Category Archives: DNA

Human history is written in DNA. Where our ancestors lived and who they lovedthe story is right there if we can see into their genes. The trouble is that the ravages of climate and time degrade DNA, making its secrets harder and harder to detect. Gradually, however, scientists have begun to peer back through time by sequencing ancient DNA. In 2016, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology pieced together DNA from a skeleton found in a cave in northern Spain. The human ancestor it was from lived more than 430,000 years ago.

Other ancient DNA discoveries have filled in our knowledge of humanitys distant past. A Siberian cave yielded up a bone that DNA analysis revealed belonged to a woman from 90,000 years ago who was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan. Another skeleton from the same cave gave us Neanderthal DNA from 120,000 years ago. But all of this DNA has something in common: Almost all of it comes from Europe and Asia. The oldest DNA from sub-Saharan Africathe place where the whole human story begandates back to less than 10,000 years ago.

Now a new discovery of the oldest African DNA is pushing back against this bias, and in the process revealing how our ancestors lived and moved around the continent tens of thousands of years ago. The findings add further evidence to the idea that, at some point around 20,000 years ago, some people in Africa started to come together in larger, more settled populations. Evidence of beads and pigments from burial sites suggests that something changed in Africa 20,000 years ago that made these societies more closely resemble those of today. Now DNA evidence suggests that it may have had to do with these ancient movement patterns. Weve never had any actual genetic evidence for that until this time because weve never had any skeletons, says Jessica Thompson, an anthropologist at Yale University and coauthor on this new study.

The big problem facing archaeologists is that ancient DNA does not survive for long in tropical environments. Heat and humidity break it down, making it extremely difficult to extract from bones. Thats one reason the best-preserved ancient genomes that scientists have been able to access tend to come from cold, dry environmentsoften in caves that are shielded from the weather. For this study, Thompson and her colleagues had to work with extremely small fragments of bonein one case the DNA came from a single finger bone from an infant. The oldest DNA they managed to recover from African bones dated to between 17,000 and 20,000 years ago, although in this case there was so little bone available that the researchers had to estimate the date from ostrich egg artifacts found in the burial site.

Thompson and her colleagues analyzed the DNA of 34 individualssix of them for the first timewho lived in Africa between 500 and 20,000 years ago. By analyzing specific regions in these genomes, they were able to model how ancient populations may have moved around between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago. These findings will help tell the history of people in south-central Africa, says Maggie Katongo, an assistant keeper of archaeology at Livingstone Museum in Zambia, graduate student at Rice University, and one of the studys coauthors. This kind of research gives us information that can be used to tell the story of these past communities that might have lived around different parts of Zambia, she says.

The researchers compared the ancient African DNA with samples from people living in present-day Africa to get an idea of how much genetic variation there is between people living in different places and times. The ancient DNA from south-central and eastern Africa revealed that these people had ancestors who came from three different parts of the continent: Central Africa, southern Africa, and eastern Africa. It shows that there was a lot of long-distance movement and mixture and that eastern Africa, in particular, is a really important hub, says Thompson.

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Africas Oldest DNA Is Helping Address Sciences Racial Bias - WIRED

Viola Hagenkord was 79 and lived alone in her small Anaheim apartment. She was known to prop open her front door with a Campbells soup can in the evenings, a habit that made some neighbors worry for her. On Feb. 18, 1980, she was found slain in her bed, asphyxiated with a gag made from a torn pillowcase. She had been raped.

In one of Anaheims oldest cold-case murder prosecutions, an Orange County Superior Court jury on Tuesday convicted a former long-haul trucker, Andre Lepere, of her murder. Lepere, 64, had been living in retirement in Alamogordo, N.M., when he was arrested last year, linked to the crime by evolving DNA technology.

After a two-week trial, the jury began deliberations Friday and resumed Tuesday morning, announcing midmorning it had reached a verdict. Convicted of murder with the special circumstance of rape, Lepere faces an automatic life term when he is sentenced May 13 by Superior Court Judge Gregg Prickett.

At the time of the attack, Lepere was 22, a heavy beer drinker who had lasted only a year in the Army before misbehavior including an alcohol-related car crash prompted his discharge. He was estranged from his first wife, who had once filed a restraining order against him.

Now and then, Lepere stayed on his sister Denises couch at the Pebble Cove Apartments in Anaheim.

An undated photo of Viola Hagenkord.

