Category Archives: DNA

SMACK/URL N.O.M.E 3 DNA vs Chilla Jones intro
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June 27, 2013

Rebekah Eliason for redOrbit.com Your Universe Online

At the center of most human cells, genomic DNA lies tucked away within a nucleus. However, a surprisingly small percentage of this DNA actually codes for genes that can be translated into proteins. In fact, some researchers estimate as much as 98 percent of this DNA seems to have a puzzling lack of purpose, leading many to refer to it as junk DNA. However, a new study from UC San Francisco now emphasizes the potentially important role of DNA residing outside of genes.

Researchers discovered that about 85 percent of the previously labeled junk DNA is vital for making RNA, a versatile molecule with many vital roles within the cell. It was also found that inherited disease risk is more likely associated with RNA-making DNA than other non-gene types of DNA.

As one of the broadest studies of the human genome ever performed to identify RNA-making DNA outside of genes, thousands of previously unidentified RNA sequences were discovered.

Michael McManus, associate professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of California San Francisco and a member of the UCSF Diabetes Center explained these findings saying, Now that we realize that all these RNA molecules exist and have identified them, the struggle is to understand which are going to have a function that is important. It may take decades to determine this.

Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is the most commonly discussed type and is transcribed from genomic DNA. It is one of the key factors in building proteins from amino acids. Previously, the rest of the DNA was not thought to transcribe RNA, but this new study is changing that idea.

It is still being debated whether RNA molecules transcribed from DNA outside of gene regions play a significant biological role or not. Scientists estimate only 1.5 percent of the human genome is made of DNA that codes for actual genes, but during the last twenty years RNA transcribed from what was thought to be junk DNA has been identified numerous times.

Researchers have discovered thousands of new lincRNA sequences, but only a few are known to be significant to human biology. Previously lincRNA has been shown to have various roles including control of the activity of genes encoding for proteins.

RNA is the Swiss army knife of molecules . . . it can have so many different functions, McManus explained.

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‘Junk DNA’ May Not Be So Worthless After All

Researchers have unraveled the genetic code of a wild horse that loped across the frozen Yukon about 700,000 years ago, making it the oldest creature by far to reveal its DNA to modern science.

Until recently, experts believed it was impossible to recover useful amounts of DNA from fossils that old. The previous record holder for oldest genome belonged to a polar bear that lived more than 110,000 years ago. The horse sequence, described Wednesday in the journal Nature, amounts to a dramatic increase in how far back scientists can peer into the biochemical history of advanced life.

The DNA was extracted from a 6-inch slice of a fossilized horse leg bone that was found nine years ago. Under normal conditions, DNA begins to degrade soon after death. But this bone was preserved in permafrost at Thistle Creek in Canada's Yukon Territory.

Dating techniques revealed that the animal lived in an epoch when woolly mammoths, saber-toothed cats and giant beavers shared turf with ancestral humans.

The work "opens great perspectives as to the level of details we can reconstruct of our origins and the evolutionary history of every animal on the planet," said study leader Ludovic Orlando of the Center for GeoGenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Orlando and an international team of collaborators pieced together even the tiniest of DNA fragments recovered from the bone. Such genetic puzzle assembly generally includes multiple samples from each part of the genome, sometimes as many as five or 10. In this case, the so-called coverage was just 1.12.

That's not enough detail to say much about what the horse looked like, said Eske Willerslev, an evolutionary biologist at the Natural History Museum of Denmark who worked on the study. Team members suggested the horse was about the size of a modern Icelandic or Arabian horse, though it probably was less muscular, and perhaps slower.

"If they were fast runners, it was not because of the same genes we know of today," Orlando said.

As part of the genetic sleuthing, the team also sequenced the DNA of a 43,000-year-old horse fossil, five modern domesticated horses, a wild Przewalski's horse native to the Mongolian steppes, and a donkey from the Copenhagen Zoo named Willy.

