Category Archives: DNA

Ever wonder what could happen if your DNA data were leaked in a cyber attack and then sold to companies? Well, this is a question that anyone who has asked or is planning to do some kind of genetic test, like Ancestry, andMe and MyHeritage, you should ask yourself.

On some level, its like someone stealing your card details of credit, but potentially less disastrous. Its much less harmful to your life than if someone with bad intentions stole your credit card or your social security number, explains computer biology expert and University of Southern California researcher Michael Edge .

Leakage of the genetic code is as if credit card data were stolen (Image: Reproduction/Peggy und Marco Lachmann-Anke/Pixabay)

On the other hand, the advancement of scientific knowledge may bring greater problems for the user who had the genomic data leaked. Thats because theres a consensus in the scientific community that an individuals genome will reveal a lot about individuals in the future, Edge explains. The lucky is that this is not yet a reality.

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However, genetic information cannot be changed, which can easily be done with a credit card. Today, it is possible to discover the level of relatedness between different people through these data and this will be forever available in cases of leakage. In addition, this information can end up in public banks, specialized in DNA, around the world. In most cases, there are no risks in these scenarios, but sometimes the information can be used for other purposes, much less noble.

Therefore, users should be careful in accepting the privacy policy of companies that promise to read DNA tests. In this regard, a North American survey, carried out in 1024, found that 35 of 90 companies operating in this sector did not supply information on how they would handle biological samples or genetic data from their users. This is potentially worrisome.

In addition, companies tend to share this data with third-party companies on a standard basis, and even those that require consent to share data have wide discretion over sharing, as consent is usually given by the user

What laws exist to protect genetic data?

In the US and most of the world, there are still few federal laws governing the use of genetic information and most representatives politicians have no basis to technically discuss these DNA topics.

Among the available cases, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prevents the genetic information of a US individual from being used to deny health insurance coverage and to discriminate against them in a work environment. In other words, having an increased risk for developing Alzheimers or any other hereditary condition cannot prevent a person from accessing health care. However, GINA does not cover life insurance, for example.

In addition, some state laws govern genetic privacy. For example, residents of the state of California have the right to receive information from these companies about the sharing of information obtained, including to whom the data is delivered. However, the initiatives are still small compared to the preciousness that the genetic code can deliver.

And in Brazil?

We have already mentioned it here at Canaltech what could happen if a persons genomic data fell into the wrong hands. We spoke with Leandro Netto, lawyer specializing in digital law at Lima Junior | Domene (LJD), who told us the following: The LGPD regulates any and all data that identifies or may make an individual identifiable. And DNA is one of the most accurate ways to identify someone. It is important to consider that the LGPD is not only regulates the storage, shipping, collection and other forms of use of DNA while classified as personal data. Furthermore, the LGPD expressly determines that DNA is classified as sensitive personal data, which imposes on companies that employ this information is more careful and also a greater duty of information to its holders.

As for the regulation by Anvisa, so far, we still dont have anything similar here. Anvisa regulates the activity of laboratories that carry out clinical analysis tests. But there is no express provision about their link to DNA tests. In another parallel, although the DNA test for biological link purposes is classified by the Federal Council of Medicine as a medical act, there is no sufficiently clear regulation for these exams. It is important to point out that there are bills addressing the subject, but, so far, any normative application would be carried out by analogy and in an incipient way, explains the lawyer.

Source: Live Science

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What are the risks of data leakage when taking a DNA test? The Clare People - The Clare People

Our DNA is very similar to that of the chimpanzee, which in evolutionary terms is our closest living relative. Stem cell researchers at Lund University in Sweden have now found a previously overlooked part of our DNA, so-called non-coded DNA, that appears to contribute to a difference which, despite all our similarities, may explain why our brains work differently. The study is published in the journal Cell Stem Cell.

The chimpanzee is our closest living relative in evolutionary terms and research suggests our kinship derives from a common ancestor. About 5 to 6 million years ago, our evolutionary paths separated, leading to the chimpanzee of today, and Homo Sapiens, humankind in the 21st century.