(Anaheim Police Department)

Hagenkord lived a few doors away, in a ground-floor apartment. A local high school girl called her Grandma and brought her cookies and described her as very sweet. Hagenkord had worked at a department store in Milwaukee and moved to Southern California in the late 1970s hoping to get away from crime.

Confronted with the DNA results in court, Lepere did not dispute that it was his semen found in Hagenkords body, but he denied raping or killing her. Testifying in his own defense, his thinning hair tied into a ponytail with a rubber band, he said that he and Hagenkord twice had casual, consensual sex, and that she was alive when he left her.

I was 22, Lepere said. I had lots of women that used to take a shine to me.

Prosecutor Christopher Alex ridiculed Leperes ridiculous claim that another man raped and killed Hagenkord on the same day and in the same bed that Lepere admitted having sex with her, the phantom culprit leaving no detectable semen of his own. This amounted to the most incredible string of coincidences that could ever befall an innocent man, Alex said.

Lepere, who had worked as a trucker, plumber and mason, said he was shocked to learn of her murder but decided not to approach police because he didnt know anything.

The case was cold for decades until Anaheim detectives asked the Orange County crime lab to reexamine the evidence using modern DNA methods in 2020.

The lab developed a DNA profile that was eventually linked to Lepere, whose DNA had not been in law enforcement databases, through genetic genealogy methods.

He escaped detection for 40 years, Alex told jurors. Were it not for DNA, he would have escaped forever.

Alex portrayed Leperes account as absurd and self-serving, at odds with common sense and what was known of the victims character. According to her granddaughter, Hagenkord had divorced a husband in 1928 and had shown no interest in men afterward.

She never dated after that at all, the granddaughter, Janet Black, testified. She was done.

Alex said Leperes account of being seduced by the victim was like something out of a stupid fake letter to Penthouse.

During the trial, defense attorney Lee Stonum argued that in the 42 years since this crime, Mr. Lepere has lived a normal, hardworking life full of love, adding: It just doesnt fit with the kind of person who would do this.

Stonum said that Lepere became a jackass when he drank, but that didnt make him a killer. He pointed to character witnesses, including the girlfriend living with Lepere at the time of his arrest last year, who did not think he was capable of the crime.

Stonum said there was unidentified male DNA on the pillowcase gag, which a crime lab analyst testified did not belong to Lepere.

Alex told jurors that the unidentified DNA could have appeared on the pillowcase in a number of ways when Hagenkord took it to the laundry, or when someone touched it while processing the evidence in 1980, when crime scene protocols were less stringent.

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DNA leads to conviction in 1980 murder of Anaheim woman - Los Angeles Times

Two women born at the same Oklahoma City hospital 57 years ago say they were switched at birth, and they're suing a hospital for the mixup they say has upended their lives, the Daily Beast reported.

The discovery resulted from a DNA test kit and some online searching by one of the women's daughters.

It's unclear how often babies are accidentally switched at birth, but the advent of DNA test kits has led more and more families to face uncomfortable truths about who they really are.

Tina Ennis and her daughter used an Ancestry.com test kit in 2019 hoping to learn more about Ennis's estranged maternal grandfather.

But the test didn't connect the pair with anyone in their family, and instead said they had a lot of relatives with the last name Brister. Ennis's mom, Kathryn Jones, had never heard of the Bristers.

When Jones took a test, it also found no connection to her daughter.

Ennis's daughter then dug around online, finding a woman born the same day as Ennis. The woman, Jill Lopez, looked like Jones and had deceased parents with the last name Brister. When Jones saw Lopez's photo, she said she was "devastated."

"The first thing she thought was, 'Where was I when that was taken?' and 'I don't remember those clothes,' because she actually looked just like me," Jones told the Daily Beast.

Ennis then also took an Ancestry.com test, which linked Lopez to Jones. "My heart just sank," Ennis told the Daily Beast, "because I was just like, 'This is for real.'" Before then, Ennis said, "I never felt like I didn't belong."

Ennis, Jones, and Lopez are suing Duncan Regional Hospital, which took over liability for the hospital where Ennis and Lopez were born after it merged with other hospitals in 1975, their lawyers say. The lawsuit claimsrecklessness and negligent infliction of emotional distress, according to the Daily Beast.

The hospital has denied the allegations, saying it's not the same place where the mixup allegedly occurred. A judge denied the hospital's request to dismiss the suit on those grounds last month. The doctors involved in Ennis and Lopez's delivery have since died.

