Category Archives: DNA

Diana Bogas1, Lena Nyberg2, Rui Pacheco1, Nuno F. Azevedo3, Jason P. Beech4, Margarita Gomila5, Jorge Lalucat5, Clia M. Manaia1, Olga C. Nunes3, Jonas O. Tegenfeldt4, and Fredrik Westerlund2

1Universidade Catlica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Qumica Fina Laboratrio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal 2Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden 3LEPABE Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal 4NanoLund and Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 5Microbiology, Biology Department, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain

BioTechniques, Vol. 62, No. 6, June 2017, pp. 255267

Abstract

Optical mapping (OM) has been used in microbiology for the past 20 years, initially as a technique to facilitate DNA sequencebased studies; however, with decreases in DNA sequencing costs and increases in sequence output from automated sequencing platforms, OM has grown into an important auxiliary tool for genome assembly and comparison. Currently, there are a number of new and exciting applications for OM in the field of microbiology, including investigation of disease outbreaks, identification of specific genes of clinical and/or epidemiological relevance, and the possibility of single-cell analysis when combined with cell-sorting approaches. In addition, designing lab-on-a-chip systems based on OM is now feasible and will allow the integrated and automated microbiological analysis of biological fluids. Here, we review the basic technology of OM, detail the current state of the art of the field, and look ahead to possible future developments in OM technology for microbiological applications.

Optical mapping (OM) is a technique capable of imaging single DNA molecules (Figure 1; Box 1). The use of OM in microbiology started in the 1990s as an auxiliary technique that, combined with Sanger nucleotide sequencing, supported reliable and cost-effective bacterial genome mapping (1). In 1999, Lin et al. (2) reported the first de novo shotgun OM-generated map of a microorganism, Deinococcus radiodurans. This map aided genome assembly (sequencing) as well as the discovery of new episomes and contributed to the elucidation of recombination mechanisms in this organism. Over the years, OM methods have been optimized, increasing the resolution and allowing smaller DNA fragments to be differentiated (generally in the kilobase range). While OM cannot fully replace most of the already established methods, it has been demonstrated that it is a good complementary or auxiliary method for two major applications: (i) comparative genome profiling, based on the detection of structural genome variations, with applications in microbial typing; and, more recently, (ii) assembly and validation of whole-genome sequencing using high-throughput sequencing methods (Table 1). OM-based maps can be compared in silico with known sequences or, conversely, can be used as scaffolds for de novo assembly. These applications led to the recognition of OM restriction fragment mapping as a tool for rapidly identifying and/or characterizing microorganisms, motivating use of the technology for the development of commercial products (e.g., http://opgen.com; http://bionanogenomics.com/; http://www.genomicvision.com/).

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Applications of optical DNA mapping in microbiology - BioTechniques.com

Mashable

A new video shows you exactly what it looks like when DNA replicates Mashable Scientists at the University of California, Davis, captured DNA replication on video for the first time. The 11-second clip which kind of looks like something pulled from a 1970s video game shows glowing strands of DNA stretching from left to ... Scientists Watch DNA Copy And Paste Itself For The First TimeInternational Business Times all 2 news articles »

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A new video shows you exactly what it looks like when DNA replicates - Mashable

The SoMa all-ages venue Codeword and its adjoining pizza restaurant DNA Pizza will close at the end of July according to owner Jamie Zawinski. The nightclub proprietor, who also owns and operates the larger DNA Lounge, revealed the news on his blog yesterday, explaining that closing Codeword and DNA Pizzeria could help the already embattled DNA Lounge survive.

Zawinksi signed the lease on his second, smaller venue Codeword at 917 Folsom (5th and Folsom) in 2015 amid better business at his flagship club, DNA Lounge. Since then, things have taken a bad turn for the businesses generally, as Zawinski first confided in a December blog post.

Formerly a software engineer, Zawinski opened DNA Lounge with his winnings in the Startup Lottery, but after spending an estimated $5 million on it without turning a profit, hes run out of money. Now, unless he sees an uptick in attendance at DNA Lounge and support in the form of donations from patrons, Zawinski says hell have to close his club. But first, the ax is coming down for its spinoff, Codeword.