In a new study, stem cell researchers at Lund examined what it is in our DNA that makes human and chimpanzee brains differentand they have found answers.

Instead of studying living humans and chimpanzees, we used stem cells grown in a lab. The stem cells were reprogrammed from skin cells by our partners in Germany, the U.S. and Japan. Then we examined the stem cells that we had developed into brain cells, explains Johan Jakobsson, professor of neuroscience at Lund University, who led the study.

Using the stem cells, the researchers specifically grew brain cells from humans and chimpanzees and compared the two cell types. The researchers then found that humans and chimpanzees use a part of their DNA in different ways, which appears to play a considerable role in the development of our brains.

The part of our DNA identified as different was unexpected," saidJakobsson."It was a so-called structural variant of DNA that were previously called "junk DNA", a long repetitive DNA string which has long been deemed to have no function.Previously, researchers have looked for answers in the part of the DNA where the protein-producing genes arewhich only makes up about 2 percent of our entire DNAand examined the proteins themselves to find examples of differences.

The new findings thus indicate that the differences appear to lie outside the protein-coding genes in what has been labeled as junk DNA, which was thought to have no function and which constitutes the majority of our DNA.

This suggests that the basis for the human brains evolution are genetic mechanisms that are probably a lot more complex than previously thought, as it was supposed that the answer was in those 2 percent of the genetic DNA," said saidJakobsson. "Our results indicate that what has been significant for the brains development is instead perhaps hidden in the overlooked 98 percent, which appears to be important. This is a surprising finding.

The stem cell technique used by the researchers in Lund is revolutionary and has enabled this type of research. The technique was recognized bythe 2012 Nobel Prizein Physiology or Medicine. It was the Japanese researcher Shinya Yamanaka who discovered that specialised cells can be reprogrammed and developed into all types of body tissue. And in the Lund researchers case, into brain cells. Without this technique, it would not have been possible to study the differences between humans and chimpanzees using ethically defensible methods.

Why did the researchers want to investigate the difference between humans andchimpanzees?

I believe that the brain is the key to understanding what it is that makes humans human. How did it come about that humans can use their brain in such a way that they can build societies, educate their children and develop advanced technology?"

Jakobsson believes that in the future the new findings may also contribute to genetically based answers to questions about psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, a disorder that appears to be unique to humans.

But there is a long way to go before we reach that point, as instead of carrying out further research on the two per cent of coded DNA, we may now be forced to delve deeper into all 100 percenta considerably more complicated task for research, he concludes.

Republished courtesy of Lund University.Photo:Neural stem cells from chimpanzees. Credit: Johan Jakobsson

Excerpt from:
What Makes Us Human? The Answer May Be Found in Overlooked DNA - Laboratory Equipment

DNA PLC STOCK EXCHANGE RELEASE 11 OCTOBER 2021, 10:15 am EEST

DNA's Extraordinary General Meeting held on Monday, October 11, 2021, decided to elect the following persons as members of the Board of Directors: Jukka Leinonen, Birgitte Engebretsen, Gaute Simen Gravir, Nils Katla, Hvard Naustdal and Trine Rnningen.

Jukka Leinonen was elected Chair of the Board of Directors.

Additional information:DNAs Corporate Communications, tel. +358 44 044 8000, communications@dna.fi

DNA is one of the leading telecommunications companies in Finland. We want to make our customers lives less complicated. We offer connections, services and devices for homes and workplaces, contributing to the digitalisation of society. DNAs customers are consistently among the worlds top users in mobile data. DNA has approximately 3.6 million subscriptions in its fixed and mobile communications networks. The company has been awarded numerous times as an excellent employer and family-friendly workplace. In 2020, our net sales were EUR 934 million and we employ about 1600 people around Finland. DNA is a part of Telenor Group, a leading telecommunications company across the Nordics. For more information, visit http://www.dna.fi or follow us on Twitter @DNA_fi, Facebook @DNA.fi and LinkedIn @DNA-Oyj.