"I just had to get my emotions straight for a while, because it's a whole lot to get your mind around," Lopez told the Daily Beast. "Like, you had a mom and I had a mom, and now I have a different mom."

In recent years, DNA test kits have led to hundreds of lawsuits, many of which involve mixups and misconduct with genetic materials among couples undergoing fertility treatments.

In2019, a New York City couplesued Los Angeles-based CHA Fertility Center after they learned they had carried two other couples' boys to term. In 2021, a LA couple sued their fertility clinicafter an embryo mixup led them to get pregnant with another couple's child while that couple got pregnant with and began raising theirs.

And earlier this month, a couple sued their fertility clinic when their 29-year-old daughter discovered she wasn't genetically related to her dad after using a home DNA kit. The lawsuit alleges the hospital used another man's sperm in the couple's fertility treatment.

"So many other families have gone through the same kind of unimaginable circumstances and have been forced to put the pieces of their lives back together," the daughter, Jessica Harvey Galloway, said in a press conference. "This has to stop."

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Women found they switched at birth 57 years ago via DNA test: lawsuit - Insider

RENTON, Wash. A violent career criminal already serving time for murder in a California prison was charged late last week in the 27-year-old cold case murders of a Seattle-area woman and her toddler son.

The bodies of Stacy Falcon-Dewey, 23, and Jacob Jake Dewey, 3, of Kent, were found early Oct. 28, 1994, lying in a deserted Renton roadway next to Falcon-Deweys Buick. Both had been fatally shot, KIRO 7 in Seattle reported.

According to King County prosecutors, DNA testing on semen found on Falcon-Deweys body shows the fluid belongs to Jerome Frank Jones, 51, who is in Californias Kern Valley State Prison. Jones was convicted in the 1995 murder of Gregory Hebdon, 30, of Irvine, California.

>> Read more trending news

Hebdon was shot in broad daylight March 31, 1995, in an alley behind his townhome, the Los Angeles Times reported. His wife, who heard the shots, found him lying near death next to his Toyota Land Cruiser. Hebdon, a businessman, died a short time later at a hospital.

In the Renton case, Jones is accused of accosting Falcon-Dewey sometime after she picked her son up from a babysitter, who lived in the same Kent apartment complex as Jones.

The defendant bound Stacy Falcon-Dewey, beat her, orally raped her and likely shot her child to death in front of her before killing her, King County charging documents state. The extraordinary violence and cruelty of these murders demonstrates the extreme danger he presents to society.

Read Jerome Jones charging documents below.

The DNA testing determined Jones was the source of the semen in 2002, but no arrest was made at that time. Falcon-Deweys mother, Vianne Falcon, wrote on a fundraising page in 2019 that she had just learned of the DNA match more than 17 years after the fact.

Court documents do not say why no charges were ever filed against Jones. Falcon, who said she learned of the genetic match only after a local reporter began digging into the case, was seeking financial help to find an attorney to force the prosecutors hand.

Jones will be eligible for parole in California in 2030, according to prison records. If he is convicted of the murder charges in King County, however, he faces life in prison without the possibility of parole.

According to contemporary news accounts, Falcon-Dewey had left Jake with the sitter the night of Oct. 27 for a belated celebration of her birthday. She went to the Kenton Ridge Apartments to pick up her son sometime between 1 a.m. and 2 a.m. the next day, court records indicate.

Though they left the babysitters home all right, she and Jake never arrived at her apartment a short distance away.

Around 3:30 a.m. that day, a Seattle Times newspaper carrier called 911 to report discovering a body lying in the road on S. 55th Street in Renton, a dead-end road about 3 miles from babysitters apartment complex.

It was Falcon-Dewey. Lying on top of her was her young son.

Stacy was lying on her right side, reads an affidavit written by Renton police Det. Tracie Jarratt. Jacob was lying on his mothers legs, on his left side. Both had obvious gunshot wounds.

Both she and Jake had been shot in the head. Falcon-Dewey also had gunshot wounds to her arm and shoulder, one of which authorities determined struck her after it went through her sons small body.

In addition, Falcon-Dewey had blunt force trauma to her head, bruising and linear abrasions to her neck, the affidavit states.

Evidence collected and documented from the scene suggests that a struggle occurred both inside and outside of the vehicle and that the killer may have been looking for something, Jarratt wrote.