Rather than blaming high rent as a cause of Codewords closure, Zawinski actually thanks his landlord, who even lowered the rent and allowed Zawinski to break his lease when he couldnt find anyone to buy the business and take over the lease. Most of all, Zawinski thanked all of the artists and promoters who made a go of it at the club.

But will closing Codeword and DNA Pizzeria save DNA Lounge? Zawinski doesnt sound optimistic. Overall, we're still pretty fucked, he writes. Getting rid of Codeword staunches the flow, but we're still bleeding out, every damned day.

To help, you can donate to the clubs Patreon account, or go dance at Bootie, the weekly dance/sweat party held at DNA Lounge.

Continued here:
To Keep DNA Lounge Open, Owner Closes Two Other Businesses ... - Eater SF

Photo: Nicole Boliaux, The Chronicle

DNA Pizza and Codeword on Folsom and 5th Street, counterparts to DNA Lounge, are set to close in July as the owners redirect their resources to maintaining the DNA Pizza and Lounge locations on 11th Street.

DNA Pizza and Codeword on Folsom and 5th Street, counterparts to DNA Lounge, are set to close in July as the owners redirect their resources to maintaining the DNA Pizza and Lounge locations on 11th Street.

The owners of DNA Pizza and Codeword say that construction and other neighborhood issues have stymied their efforts to make the nightclub and its attached restaurant profitable.

The owners of DNA Pizza and Codeword say that construction and other neighborhood issues have stymied their efforts to make the nightclub and its attached restaurant profitable.

DNA Pizza and Codeword on Folsom and Fifth Street, counterparts to DNA Lounge, are set to close late next month as the owners try to save the lounge.

DNA Pizza and Codeword on Folsom and Fifth Street, counterparts to DNA Lounge, are set to close late next month as the owners try to save the lounge.

SFs Codeword club closes in bid to keep DNA Lounge afloat

When asked what a normal night at Codeword is like, co-owner Barry Synoground laughed: Were lucky enough to not be normal.

One night, he said, the all-ages South of Market nightclub could host a full-on rave; the next, a drag show, a burlesque event, a cocktail hour or a house music dance party, full of people embracing San Franciscos misfit scene until the wee hours.

But too often, the space on Folsom Street would just be empty, sucking up money that could instead be used to salvage DNA Lounge, a beloved San Francisco nightclub under the same ownership that has lately experienced financial hardship.

Thats why, Synoground said, at the end of next month, Codeword and its attached pizza joint needs to close.

We were feeling too spread thin, Synoground said.

Since Codeword and DNA Pizza opened about three years ago, they hardly ever attracted enough business to pay the rent. But the spurts of business they would get, Synoground said, were enough to keep the proprietors going and make them believe things would get better.

It only takes a couple of really cool events to make you want to continue, he said. But the pocketbook was not able sustain it. A second DNA Pizza location on Eleventh Street will stay open, however.

Codeword hosted a range of events and was often used as a space for new talent to perform before moving on to larger audiences at DNA Lounge. Codeword regulars like 21-year-old Ginger Paintstains, an employee of DNA Lounge, were heartbroken to hear of its closing, which was announced on its website this week.

Its kind of terrifying, said Paintstains, who helped host its Sunday night Noise Complaint event. Were losing spaces to have this community-building.

In San Francisco, where soaring housing prices have begun pushing younger people out of the city, Codeword and DNA co-owner Jamie Zawinski said they have struggled to capture the interests of people in their 20s.

Zawinski, a well-known figure in the nascent days of the World Wide Web, bought DNA Lounge in 1999 when he noticed the citys culture was shifting. Buying the nightclub was his way of trying to preserve the vibrant spirit he encountered when he came to the Bay Area.

But over the years, attendance kept dropping, and the nightclub struggled to turn a profit. Zawinski announced in December that DNA might have to shut its doors if something didnt change. Closing Codeword is a sacrifice the owners are making to try to direct more of their attention both financial and mental to saving DNA Lounge.

Its hard to quantify the brain drain in financial terms, Zawinski wrote in a blog post announcing the closure. Every hour that I and my managers spend trying to figure out how to improve Codeword is an hour that is not being spent thinking about how to improve DNA, where the potential benefits could be much larger.

And hopefully this closure is worth it, Synoground said, because in San Francisco, the loss of places like DNA Lounge and Codeword is starting to be the new normal.