Go here to see the original:
DNA Plc: Decisions of the Extraordinary General Meeting - GlobeNewswire

Ancient Arctic communities traded with the outside world as early as 7,000 years ago, DNA from the remains of Siberian dogs suggests.

Analysis of the DNA shows that Arctic pups thousands of years ago were interbreeding with other dogs from Europe and the Near East, even while they and their owners were living in one of the most remote places on Earth. Along with previous archeological finds, these results suggest that Siberians long ago were connected to a vast trade network that may have extended as far as the Mediterranean and the Caspian Sea, researchers report in the Sept. 28 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Dogs have been valuable commodities in the Arctic for the last 9,500 years and have been used for sledding, hunting, herding reindeer, clothing and food. Because the region is remote, scientists thought local dogs and their owners had been completely isolated from the rest of the world for much of that time, an idea supported by the fact that ancient Siberians didnt exchange much DNA with people outside of the region, says Tatiana Feuerborn, an archeologist at the University of Copenhagen.

But previous archeological evidence including the discovery of glass beads and other foreign goods entombed alongside 2,000-year-old dogs near the Yamal Peninsula in Russia suggested that these communities were trading with other cultures beyond the Arctic.

After reading about the archeological evidence in the news, Feuerborn wanted to see if she could use remains from the 2,000-year-old dogs and others from around Siberia to reveal whether an ancient trade network existed.

Dogs rarely wander far from their humans, meaning researchers can use dogs to understand human movement, like migrations and even trade interactions, says Kelsey Witt, a geneticist at Brown University in Providence, R.I., who was not involved in the study. For instance, archeologists have used ancient dog DNA to push back the arrival date of people in the Americas (SN: 3/1/21).

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In the new study, Feuerborn and colleagues analyzed DNA from the remains of 49 Siberian dogs, ranging from 11,000-year-old bone fragments to fur hoods used by Arctic explorers at the turn of the 20th century. The team found that Siberian dogs unlike their owners began mixing with other dog populations from the Eurasian steppes, the Near East and even Europe as far back as 7,000 years ago.

The result suggests that Siberians did bring in dogs from the outside world, Feuerborn says. This trade network could have helped transmit new ideas and technologies, such as metalworking, to the Arctic, and may have facilitated Siberian societys transition from foraging to reindeer herding in the last 2,000 years.

Dogs are a piece of our past, Feuerborn says. By looking at them, we can learn something about ourselves.

Read the original here:
Dog DNA reveals ancient trade network connecting the Arctic to the outside world - Science News Magazine

There's been a very public back and forth between private investigators and cops investigating the Zodiac killer case over the testing of DNA found at the scene of a potential victim, but an email exchange obtained by TMZ appears to swing things in favor of the private investigators.

We've obtained emails from April, in which a member of The Case Breakers sent a message to The Riverside Police Department asking about hairs found clenched in the hand of victim Cheri Jo Bates. CB stated their investigators had identified a "viable suspect for a potential comparison."

From there, The Case Breakers tell us they were met with silence on the testing, and RPD refused to do a comparison between the DNA evidence found at the scene and the potential Zodiac Killer.

The email exchange seemingly goes against the RPD claim from earlier this week when they denied they'd ever received any sort of DNA testing or comparison request from CB.

What's more, in another email exchange obtained by TMZ between CB and RPD regarding the Bates case, RPD flat out said, "we can say without a doubt this case is not related to the Zodiac Killer case."

That statement is quite the opposite of what Riverside Police Chief Kinkead said back in 1969 when he said he felt the killer in the Bates case had many similarities to The Zodiac, including a military boot print at the scene of the crime.

As we reported, The Case Breakers announced Wednesday they had identified The Zodiac Killer as Gary Poste, a man who was living in Northern Cal and died in 2018.

Poste's family has not yet commented on the findings.