Double homicide: An August 2011 Street View image shows the dead-end street in Renton, Wash., where Stacy Falcon-Dewey, 23, and her 3-year-old son, Jacob Dewey, were found slain next to their car in October 1994. More than 27 years later, authorities have charged convicted killer Jerome Frank Jones, 51, with the crime. (Google)

The contents of Falcon-Deweys purse were strewn about the vehicle, including her wallet. The cars keys were later found in the space between the drivers seat and the door, where they apparently fell and could not be seen.

In the Buick were circular sections of brown packing tape that indicated they had been used as binding for Falcon-Deweys hands and feet. Falcon-Deweys belt was unbuckled, and buttons had been ripped from her shirt.

Swabs and fingernail clippings taken from Falcon-Deweys body at autopsy and tested for DNA in 2001 indicated the presence of semen in the victims throat and on her hand at the time of her death.

According to Jarratt, authorities learned after the 2002 DNA match that Jones was already behind bars in connection with Hebdons California slaying. Detectives flew south and visited Jones at the Salinas Valley State Prison.

Jones admitted that he had lived in the Kent-Auburn area in 1994 and 1995.

Double homicide: Jerome Frank Jones, pictured in a 1995 booking photo, was charged Feb. 15, 2022, with two counts of aggravated murder in the October 1994 deaths of Stacy Falcon-Dewey, 23, and her 3-year-old son, Jacob Dewey, in Renton, Wash. Jones, now 51, is already serving time in Californias Kern Valley State Prison for the 1995 murder of an Irvine businessman. (King County Sheriff's Office via KIRO 7)

When shown a picture of Stacy Falcon, Jones said that he did not know her, the affidavit states. Jones was asked this question several times and he said he was positive that he had never met her and did not know her.

The manager of the Kenton Ridge Apartments confirmed that Jones had lived there from 1993 to 1994. The records also showed that Falcon-Dewey lived at the same complex in 1994, moving elsewhere just months before she was murdered.

Detectives could not find a link other than the DNA results, however. None of her friends recognized Jones as someone she was seen with the night of her birthday celebration.

The clerk at a convenience store Falcon-Dewey visited around 1:20 a.m. the morning of the murders reported seeing her with an unidentified white man.

Jones is Black.

>> Read more true crime stories

In addition, no one who saw Falcon-Dewey leave the babysitters home with her son saw Jones or anyone else with her at that time.

According to court documents, a number of other pieces of physical evidence were recently submitted to the crime lab for additional testing. In December, cold case detectives learned that semen had been found on the sleeve of Jake Deweys jacket.

The DNA matched that of Jones.

A subsequent DNA sample taken from Jones in prison confirmed the match.

Court records show that it was five months after Falcon-Dewey and Jake were slain that Jones and an accomplice shot and killed Hebdon more than 1,000 miles away in Irvine. Following the shooting, he fled back to Seattle, where he was arrested on a first-degree murder charge.

While in the King County Jail, he assaulted a corrections officer, for which he was convicted in 1996. The judge sentenced him well above the standard range in that case.

The sentencing court found that the defendant committed this assault with deliberate cruelty, delivering multiple, gratuitous blows to (the victim), even after the officer had fallen to the floor, court documents state.

Sentencing paperwork in the Hebdon case indicated that Jones also had a previous conviction for shooting a victim in the back during a 1987 robbery. While in prison, he has been convicted of additional felony assaults, as well as felony possession of a weapon, prosecutors say.

Given the defendants conduct in this case, his conviction for yet another murder and his numerous additional convictions for violence, no bail is justified in this matter, reads the request that Jones be held without bond.

Prosecutors went on to state that Jones clearly presents a substantial likelihood of danger to the entire community.

Once he is extradited to King County, Jones will be held without bail pending trial in the double murder of Falcon-Dewey and her son.

2022 Cox Media Group

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DNA leads to arrest in grisly 1994 murder of woman, her 3-year-old son in Seattle suburb - KIRO Seattle

DEERFIELD BECH, Fla., Feb. 23, 2022 /PRNewswire-PRWeb/ -- Unidentified remains from a cold case with the Oregon State Police has officially been confirmed as Kenneth W. Heasley, thanks in part to DNA Labs International's newest forensic genetic genealogy (FGG) technology, the ForenSeq Kintelligence Kit.

