Category Archives: DNA

BLITZ SURVIVAL GAMES - NEW Map "Peaks" w/ Team DnA - #45
Team DnA tries out the new map "Peaks". Anderz: http://www.youtube.com/user/imanderzel Server: mc.hypixel.net Docm77s Social Media: ------------------------...

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BLITZ SURVIVAL GAMES - NEW Map "Peaks" w/ Team DnA - #45 - Video

Using Best DNA to Help Determine Your Personal Brand
Learn tips on how to use your Core Purpose and Principles, combined with your Passionate Strengths, and focused by what you do best to add value to others. L...

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Using Best DNA to Help Determine Your Personal Brand - Video

WANDER SH - A RAINHA DO DNA
WANDER SH performs the song "A RAINHA DO DNA " for BalconyTV. Subscribe to us right now at http://bit.ly/15yj4oc #39;Like #39; us on Facebook - http://Facebook.com...

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WANDER SÁH - A RAINHA DO DNA - Video

DNA video
DNA Replication video.

By: Ceily Fessel-Doan

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DNA video - Video

From New World Encyclopedia

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

Chemically, DNA is a long polymer of simple units called nucleotides, with a backbone made of sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription. Most of these RNA molecules are used to synthesize proteins, but others are used directly in structures such as ribosomes and spliceosomes. RNA also serves as a a genetic blueprint for certain viruses.

Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus, it is found in the cell's cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins and thereby control which genes are transcribed. Some eukaryotic cell organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, also contain DNA, giving rise to the endosymbionic theory that these organelles may have arisen from prokaryotes in a symbionic relationship.

The identification of DNA, combined with human creativity, has been of tremendous importance not only for understanding life but for practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and other areas. Technologies have been developed using recombinant DNA to mass produce medically important proteins, such as insulin, and have found application in agriculture to make plants with desirable qualities. Through understanding the alleles that one is carrying for particular genes, one can gain an understanding of the probability that one's offspring may inherent certain genetic disorders, or one's own predisposition for a particular disease. DNA technology is used in forensics, anthropology, and many other areas as well.

DNA and the biological processes centered on its activities (translation, transcription, replication, genetic recombination, and so forth) are amazing in their complexity and coordination. The presence of DNA also reflects on the unity of life, since organisms share nucleic acids as genetic blueprints and share a nearly universal genetic code. On the other hand, the discovery of DNA has at times led to an overemphasis on DNA to the point of believing that life can be totally explained by physico-chemical processes alone.

DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it "nuclein."[1] In 1919, this discovery was followed by Phoebus Levene's identification of the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit.[2] Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups. However, Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order. In 1937, William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure.[3]

In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus bacteria could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form.[4] This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carried genetic information, when Oswald Theodore Avery, along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943.[5] DNA's role in heredity was confirmed in 1953, when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, in the Hershey-Chase experiment, showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.[6]

In 1953, based on X-ray diffraction images[7] taken by Rosalind Franklin and the information that the bases were paired, James D. Watson and Francis Crick suggested[7] what is now accepted as the first accurate model of DNA structure in the journal Nature.[8] Experimental evidence for Watson and Crick's model were published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature.[9] Of these, Franklin and Raymond Gosling's paper was the first publication of X-ray diffraction data that supported the Watson and Crick model,[10][11] This issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and his colleagues.[12] In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. However, speculation continues on who should have received credit for the discovery, as it was based on Franklin's data.

In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology, which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the "adaptor hypothesis".[13] Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson-Stahl experiment.[14] Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, allowing Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley, and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code.[15] These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.

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DNA - New World Encyclopedia

DNA researchers at theMonterey Bay Aquarium have shown they can determine the types of fish inhabiting a particular ecosystem with just a glass of water.

Researchers can now carry out a fish survey using just a glass of the water in which the fish live.

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A group of researchers collected about two pint glasses of water from California's Monterey Bay Aquarium's 1.2 million-gallon open sea tank. They then analyzed the DNA in the water samples to determine what fish species were present in the tank.

Researchers compared this DNA to primers short bits of DNA from earlier studies. If a match was found, then the specific type of fish could be determined, said Ryan Kelly, assistant professor of marine and environmental affairs at the University of Washington.

"Imagine that you are looking at a Velcro and how one side sticks to the other," Dr. Kelly, who was involved in the study, told the Monitor. "Primers work the same way."

The sea tank at Monterey Bay Aquarium, which is among the 10 largest aquariums in the world, was proposed because the fish that inhabit the tank are already known. In that way, researchers could compare the accuracy of their new technique by comparing what species of fish their DNA study revealed to what was already present in the tank.

Scientists involved in the study successfully identified eight bony fishes in the tank. The technique also picked up DNA from long-dead Atlanticmenhaden, fish that had been processed, transported, and added to the tank as food. Sardines and tuna made up the greatest amount of biomass, revealed the findings. However, researchers could not identify the turtles and cartilaginous fish such as rays and sharks. Kelly said that these kinds of biases in detection are inevitable, highlighting the need to focus on the design of more primers.

"It might be unpleasant to think about when going for a swim in the ocean, but the water is a soup of cells shed by what lives there," said Kelly, who is the lead author of the paper. "Every one of those cells has DNA and if you have the right tools you can tell what species the cell came from," he added.

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A fish census in a glass of water? DNA offers clues.

Jan. 16 (Bloomberg) -- Hundreds of babies across the U.S. are now having massive portions of their DNA deciphered, ushering in a new world of diagnostic power and accuracy. Diagnosis of mysterious diseases, which used to take years, can now be done in a day or two. Health experts are asking who should undergo the procedure, who will pay, and how much of the information should be shared with families. Bloomberg's John Lauerman reports. (Source: Bloomberg)

When Kira Walker was three weeks old, her pediatrician noticed a problem. She was frequently hungry and had dangerously low blood sugar for no obvious reason.