Trisha Thadani is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: tthadani@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @TrishaThadani

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SF's Codeword club closes in bid to keep DNA Lounge afloat - SFGate

A top state forensic science body is scheduled to meet Friday and possibly vote on whether to allow New York State police agencies to use the emerging and somewhat controversial DNA procedure of familial searching used in other states to solve crimes, officials said.

Since early February, the New York State Commission on Forensic Science has been mulling the use of familial searching and Friday may act on regulations that have been drafted.

Under the proposed measure, the state DNA lab would be able to carry out the special DNA searching at the request of local prosecutors and police in cases of homicide, rape, arson and danger to public safety. The measure requires that reasonable conventional methods be exhausted first.

The procedure gained traction in New York with the killing of Howard Beach jogger Karina Vetrano, 30, last August. Police found a DNA sample with no matches in databases. After months of frustration, the Vetrano family came out in support of familial testing, as did NYPD Commissioner James ONeill, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown and others.

In February, Chanel Lewis, 20, was arrested for Vetranos killing after old police stop reports were examined. But her family still supports familial testing, as do family and friends of other victims interviewed this week.

Familial testing, which is used in 10 states including California and Colorado, is a two-step process. Unmatched DNA found at a crime scene is analyzed for similarities with known samples in state databases and then subject to an analysis of the Y-chromosome to find family members of a possible suspect. Cops would then use conventional tactics such as interviews and regular DNA tests to find a suspect. In recent months, California officials announced they solved old homicides with the process.

Civil libertarians believe familial testing would unfairly target black and Hispanics who are believed to make up the majority of those convicted and whose DNA samples are required to be on file. But proponents of familial DNA say the testing is race neutral and police note that of the 11 unsolved homicides last year in New York with unmatched DNA samples, 10 involved people of color and one a white woman.

One of those victims was Mamadou Diallo, 46, a native of West Africa, who was found shot to death last Sept. 24 inside the Sunshine Deli in Jamaica. A police official said unmatched DNA was recovered.

Omar Hatem, manager of the deli, said that if familial searching helped find Diallos killer it would be a positive advance. Yes, it sure will, said Hatem, who said he felt victimized as well by the killing of his colleague.

Jennifer Cohen, 36, was found by a jogger bludgeoned to death inside Owls Head Park in the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn last Sept. 29. A police official said unmatched DNA was found at the crime scene. I approve of whatever they have to do, said Cohens grandfather, Harry Lavin, about familial testing. I loved her very much.

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State forensic panel may vote on using familial DNA Friday - Newsday

2 Chainz is just days away from releasing his Pretty Girls Like Trap Music album, and he's just offered yet another piece of evidence that he's one of the best out. During a visit to the L.A. Leakers show on Power 106, the Atlanta rapper delivered a freestyle over Kendrick Lamar's "DNA" instrumental, produced by Mike WiLL Made-It.

2 Chainz imitates the Compton MC's rapid-fire flow. "Half a million for the restaurant, I have to renovate / Man, I got so many demons please don't make me demonstrate," he raps, before creating a hook out of the release date for his upcoming album. After tearing up the instrumental, 2 Chainz gave a shout out to the TDE rapper: Shout out to Kendrick. He the illest one doing it in the game.

Pretty Girls Like Trap Music is due out June 16 and boasts features from Gucci Mane, Drake, Nicki Minaj, Swae Lee, Migos, Pharrell and more. Watch 2 Chainz freestyle over "DNA" above.

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Watch 2 Chainz Freestyle Over Kendrick Lamar's DNA - The FADER

Ancient DNA revolutionized archaeology. Now, researchers think they can use it to create a GPS system for the remains of the long-dead.

Lets face it: Even with the modern conveniences of U-Hauls and cardboard boxes, moving is a pain. For Neolithic humans living in Europe 5,000 years ago, the obstaclesroaming predators, lack of transportation, unforgivingmust have seemed insurmountable. Deep in the past, a few humans could have moved hundreds of kilometers, certainly, but most people at that time would not have, says Chris Tyler-Smith, a human genetics researcher at England's Sanger Institute.