By comparing all of these genomes, the researchers determined that the most recent common ancestor of all these species as well as zebras lived 4 million to 4.5 million years ago. That's about 2 million years earlier than previously thought, and allows for far more time for horses to have evolved into the animals we know today.

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Ancient horse is oldest creature to reveal DNA sequence

26 June 2013 Last updated at 13:46 ET By Jonathan Ball BBC News

A fragment of a fossilised bone thought to be more than 700,000 years old has yielded the genome of an ancient relative of modern-day horses.

This predates all previous ancient DNA sequences by more than 500,000 years.

The study in the journal Nature was made possible because the bone was found preserved in Canadian permafrost following the animal's demise.

The study also suggested that the ancestor of all equines existed around four million years ago.

A remnant of the long bone of an ancient horse was recovered from the Thistle Creek site, located in the west-central Yukon Territory of Canada.

Palaeontologists estimated that the horse had last roamed the region sometime between a half to three-quarters of a million years ago.

An initial analysis of the bone showed that despite previous periods of thawing during inter-glacial warm periods, it still harboured biological materials - connective tissue and blood-clotting proteins - that are normally absent from this type of ancient material.

And this finding was significant as study co-author of the paper, Dr Ludovic Orlando from the University of Copenhagen, explained to the BBC World Service programme Science in Action.

You would be amazed how much material of this kind is actually out there... museums are full of fossil material from all over the planet

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Horse DNA oldest by 500,000 years

HELSINKI From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old nearly 10 times older than any other animal that has had its genome mapped.

Scientists used new techniques and computing to take DNA from a 5-inch fossil fragment most of which was contaminated with more modern bacteria and get a good genetic picture of an ancestral horse. The work was published Wednesday in the journal Nature and discussed at a science conference in Helsinki.

Two pieces of a 700,000-year-old horse metapodial bone are shown, just before being extracted for ancient DNA. From a tiny fossil bone found in the frozen Yukon, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of an ancient horse about 700,000 years old.

The research gives a better insight into the evolution of one of the most studied mammals. Perhaps more importantly, it opens up new possibilities for mapping the genetic blueprints of all sorts of ancient animals from early human ancestors to mastodons to mammoths to bison, said study lead authors Ludovic Orlando and Eske Willerslev of the University of Copenhagen.

This "is breaking the time barrier," Willerslev said.

The previous oldest animal fossil genetically mapped had been an ancient relative of Neanderthals called the Denisovans, from about 75,000 years ago, found in a Siberian cave.

The ancient horse was probably about the size of current Arabian horses, the researchers said. It didn't have the same genes for large muscles that make today's breeds good for racing, and it was larger than researchers once thought, Orlando and Willerslev said.

The new mapping techniques, which involve all sorts of technical changes, could be used not just with fossils from frozen areas like Canada's Yukon and Russia's Siberia, but also from more temperate climates, and may eventually allow researchers to map animal genomes from 1 million years ago, Orlando said.

Ross MacPhee, curator of mammals at the American Museum of Natural History, who wasn't part of the research, said the accomplishment suggests "there's no reason in substance why we couldn't go back further."

"I think it's cool," said another outside expert, Edward Rubin, who heads the U.S. Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute and has deciphered Neanderthal and cave bear DNA.

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Ancient horse DNA decoded

Illustration: Carl DeTorres

In June 2000, a press conference was held in the White House to announce an extraordinary feat: the completion of a draft of the human genome.

For the first time, researchers had read all 3 billion of the chemical letters that make up a human DNA molecule, which would allow geneticists to investigate how that chemical sequence codes for a human being. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton recalled the moment nearly 50 years prior when Francis Crick and James Watson first discovered the double-helix structure of DNA. How far we have come since that day, Clinton said.