We discussed Poste in this week's episode of The TMZ Podcast.

Read the original here:
Zodiac Private Investigators Prove They Asked Cops to Test DNA, Got Shut Down - TMZ

Over the last two years, there has been an unprecedented frenzy to develop new vaccines due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but DNA vaccines have rather stood in the shadow of their mRNA cousins. With the first DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 now approved in India, whats next in this field and can these vaccines compete with others on the market?

The first human DNA vaccine, developed by Zydus Cadila, received market approval in India in August for protection against COVID-19. Although several veterinary DNA vaccines have been approved, this is the first ever in humans.

So why is there only one COVID-19 DNA vaccine, out of 22 approved in different countries around the world and why in India?

Helen Horton is chief research officer at Touchlight, a U.K.-base biotech focusing on discovery and development of DNA-based genetic medicines that also synthesizes its own doggybone DNA. She has been working on DNA vaccines since the 90s.

She told Clinical Omics that a key reason DNA vaccines for humans have not reached the market more quickly is because cellular delivery issues meant their efficacy was initially low.

They were always very safe. We could basically inject milligrams of DNA, but it just wouldnt do anything. So, it was safe, but it wasnt very immunogenic because it has to get not only into the cell, but also into the nucleus.

In order to produce an immune response, some kind of delivery device is needed to help the DNA enter the cells, something that is less of an issue for other vaccines. In recent years several devices have been developed to make this easier, although they are still new to many healthcare providers.

We have the electroporation devices from people like I-Core and Inovio and now we also have the needle-free injection devices from people like Pharmajet, which is what Zydus Cadila uses, said Horton. These ways of basically helping DNA to get into cells have made the difference between an immunogenic, and non-immunogenic DNA vaccine.

The need for these devices for vaccine rollout is problematic in a pandemic setting, as its currently an unfamiliar method for many healthcare providers. Indeed, this unfamiliarity is slowing the rollout of Zydus Cadila in India this month. There is also potentially extra expense involved with purchasing the devices, which may put healthcare providers off.

However, DNA vaccines come with other benefits. In trials so far, they appear to be very safe. We havent really seen safety concerns, says Horton. Whereas with the other platforms that are out thereluckily the side effects are rarebut there are some safety issues with both the mRNA and the viral vector vaccines.

DNA vaccines are also highly stable and do not need the kind of expensive, low temperature storage the two mRNA vaccines require, likely something that factored into Zyduss decision to develop a DNA vaccine for the Indian population.

U.S.-based firm Inovio Pharmaceuticals is also developing a DNA vaccine for COVID-19, which will soon go into Phase III trials. Kate Broderick, senior vice president, R&D at the company explained: We dont require any frozen cold chain to ship or store our vaccines. Our vaccines are stable at room temp for 1 year and at 37C [99F] for 1 month. This has significant benefits in the logistical supply of vaccines to meet the urgent needs of communities around the world.

Caution is being used for storage of the Indian vaccine so far, but it is also much easier to store than others that are currently available. The Zydus Cadila vaccine at the moment is stored between 2 and 8C [35-46F]. So just in a refrigerator. But they also have data showing that its stable for up to three months, even at 22C [72F], added Horton.

Another advantage to DNA vaccines is the kind of immune response they produce from the body. The available mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 produce strong antibody and CD4 T cell responses, but not much in the way of CD8 T cell response. Conversely, the viral vector vaccines produce strong CD8 responses, but less in the way of other immune cells.

DNA vaccines are able to generate both antibody and T cell responses, said Broderick, which includes both CD8 and CD4 responses, confirmed Horton. The Zydus Cadila vaccine had moderate 67% efficacy at protecting against symptomatic disease in clinical trials, but this broader immune response may mean the protection it offers lasts for longer (although this has yet to be confirmed).

Its probably why DNA vaccines have actually performed quite well in cancer, says Horton, there are a number of vaccines that are now in quite late stage trials for cancer that are DNA vaccines.

