Category Archives: DNA

Team DnA Arena - Team Doc/Genny vs 25% Swedish Heritage - #3
Team DnA Arena is a vanilla Minecraft PvP Map done by the Technicube Build Team presented by Team DnA. Compete in the epic Team DnA Arena for ultimate Minecraft PvP glory. Play various game...

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http://www.siciliatv.org -Omicidio Brunetto. Il Dna conferma identita #39; del cadavere
http://www.siciliatv.org -Omicidio Brunetto. Il Dna conferma identita #39; del cadavere.

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Ace Hot Pitcher - [ DnA AMV ]
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DNA: the edges of the bases
If the DNA is a type of communication, how is it read. How is it turned into flesh and blood? Transcription and translation is one language, but there is another language that is just as important...

By: mrphysh

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DNA: the edges of the bases - Video

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms. DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell where it is packaged into a compact form called a chromosome with the help of several proteins known as histones. It is also found in cell structures called mitochondria. However in case of prokaryotes DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus or a membrane but is present in the cytoplasm. The DNA in prokaryotes in generally circular and supercoiled without any histones. DNA stores genetic information as a sequence of nucleotides in special regions known as genes which are used to make proteins. The expression of genetic information into proteins is a two-stage process wherein the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted to a molecule called Ribonucleic acid or RNA by a process called transcription. RNA is used to make proteins by another process called translation. The human genome contains nearly 3 109 bases with around 20,000 genes on 23 chromosomes. [1]

DNA was first discovered by the German biochemist Frederich Miescher in the year 1869.[2] Based on the works of Erwin Chargaff, James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, the structure of DNA was discovered in the year 1953. The structure of DNA is a : two complementary strands of polynucleotides that run in opposite directions and are held together by hydrogen bonds between them.[3] This structure helps the DNA replicate itself during cell division and also for a single strand to serve as template during transcription. [1]

consists of two polynucleotide chains, . The in DNA is composed of a bonded to the 5' of which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine . The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base and and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases and . Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the and the . There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.[4] The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via . There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.[4]

A C G T

Purines Pyrimidines

The two chains in a DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds between specific bases. Adenine forms base pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine. This specific base pairing between and is known as the Watson-Crick base pairing. The specificity of hydrogen bonding between bases leads to complementarity in the sequence of nucleotides in the two chains.[3] Thus in a strand of DNA the content of adenine is equal to that of thymine and the guanine content is equal to the cytosine content. In general DNA with higher GC content is more stable than the one with higher AT content owing to the stabilization due to base stacking interactions.

A DNA double strand can be separated into two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between them. This is known as DNA denaturation. Thermal energy provided by heating can be used to melt or denature DNA. Molecules with rich GC content are more stable and thus denature at higher temperatures compared to the ones with higher AT content. The melting temperature is defined as the temperature at which half the DNA strands are in double helical state and half are in random coil state.[5] The denatured DNA single strands have an ability to renature and form double stranded DNA again.

In a the of bases which are paired to each other but are positioned at an angle. This results in unequally spaced sugar-phosphate backbones and gives rise to two grooves: the and the of different width and depth. The are on the surface of the minor groove, and the major groove is on the opposite side. The floor or surface of major groove is filled with the . The larger size of major groove allows for the binding of DNA specific proteins.[6][4]

Sources:[7]

DNA undergoes what is known as semi conservative mode of replication wherein the daughter DNA contains one DNA strand of the parent. The replication proceeds through the unwinding of double helix followed by synthesis primers from where the replication begins. An enzyme DNA polymerase synthesizes complementary strands to each parent strand from 5'-3' direction.

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DNA - Proteopedia, life in 3D - Main Page - Proteopedia ...

merging projects Hi Everyone,

Here's an update to the status of DNA@Home.

Currently, I have a student who has been working on getting files in the appropriate format for the application here. I think we're pretty close to getting work units sent back out. As opposed to what we were doing before, the new data files are from the human genome, and we'll be looking for protein binding sites that could potentially be related to different cancer causing genes -- I will get more information from this from our biologists here.

I also want to merge DNA@Home, Wildlife@Home and SubsetSum@Home so I can more easily provide feedback. I'm open to suggestions on how to do this. Right now I'm thinking about moving all the accounts into a new project and then have a combined forum for all three. If anyone has any good suggestions for an easy way to merge the three, I'd appreciate it.

Will have more updates, and hopefully more work units soon.

--Travis 23 Dec 2013, 17:46:48 UTC Comment

more updates Sorry for things being so slow here, too many projects going on at once on top of being a new faculty member!

However, I have some pretty interesting news for the project. Two new professors have joined University of North Dakota this year who are working on epigenomics. So we'll be able to use the same algorithms and client applications currently being used by DNA@Home to analyze segments of the human genome -- in part to help understand cancer formation.

I'm hoping to be sending out some new workunits using new data (from the human genome!) as soon as we can get it cleaned up and processed.

--Travis 27 Sep 2012, 16:25:01 UTC Comment

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DNA@Home - University of North Dakota

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

Chemically, DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called transcription.

Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated before cells divide, in a process called DNA replication. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store their DNA inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes (bacteria and archae) it is found in the cell's cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.

DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides.[1][2] The DNA chain is 22 to 26ngstrms wide (2.2 to 2.6nanometres), and one nucleotide unit is 3.3 (0.33nm) long.[3] Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be enormous molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human chromosome, chromosome number 1, is approximately 220 million base pairs long.[4]

In living organisms, DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a tightly-associated pair of molecules.[5][6] These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a base, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. In general, a base linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide. If multiple nucleotides are linked together, as in DNA, this polymer is called a polynucleotide.[7]

The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues.[8] The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand. This arrangement of DNA strands is called antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are referred to as the 5 (five prime) and 3 (three prime) ends, with the 5' end being that with a terminal phosphate group and the 3' end that with a terminal hydroxyl group. One of the major differences between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with 2-deoxyribose being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA.[6]

The DNA double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases attached to the two strands. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate.

These bases are classified into two types; adenine and guanine are fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds called purines, while cytosine and thymine are six-membered rings called pyrimidines.[6] A fifth pyrimidine base, called uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine.

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DNA - Psychology Wiki

Researchers for the first time created microbes containing artificial DNA, expanding the universal genetic code that guides life. The advance one day could lead to new antibiotics, vaccines and other medical products not possible with today's bioscience.

In a report published Wednesday in Nature, the scientists said they created two additions to the normal genetic code, and then prompted bacteria to incorporate these pieces of man-made DNA with few ill effects.

"The cells recognized it as natural," said chemical biologist Floyd Romesberg at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., who led the research group.

The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of life-forms based on a different DNA code, independent experts said. Eventually, scientists could use an expanded genetic code to design living cells that could make new medical compounds.

By one recent estimate, the market for biologic and protein-based therapies is expected to reach $165 billion a year by 2018.

"Most people thought this wasn't possible," said biochemist Steven Benner at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Fla., who wasn't involved in the project. Many scientists assumed that a normal cell would ignore any imitation DNA. "He has gone inside a cell and gotten it to work and that is a shock," said Dr. Benner.

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DNA BREAKTHROUGH Scientists create life form with artificial genetic code

How Private is Your DNA?
Scientists are now able to map our bodies #39; DNA with increasing ease and decreasing costs. But what is being done with this information and for whose benefit?...

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DNA 7a Grande Grotta Kalymnos #88
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