But the presidents comment applies equally well to what has happened in the ensuing years. In little more than a decade, the cost of sequencing one human genome has dropped from hundreds of millions of dollars to just a few thousand dollars. Instead of taking years to sequence a single human genome, it now takes about 10 days to sequence a half dozen at a time using a high-capacity sequencing machine. Scientists have built rich catalogs of genomes from people around the world and have studied the genomes of individuals suffering from diseases; they are also making inventories of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals. Sequencing is no longer something only wealthy companies and international consortia can afford to do. Now, thousands of benchtop sequencers sit in laboratories and hospitals across the globe.

DNA sequencing is on the path to becoming an everyday tool in life-science research and medicine. Institutions such as the Mayo Clinic and the New York Genome Center are beginning to sequence patients genomes in order to customize care according to their genetics. For example, sequencing can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, because the pattern of genetic abnormalities in a tumor can suggest a particular course of action, such as a certain chemotherapy drug and the appropriate dose. Many doctors hope that this kind of personalized medicine will lead to substantially improved outcomes and lower health-care costs.

But while much of the attention is focused on sequencing, thats just the first step. A DNA sequencer doesnt produce a complete genome that researchers can read like a book, nor does it highlight the most important stretches of the vast sequence. Instead, it generates something like an enormous stack of shredded newspapers, without any organization of the fragments. The stack is far too large to deal with manually, so the problem of sifting through all the fragments is delegated to computer programs. A sequencer, like a computer, is useless without software.

But theres the catch. As sequencing machines improve and appear in more laboratories, the total computing burden is growing. Its a problem that threatens to hold back this revolutionary technology. Computing, not sequencing, is now the slower and more costly aspect of genomics research. Consider this: Between 2008 and 2013, the performance of a single DNA sequencer increased about three- to fivefold per year. Using Moores Law as a benchmark, we might estimate that computer processors basically doubled in speed every two years over that same period. Sequencers are improving at a faster rate than computers are. Something must be done now, or else well need to put vital research on hold while the necessary computational techniques catch upor are invented.

How can we help scientists and doctors cope with the onslaught of data? This is a hot question among researchers in computational genomics, and there is no definitive answer yet. What is clear is that it will involve both better algorithms and a renewed focus on such big data approaches as parallelization, distributed data storage, fault tolerance, and economies of scale. In our own research, weve adapted tools and techniques used in text compression to create algorithms that can better package reams of genomic data. And to search through that information, weve borrowed a cloud computing model from companies that know their way around big datacompanies like Google, Amazon.com, and Facebook.

Think of a DNA molecule as a string of beads. Each bead is one of four different nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine, which biologists refer to by the letters A, T, C, and G. Strings of these nucleotides encode the building instructions and control switches for proteins and other molecules that do the work of maintaining life. A specific string of nucleotides that encodes the instructions for a single protein is called a gene. Your body has about 22 000 genes that collectively determine your genetic makeupincluding your eye color, body structure, susceptibility to diseases, and even some aspects of your personality.

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The DNA Data Deluge

Leila Velez:Multiplicando o DNA da empresa
"Como escalar um negcio de forma estruturada: multiplicando o DNA da empresa" Esse video integra uma srie com a co-fundadora do Instituto Beleza Natural, a...

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Leila Velez: Multiplicando o DNA da empresa - Video

Do As Infinity - DNA (Countdown Live 2011 - 2012)

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Do As Infinity - DNA (Countdown Live 2011 - 2012) - Video

DNA 10 06 2013

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DNA 10 06 2013 - Video

SMACK/URL PRESENTS N.O.M.E 3| O-RED | OFFICIAL NOME 3 RECAP| "BEST I #39;VE SEEN DNA IN A LONG TIME"
O_Red Takes You Thru Each Battle And Who He Thought Won Rd For Rd. Red Says @DNA_GTFOH 3-0 #39;ed @CHILLAJONES And @BIGTQMB 3-0 #39;ed @kay_shine Follow us on Twitt...

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SMACK/URL PRESENTS N.O.M.E 3| O-RED | OFFICIAL NOME 3 RECAP| "BEST I'VE SEEN DNA IN A LONG TIME" - Video