Vaccibody is one company pursuing this path. The Norwegian biotech has two therapeutic DNA vaccines for a range of different solid tumors being trialed at Phase II.

Both Horton and Broderick think we will soon see broader DNA vaccine development and rollout, partly due to the increased research and investment that resulted from COVID-19. I believe we are on the cusp of seeing many DNA vaccines enter the market soon. The COVID pandemic has allowed us to refine our manufacturing strategies and have a global footprint. Additionally, we have demonstrated how our vaccines can remain effective in the face of mutational changes. This can really apply to many viral targets, the flu being an obvious example, emphasized Broderick.

Its actually been really heartening to see how the scientific community have come together shared information, shared approaches, shared ideas, I think it has helped a lot, said Horton. That has really set the stage now for companies like ours, and other small biotechs working on really innovative platforms, to be able to get into the clinic faster and to be able to collaborate more with companies who are interested in using our DNA as a starting material.

See the article here:
DNA Vaccines: The Next Stage in The Vaccine Revolution? - Clinical OMICs News

A woman in Indiana is claiming she has DNA evidence proving she is a girl who went missing 21 years ago in Virginia.

Kaylynn Stevenson, of Fort Wayne, Indiana claimed she has DNA evidence proving she is Brittany Renee Williams, a girl who went missing at the age of seven back in 2000, WWBT reported.

Williams disappeared from her independent foster care under the guardianship of a woman named Kim Parker back in 2000. When Williams stopped showing up to school and court hearings with Parker, Henrico Police started an investigation at Parker's home in Virginia.

The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children reported that the number of children missing from state care has increased over the years. Most of these children were not reported missing until federal legislation was passed in 2014 requiring state agencies to report a missing or abducted child to law enforcement and NCMEC "24 hours of receiving information about a missing child under their care," according to NCMEC.

The NCMEC also places children who've been missing for over six months in the "long term missing category" and estimated that only about 150 children were found after missing for a decade or longer. Williams has been missing for 21 years.

According to WWBT, Williams was born with AIDS, and authorities were worried the girl was dead because she did not have her medication. Allegedly Parker attempted to give Williams to Williams' adult half-sister because she was unable to care for her. Williams' sister declined and Parker told authorities she paid two women in California to take Williams. But both women said they never had custody of Williams and did not know where she was.

Stevenson told WWBT that she did not remember many details about her childhood except that she lived with her adoptive parents in Ohio and her surname was Williams. She said her memory is spotty but she also has scars from catheters and an eating tube. On the missing person poster for Williams, catheter scars were written under distinguishing characteristics.

While Stevenson doesn't remember a lot about her childhood, she said she does have a DNA sample taken at a LabCorp that proves she is the missing girl from 2000. She also has scattered memories from her time at Parker's foster home called Rainbow Kids.

According to court documents, Parker was indicted on 73 counts of fraud and was accused of taking over $24,000 in government benefits that were meant to go to Williams. Multiple people who knew Parker also said the house was "filthy" and some worried about neglect. WWBT reported that Parker took a plea deal and spent 10 years behind bars.

WWBT reported that Stevenson began researching her biological family when she came across a photo of the missing seven-year-old girl from Virginia.

"And Brittany Renee Williams' photo popped up," Stevenson told WWBT. "I woke my wife up out of her sleep and was like, 'This is me! I know me when I see me. This is me!'"

But there were several factors that still didn't line up. Stevenson said she has blood work proving she does not have AIDS. She also said the birth certificate that her adopted parents showed her does not match the birthday of Williams.

WWBT reported that the FBI and Henrico Police are investigating Stevenson's DNA sample against the other living daughter of Rose Marie Thompson, Williams' biological mother. Stevenson told WWBT she is now going by Brittany because she doesn't want any "ties to my adoptive name. That is not me."