In 1998, Kenneth W. Heasley and Gary A. Gelsinger were out fishing when a witness reportedly saw their boat capsize and go out to sea. Gelsinger's remains washed ashore a month later with his identification card in his pocket, but Heasley's remains were not found or identified, until now.

In 2020, DNA Labs International received a molar from the Oregon State Police Medical Examiner's Office. Scientists were able to obtain a small amount of DNA using a demineralization coupled with organic extraction. The quantity of DNA was not suitable for array-based testing. In 2022, targeted sequencing with the ForenSeq Kintelligence Kit was employed to produce a profile for genealogy research. The profile was uploaded into GEDmatch PRO and returned potential matches used to build out the family tree. The unidentified remains were determined to likely be Heasley, and STR testing of a buccal swab from a relative confirmed the molar was indeed Heasley's.

"DNA Labs International was integral in the resolution of this cold case; the Oregon State Police is honored to have worked with them closely to finally bring answers to the question of identity for this individual," said Dr. Nici Vance, State Forensic Anthropologist & Human Identification Program Coordinator at Oregon State Police Forensic Science and Pathology Bureau. "Basic dignity begins with having a name, and DNA Labs International provided that name and gave this family a chance to begin the healing process they had begun in 1998, when Mr. Heasley did not come home from his fishing trip."

ForenSeq Kintelligence is the first targeted sequencing kit for FGG that is optimized for forensic samples and to maintain genetic privacy. "Our intent with ForenSeq Kintelligence and GEDmatch PRO was to demonstrate that democratizing access to FGG does not have to come at the expense of genetic privacy or be cost prohibitive," said Brett Williams, Chief Executive Officer at Verogen. "This identification by DLI, the first accredited laboratory to use ForenSeq Kintelligence, provides a blueprint for how operational forensic laboratories can responsibly adopt FGG in alignment with stringent forensic quality standards to improve outcomes for their missing persons programs."

About DNA Labs International:

Since 2004, DNA Labs International has been providing clients with exceptional quality service based on open communications, equal attention to the importance of every case, and accurate and reliable results every time. They provide the latest technology available to solve cases, such as Forensic Genetic Genealogy, SpentShell, for fired cartridge casings, the M-VAC, a wet vacuum DNA collection tool, and STRmix, a software program that can solve previously inconclusive DNA results. DNA Labs International is accredited by ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board (ANAB), the country's longest established provider of ISO 17025 accreditation to Forensic Sciences testing laboratories in the U.S.

Media Contact

Jessica Arenson, DNA Labs International, 1 9544265163, Jessica@DNALabsinternational.com

SOURCE DNA Labs International

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DNA Labs International is the first accredited lab to use the ForenSeq Kintelligence System to aid in the identification of unidentified remains -...

The proposal of a double-helical structure for DNA over 60 years ago provided an eminently satisfying explanation for the heritability of genetic information. But why is DNA, and not RNA, now the dominant biological information store? We argue that, in addition to its coding function, the ability of DNA, unlike RNA, to adopt a B-DNA structure confers advantages both for information accessibility and for packaging. The information encoded by DNA is both digital - the precise base specifying, for example, amino acid sequences - and analogue. The latter determines the sequence-dependent physicochemical properties of DNA, for example, its stiffness and susceptibility to strand separation. Most importantly, DNA chirality enables the formation of supercoiling under torsional stress. We review recent evidence suggesting that DNA supercoiling, particularly that generated by DNA translocases, is a major driver of gene regulation and patterns of chromosomal gene organization, and in its guise as a promoter of DNA packaging enables DNA to act as an energy store to facilitate the passage of translocating enzymes such as RNA polymerase.

Keywords: A-DNA; B-DNA; DNA as an energy store; DNA backbone conformation; DNA elasticity; DNA information; DNA structure; DNA topology; alternative DNA structures; genome organisation.

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DNA structure and function - PubMed

A flurry of false information spurred from a recent Tweet by the CDC about PCR test samples and genomic sequencing.

COLUMBUS, Ohio You've heard a lot of talk about genomic sequencing: It's the process used in labs to detect variants of COVID-19 from PCR test samples.

Some social media users falsely claim it's also used to collect samples of your DNA.

Lindsey Mills takes the claim to the experts to verify why thats not true.

The CDC is using PCR COVID test samples to collect your DNA.

Heres what we found:

This is the Tweet from the CDC that sparked a flurry of false information in a thread.

