businesses within the blast radius, the venue was forced to close immediately and all creative work on site was halted.

Despite this tragedy, the theatre company was determined not to allow events that day to bring an enforced end to their existence and over the next two years, they found a temporary home in Castlefield whilst refurbishment on the building could begin. Thanks to fundraising and public generosity, as well as a 32 million pound donation from the National Lottery, the repaired venue was able to open its doors once again on 20 November 1998. Twenty nine months after it was supposed to have been staged, a performance of Hindle Wakes celebrated the opening of the new space the Royal Exchange had miraculously survived.

The theatre currently finds itself in a different storm to twenty-odd years ago. In contrast to the very visible damage wreaked by a bomb, the coronavirus has emptied the nation's theatres without dislodging a single brick. Yet the Exchange can take great solace from how their audiences have responded to crises in the past. Resilience and defiance are needed now more than ever.

For donations to the Royal Exchange, please visit their website.

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Coming back from a crisis is in theatre's DNA just look at the Royal Exchange - WhatsOnStage.com

It encompasses everything from dealing with the aftermath of collisions on the roads and rescuing people from rivers, to responding to medical incidents and suicide attempts.

Crews here and across West Yorkshire could be called upon to deal with building collapses, hazardous materials, flooding and much more. And, of course, there are the animal-related rescues that give rise to the well-worn jokes about days spent rescuing cats stuck up trees.

The Yorkshire Evening Post continues its Your Right to Know campaign this week with a look at the statistics for non-fire incidents tackled by West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service.

The latest figures show that the service responded to 2,995 non-fire incidents during 2018/19, an increase of 20 per cent since 2014/15.

Deputy Chief Fire Officer Dave Walton told the YEP: As we are named firefighters, there can be the misconception that all we do is fight fires when really the role is so much more than that. No two days in the job are the same and our crews have to be prepared for a huge range of possible calls.

We also keep the community safe in less dramatic ways by fitting smoke alarms and educating people around fire safety.

Our firefighters truly are multi-skilled, and were constantly training using the latest skills and equipment to keep the people of West Yorkshire safe.

It is no surprise that firefighters are joining colleagues across the emergency services, the NHS and beyond to support the fight against coronavirus. They will help as needed with tasks ranging from driving ambulances to delivering food and medicine to those self-isolating.

Chief Fire Officer John Roberts said: Its part of a firefighters DNA to provide help during difficult times so we are pleased to support this way of working together with our fellow emergency services.

We are already working at the heart of our local communities, and trained in things like driving emergency vehicles and responding to critical situations so we are well placed to deliver these additional tasks to help protect the most vulnerable.

But he stressed these additional duties would be on top of the services usual role in keeping West Yorkshire safe.

Id like to assure the public that fire cover remains a priority for us as a service and we will continue responding to all core emergencies, such as fires and road traffic collisions, he said.

Road traffic collisions were the most frequent non-fire incidents during 2018/19, with 614 recorded the equivalent of nearly 12 per week.

This was followed by 389 requests to gain entry to a property and 270 calls to support other agencies. There were also 255 lift releases, 122 animal rescues, 84 flood-related calls, 77 medical incidents and 44 water rescues.

The latter require a response from specialist water teams, such as those at Leeds Fire Station where crew manager Frank McNeil, inset, is based.

Mr McNeil: Its the training more than anything else that separates us. We have our own personal protection dry suits and personal flotation devices.

Were trained to self-rescue. If we do find ourselves in trouble in fast water as were performing a rescue and get stuck, were trained to swim ourselves out of danger, if you like.

Getting an accurate location can be among the first challenges.

Where somebody goes in, it doesnt necessarily mean its where theyre going to be when the crew get there, he said. The most important thing is to get us out first, its getting us on the way. The last thing we want is somebody else trying to go in to rescue someone and getting into difficulty themselves.

Non-fire incidents in 2018/19

614 road traffic collisions

Read more here:
'It is part of a firefighter's DNA to provide help during difficult times' - Yorkshire Evening Post

DNA is perhaps the most famous biological molecule; it is present in all forms of life on earth. But what is DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid? Here, we cover the essentials.

Virtually every cell in your body contains DNA or the genetic code that makes you you. DNA carries the instructions for the development, growth, reproduction, and functioning of all life.

Differences in the genetic code are the reason why one person has blue eyes rather than brown, why some people are susceptible to certain diseases, why birds only have two wings, and why giraffes have long necks.

Amazingly, if all of the DNA in the human body was unraveled, it would reach to the sun and back more than 300 times.

In this article, we break down the basics of DNA, what it is made of, and how it works.

In short, DNA is a long molecule that contains each persons unique genetic code. It holds the instructions for building the proteins that are essential for our bodies to function.

DNA instructions are passed from parent to child, with roughly half of a childs DNA originating from the father and half from the mother.

DNA is a two-stranded molecule that appears twisted, giving it a unique shape referred to as the double helix.

Each of the two strands is a long sequence of nucleotides or individual units made of:

There are four types of nitrogen-containing regions called bases:

The order of these four bases forms the genetic code, which is our instructions for life.

The bases of the two strands of DNA are stuck together to create a ladder-like shape. Within the ladder, A always sticks to T, and G always sticks to C to create the rungs. The length of the ladder is formed by the sugar and phosphate groups.

Most DNA lives in the nuclei of cells and some is found in mitochondria, which are the powerhouses of the cells.

Because we have so much DNA (2 meters in each cell) and our nuclei are so small, DNA has to be packaged incredibly neatly.

Strands of DNA are looped, coiled and wrapped around proteins called histones. In this coiled state, it is called chromatin.

Chromatin is further condensed, through a process called supercoiling, and it is then packaged into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes form the familiar X shape as seen in the image above.

Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes in total. Interestingly, fruit flies have 8 chromosomes, and pigeons have 80.

Chromosome 1 is the largest and contains around 8,000 genes. The smallest is chromosome 21 with around 3,000 genes.

Each length of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a gene. For instance, one gene codes for the protein insulin, the hormone that helps control levels of sugar in the blood. Humans have around 20,00030,000 genes, although estimates vary.

Our genes only account for around 3 percent of our DNA, the remaining 97 percent is less well understood. The outstanding DNA is thought to be involved in regulating transcription and translation.

For genes to create a protein, there are two main steps:

Transcription: The DNA code is copied to create messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA is a copy of DNA, but it is normally single-stranded. Another difference is that RNA does not contain the base thymine (T), which is replaced by uracil (U).

Translation: The mRNA is translated into amino acids by transfer RNA (tRNA).

mRNA is read in three-letter sections called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid or building block of a protein. For instance, the codon GUG codes for the amino acid valine.

There are 20 possible amino acids.

Telomeres are regions of repeated nucleotides at the end of chromosomes.

They protect the ends of the chromosome from being damaged or fusing with other chromosomes.

They have been likened to the plastic tips on shoelaces that stop them from becoming frayed.

As we age, this protective region steadily becomes smaller. Each time a cell divides and DNA is replicated, the telomere becomes shorter.

Chromosomes are tightly coiled strands of DNA. Genes are sections of DNA that code individual proteins.

Put another way, DNA is the master plan for life on earth and the source of the wonderful variety we see around us.

Original post:
DNA explained: Structure and function