Read more:
Woman Claims She Has DNA Evidence to Prove She is Girl Who Went Missing in 2000 - Newsweek

Finding a business that has the potential to grow substantially is not easy, but it is possible if we look at a few key financial metrics. Ideally, a business will show two trends; firstly a growing return on capital employed (ROCE) and secondly, an increasing amount of capital employed. If you see this, it typically means it's a company with a great business model and plenty of profitable reinvestment opportunities. With that in mind, the ROCE of Sonos (NASDAQ:SONO) looks great, so lets see what the trend can tell us.

Just to clarify if you're unsure, ROCE is a metric for evaluating how much pre-tax income (in percentage terms) a company earns on the capital invested in its business. Analysts use this formula to calculate it for Sonos:

Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) (Total Assets - Current Liabilities)

0.29 = US$198m (US$1.1b - US$401m) (Based on the trailing twelve months to July 2021).

Thus, Sonos has an ROCE of 29%. That's a fantastic return and not only that, it outpaces the average of 15% earned by companies in a similar industry.

View our latest analysis for Sonos

In the above chart we have measured Sonos' prior ROCE against its prior performance, but the future is arguably more important. If you're interested, you can view the analysts predictions in our free report on analyst forecasts for the company.

The fact that Sonos is now generating some pre-tax profits from its prior investments is very encouraging. Shareholders would no doubt be pleased with this because the business was loss-making four years ago but is is now generating 29% on its capital. Not only that, but the company is utilizing 315% more capital than before, but that's to be expected from a company trying to break into profitability. This can indicate that there's plenty of opportunities to invest capital internally and at ever higher rates, both common traits of a multi-bagger.

On a related note, the company's ratio of current liabilities to total assets has decreased to 37%, which basically reduces it's funding from the likes of short-term creditors or suppliers. This tells us that Sonos has grown its returns without a reliance on increasing their current liabilities, which we're very happy with.

To the delight of most shareholders, Sonos has now broken into profitability. And with the stock having performed exceptionally well over the last three years, these patterns are being accounted for by investors. With that being said, we still think the promising fundamentals mean the company deserves some further due diligence.

One more thing, we've spotted 2 warning signs facing Sonos that you might find interesting.

Sonos is not the only stock earning high returns. If you'd like to see more, check out our free list of companies earning high returns on equity with solid fundamentals.

This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. We provide commentary based on historical data and analyst forecasts only using an unbiased methodology and our articles are not intended to be financial advice. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. We aim to bring you long-term focused analysis driven by fundamental data. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material. Simply Wall St has no position in any stocks mentioned.

Have feedback on this article? Concerned about the content? Get in touch with us directly. Alternatively, email editorial-team (at) simplywallst.com.

See the original post:
We Think Sonos (NASDAQ:SONO) Might Have The DNA Of A Multi-Bagger - Simply Wall St

As early as this month, India may see the rollout of ZyCoV-D, the world's first DNA vaccine against COVID-19. Pharmaceutical company Zydus Cadila has received Emergency Use Authorisation for this vaccine, which is also the first in the country to be approved for children above the age of 12.

How do DNA vaccines work, and how are they different from the vaccines we have now -- Covishield and Covaxin? What sort of immunity will the DNA vaccine provide? Will the three-dose regimen pose a problem, logistically, in administering ZyCoV-D?

Sero-surveys across the country have shown us that in the most populated of regions, 70% of the population may have COVID-19 antibodies already -- what does this mean for children, and do they need to be necessarily vaccinated at this stage?

Guest: Dr Gagandeep Kang,Professor of Microbiology at Christian Medical College, Vellore.Host:ZubedaHamid

Read more:
In Focus podcast | India's first DNA vaccine has been approved for use in children: What you need to know about it - The Hindu

A2Z Market Research announces the release of DNA Ligase Market research report. The market is predictable to grow at a healthy pace in the coming years. DNA Ligase Market 2021 research report presents analysis of market size, share, and growth, trends, cost structure, statistical and comprehensive data of the global market.

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DNA Ligase Market Report Covers Future Trends With Research 2021-2028 | Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hoffmann-La Roche, Agilent Technologies EcoChunk -...