It says: "Remember that #COVID19 nose swab test you took? What happened to the swab? If it was processed with a PCR test, there's a 10% chance that it ended up in a lab for genomic sequencing analysis."

Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene retweeted it and wrote: "Did the @CDCgov get permission from people to take their DNA???" And there are replies like this: Do you have signed consent forms for every single DNA sample?"

One day after the original Tweet -- the CDC followed up with another to clarify.It says in part the "CDC and our partners conduct genomic sequencing analysis of the VIRUS that causes COVID-19."

"Our cells contain DNA, not RNA, you could do genetic sequencing on DNA or RNA but in the context of genetic sequencing, on a COVID test, it's genetic sequencing only for RNA of the virus, and not the person's DNA, explained Dr. Gastaldo.

We can verify: the claim that the CDC is collecting your DNA from PCR COVID test samples is false.

"This is an RNA virus, not the DNA virus. And that's what a PCR test does, it detects a piece of the RNA," Dr. Gastaldo said.

Have something you'd like us to verify? Send us an email to verify@10TV.com.

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No, the CDC is not collecting your DNA from PCR test samples - 10TV

disease-risk-and-health-dna-test-market

Glob Market Reports offers an overarching research and analysis-based study on, Global Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Report, History and Forecast 2016-2028, Breakdown Data by Companies, Key Regions, Types and Application. This report offers an insightful take on the drivers and restraints present in the market. Disease Risk and Health DNA Test data reports also provide a 5 year pre-historic and forecast for the sector and include data on socio-economic data of global. Key stakeholders can consider statistics, tables & figures mentioned in this report for strategic planning which lead to success of the organization. It sheds light on strategic production, revenue, and consumption trends for players to improve sales and growth in the global Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market.

Some of the key manufacturers operating in this market include: 23andMe, MyHeritage, LabCorp, Myriad Genetics, Ancestry.com, Quest Diagnostics, Gene By Gene, DNA Diagnostics Center, Invitae, IntelliGenetics, Ambry Genetics, Living DNA, EasyDNA, Pathway Genomics, Centrillion Technology, Xcode, Color Genomics, Anglia DNA Services, African Ancestry, Canadian DNA Services, DNA Family Check, Alpha Biolaboratories, Test Me DNA, 23 Mofang, Genetic Health, DNA Services of America, Shuwen Health Sciences, Mapmygenome, Full Genomes and More

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Market split by Type, can be divided into: Celiac Disease Parkinson Disease Alzheimer Disease OtherMarket split by Application, can be divided into: Online Test Offline Test

Regions Covered in the Global Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market:1. South America Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Covers Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina.2. North America Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Covers Canada, United States, and Mexico.3. Europe Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Covers UK, France, Italy, Germany, and Russia.4. The Middle East and Africa Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Covers UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa.5. Asia Pacific Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Covers Korea, Japan, China, Southeast Asia, and India.Years Considered to Estimate the Market Size:History Year: 2015-2022Base Year: 2022Estimated Year: 2022Forecast Year: 2022-2028

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Disease Risk and Health DNA Test Market Will Reflect Significant Growth Prospects of US$ Mn during 2022-2028 with Major Key Player: 23andMe,...

After more than a decade studying artificial intelligence, Webb shifted her sights to the links between biology and technology, generally described as synthetic biology, in part because she observed Big Tech companies becoming deeply invested in it. She and geneticist Andrew Hessel are coauthors of a new book, The Genesis Machine: Our Quest to Rewrite Life in the Age of Synthetic Biology. It does an admirable job of staying clear of both hype and fearmongering, and I wanted to ask Webb why she sees such a wide range of possible outcomes. Our conversation has been condensed and edited.

Some people are customizing their diets based on what they learn from DNA tests. Is the biological age already upon us?

For around three decades, weve been making progress on the technologies that are shaping the biological age. I think we entered it officially when the first in vitro fertilization treatment was completed successfully in 1978.

You can sequence your full genome now for less than the cost of a pair of Nike Air Jordans. However, a good question is what would compel somebody to give up their DNA to help them figure out what food to eat or when to drink what. DNA-based nutrition analysis can be entertaining, like horoscope-based science. Still, you shouldnt make any life choices based on it.

How are you defining synthetic biology in the book?

The bare-bones definition is: Synthetic biology is the application of science to improve or, in some cases, redesign life to have new or better purposes. Its a field of science that combines engineering, computer science, biology, and design.

I want to put a footnote here and say this is not about designer babies.