Kira was born in Kansas City, Missouri, where her doctors had access to a service few hospitals can match. Her DNA was sent to Childrens Mercy Hospital geneticist Stephen Kingsmore, who is able to determine a diagnosis in a day or two for half the babies with mysterious diseases referred to him. Until recently, these riddles took years to solve, or were never unraveled at all.

Hundreds of babies across the U.S. are having massive portions of their DNA deciphered as part of a five-year, U.S.- funded project to understand and navigate the brave new world of infant genetic testing. Kingsmore and a handful of other scientists are taking gene sequencing to the next level, using the technology to design treatment for infants with rare and unusual illnesses, and in some cases, finding therapies for genetic abnormalities never seen before.

Related: Human Gene Mapping Price to Drop to $1,000, Illumina Says

The big picture is that medicine will be transformed when the genome is part of our medical record, he said in an interview in his laboratory. The art of medicine will move closer to becoming a science.

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Baby DNA Analysis Ushers in Brave New World of Treatment: Health

Decades after a teenage girl was beaten and shot to death in a rural Iowa farmhouse, DNA testing on a blanket provided the evidence that investigators needed to finally charge a man who had been the prime suspect all along, a prosecutor told jurors Wednesday.

Assistant Attorney General Denise Timmins laid out the prosecution's first-degree murder case against Robert "Gene" Pilcher in the April 9, 1974, slaying of 17-year-old Mary Jayne Jones outside of Ottumwa.

But Pilcher's attorney, Allen Cook, told jurors in his opening statement that his client was not responsible for the teenager's death and that the semen from Pilcher came from a sexual encounter days before her death. He said some semen found on the blanket came from someone who still has not been identified.

"I think, generally, the defense theory would be that Mary Jayne Jones got involved with somebody that she didn't know was dangerous, somebody she trusted, and she paid the ultimate price," Cook said. "Undeserving as it is, that's what we believe."

Jones, an outgoing drive-in restaurant employee who had moved to Iowa from North Carolina to live with her sister in 1973, was beaten with a gun then shot with a rifle, once in the head and once in the heart, Timmins said. Investigators suspected Pilcher because he had access to the house, which was owned by his cousin, and Pilcher had been accused of sexually assaulting another woman in the same bedroom four days before the slaying, the prosecutor added.

Pilcher, then 27, was also a regular customer at Henry's Drive-in, had asked the teenager out on dates when she served him and was rebuffed repeatedly, she said. But she said Pilcher wasn't charged because investigators could not find "a direct link" to the crime scene.

That changed, she said, after a cold case unit with the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation started to re-examine the case in 2010. She said a DNA specialist at a state crime laboratory in 2012 conducted testing on a semen-stained blanket on which the teenager's naked, bloody body was found 38 years earlier.

Most of the semen came from the cousin, whose bedroom it was and who was in California at the time of the slaying. But Timmins said three stains two on the side of the bed and one stain found directly under the Mary Jayne's crotch "were found to be a match to the defendant."

"The state has now found a direct link to the crime scene, the evidence that puts the defendant there," she said in a courtroom at the Wapello County Courthouse in Ottumwa, as several of Mary Jayne's relatives watched.

But Cook, the defense attorney, told jurors that Pilcher left his semen on the blanket during a sexual encounter in the bedroom with another woman four days before the killing. He said investigators were aware of that encounter in 1974, which led to a sodomy charge against Pilcher that was eventually dismissed by the Iowa Supreme Court.

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Prosecutor: DNA on Blanket Is Key in 1974 Slaying

PICTOU - Amber Kirwan's DNA was found on a piece of duct tape and black cloth found inside a camper trailer in Hardwood Hill.

FILE

Police search a trailer at 952 Hardwood Hill Road as part of the investigation.

RCMP forensic biologist Thomas Suzanski testified Thursday in the first-degree murder trial of Christopher Alexander Falconer that the 19-year-old victim's DNA was located in both the camper owned by Falconer's step sister as well a tank top that was found in the accused's car.

Thirty-one year-old Falconer is charged with killing Kirwan between October 9 to November 5, 2011. She went missing from downtown New Glasgow after spending some time out with friends. Her remains were found in a muddy grave in Heathbell about month later.

Testimony heard earlier in the trial stated that Kirwan was naked in the grave with a blue and black top and knotted towel around her wrists. Investigators searched a camper trailer owned by his step-sister Alice Meier in Hardwood Hill a few days later where they seized pieces of duct tape and a black piece of material.

A detailed list of DNA testing and samples were read into court throughout the morning that identified Kirwan's DNA on the black cloth found beside the bed in the camper as well as from hair that as seized by police from duct tape on the camper floor.

Her DNA was also located on several areas on the lower right front of a black tank top that was found inside a plastic bag in the back of Falconer's Chevrolet Impala.

Other DNA testing done also identified a unknown male on one sample on a ball cap found near the clothing in Heathbell and unknown male on two samples from a knot in the towel found around Kirwan's wrists. An unknown DNA male sample labelled as male three was taken from a syringe found in the ditch in Heathbell near Kirwan's grave.

He said Mason' Campbell's DNA did not match any of the unknown male one, male two or male three samples.

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DNA Samples found from Kirwan and three unknown males

Rachael and Josie on DNA so far....
http://www.dna-uk.org.

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Rachael and Josie on DNA so far.... - Video