Do you mean synthetic biology is not only about designer babies?

Yes. I think anytime we talk about genome editing or reprogramming life, people immediately leap to designer babies. But synthetic biology is about making different types of improvements to different types of living organisms.

This includes creating new life.

Theres research being done on minimum viable genomes to understand how the different components work and why. Another field is trying to clone or re-create the DNA of animals that are extinct.

I take it youre talking about resurrecting animals like the woolly mammoth. Do you think its possible?

Lots of genomes are being decoded. George Church, a preeminent geneticist, is working on a version of the woolly mammoth. A couple of days ago some scientists figured out the genome of the numbat, a relative of the extinct Tasmanian tiger. Sequencing technology has gotten better, and we have DNA samples. And so were able to clone genomes, and this potentially could lead to resurrecting species.

The goal isnt to create a zoo filled with formerly extinct animals. Its mostly an effort to increase biodiversity, which has been plummeting, and possibly find new opportunities to deal with climate change. Part of this woolly mammoth project is about rewilding the very northern reaches of the planet, where enormous animals used to stomp around and compact the permafrost layer, which helps to keep greenhouse gases from escaping it.

Can changing the environment be risky?

Engineering biology raises questions about unpredictability. In some limited cases, there are on and off switches that can be coded into genomes. But it can be much more challenging to program an off switch for a complex organism in the wild than for a cell in a lab. Introducing something new into the environment may have downstream impacts that we didnt consider initially.

Many people are understandably worried about engineered viruses. Are there any circumstances where we should root for scientists to create new virus genomes?

The best way to think of a virus is that a virus is just a container for code. In a way, its like a USB stick: Its a container that can carry code thats malicious, benign, or great. Right now, we are dealing with a deadly pathogenic virus. But theres research underway looking at engineering viruses to fight particular types of cancer and other viruses. If we can confront deadly pathogens more precisely at a code level, what does that potentially give us? More control and better options. Right now, theres no precise way to mitigate a lot of the challenging viruses or cancers.

How can gene editing meet the challenges of global warming and food scarcity?

I think this is probably a little bit further off. Lets start with carbon dioxide. We have too much of it right now. But what if there was a way to engineer a leaf that could suck up 10 times more CO2 than, lets say, the average existing leaf, and it created organic fertilizer that doesnt cause any problems with our topsoil?

Or think about externalities that we cant control at the moment, like extreme weather events that put our food production and water supply in jeopardy. We might be able to use some of this technology to engineer better plants, like corn. I grew up outside of Chicago, where corn takes up a ton of space, and a cornstalk only has three to four ears of corn growing on it. What if we could engineer corn to be three feet taller, have 20 or 30 ears of corn, and require the same resources as our current cornstalks? Then we can do that type of farming in a fraction of the amount of space potentially indoors in a giant warehouse where you could control the temperature, humidity, and the amount of water. If you have that level of control, you dont need to use pesticides with chemicals that people are concerned about.

How can a diverse world reach a shared understanding of what the limits of synthetic biology should be?

One way to do that is to make sure more voices are a part of the conversation. One of the issues that we highlight in the book is that many of the editorial boards of core scientific journals are fairly homogenous. For various reasons, we also dont see enough people of color represented in the existing genetic databases. If were trying to optimize the future for everyone, we need more diversity and must involve more people in the conversation earlier on.

What if bad actors get their hands on powerful gene-editing technologies that are cheap and easy to use?

During the World Economic Forum, a collective of people near Davos picked up detritus, like forks and napkins, and claimed to have scraped off the DNA of global leaders, including Angela Merkel and Donald Trump. They said they would auction it to the highest bidder. Were at a point where DNA can be scraped off discarded items and used to try to piece together some form of a genome. Doing so would be problematic. After all, its illegal to pluck a hair off of somebodys head to try to scrape their DNA from it. But in the future, if a bad actor works hard enough, its plausible they could use DNA to invent an ailment intended for just one person.

Given all the possibilities, I completely understand why Emmanuel Macron recently refused a nasal swab when visiting Vladimir Putin in Russia.

Evan Selinger is a professor of philosophy at the Rochester Institute of Technology and an affiliate scholar at Northeastern Universitys Center for Law, Innovation, and Creativity. Follow him on Twitter @evanselinger.

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Bring back the woolly mammoth? Steal DNA? The prospects and pitfalls of rewriting life. - The Boston Globe

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