New research based on a novel mapping technique, however, suggests otherwise. By combining genetic data with archaeology, researchers analyzed the DNA of over 300 ancient Eurasians and Near-Eastern Europeans to find that these people may have roamed surprisingly far. They found that 50 percent of ancient skeletons were in graves more than 100 miles from their place of origin, 30 percent were up to 620 miles away, and the remaining people had roamed as far as 1,900 miles from their homes.

This is the first time anyone has ever been able to do anything like this, says Eran Elhaik, one of the pioneers of the new technique and a geneticist at the University of Sheffield. We were able to see the emergence of farming, and populations moving because they exhausted the land, and then irrigation systems. As the populations moved, they replaced all the hunter-gatherers. Elhaik and his team presented their preliminary findings last month at the European Society of Human Genetics Conference.

Archaeologists and geneticists alike have speculated about how and where humans migrated across Europe. Based on skeletal remains, they believe Europe was populated by modern humans around 45,000 years ago as hominins moved out of Africa and into other parts of the world. Europe was then largely depopulated when the most recent ice age took hold around 25,000 years ago, except for some stalwart holdouts who found survivable conditions in southern Europe.

Archaeologists have long hypothesized that Europe was colonized by successive waves of hunter-gatherers, based on clear differences in stone tools and bone and shell ornaments recovered from sites across Europe and the Middle East, writes Ewen Callaway for Nature.

But its only recently that archaeologists have been able to compare their material data to the story that genetics tells. With recent advances in analyzing ancient DNA, were beginning to get a much clearerand more complexpicture about these humans and their lives.

DNA is notoriously delicate. It can only survive intact under certain environmental conditions, and prefers cold places. In human samples, the best place to find it from is the petrous bone on the skull, near the ear. But even once youve gotten your hands on some usable DNA, mining it for useful information comes with a series of hurdles.

Extracting ancient DNA and sequencing it with next-generation techniques results in a hodgepodge of information. The DNA isnt just from the ancient humanits also from the surrounding environment, and maybe from contamination introduced by modern researchers. To sort through this tangle, researchers rely on computer assistance to identify a single mitochondrial DNA sequence (the presence of more than one indicates contamination) and pick out deterioration patterns that signal human DNA.

But once those snippets of human DNA have been plucked from the mess, they can open up a world of discoveries. We can learn about everything from what ancient humans like tzi the ice mummyate and wore, to how often Neanderthals and humans were procreating. I think its one of the most exciting developments in science in the last few decades, says Tyler-Smith. People have compared it to the development of radiocarbon dating in the middle of the 20th century in terms of its impact.

Elhaik has expanded on the information that can be extracted from ancient DNA using a technique he pioneered with living humans, called Geographic Population Structure, or GPS. This technique relies on datasets that compare single nucleotide polymorphismsdifferences in DNA nucleotides that act as biological markers among individuals. The GPS method uses the SNPs (pronounced snips) of populations that have been in one place for multiple generations, then contrasts it to groups that live farther away.

We didnt just hack a cool acronym, it really works like GPS navigation, Elhaik says. Instead of satellites were using populations that are very well localized to their regions.

In a 2014 study in Nature Communications, Elhaik and his colleagues applied the GPS method to more than 600 people around the world, and were able to correctly assign 83 percent of those individuals to their country of origin. When the same technique was applied to 200 Sardinian villagers, a quarter of them were placed in their villages and the majority of people were placed within 50 km of their homes.

The same technique is at play in their new research. We used ancient DNA extracted from skeleton remains from 12000 BC to 500 AD," saysElhaik."The DNA goes in and coordinates come outthough he adds that the sample size is far smaller for ancient individuals, so there are far more gaps across the continent. Think of it as GPS for the long-dead.

If you have perhaps 20 or 30 people who come from the same population, then theres extra information you can get, says Tyler-Smith, who is not involved in the GPS research. But, he adds, bigger numbers are always better.

But geneticists and archaeologists dont always agree on the finer points of prehistory. For Marc Vander Linden, a professor of archaeology at University College London, using such small sample sizes to draw large conclusions is problematic.

Geneticists have suggested wide-scale processes on the basis of limited, spatially clustered samples, and thenwronglygeneralized these results for the entire corresponding archaeological cultures, Linden said by email. Both archaeologists and geneticists need to fully realize and consider that genes and material culture do not operate in the same spheres of action, nor do they unfold upon the same spatial and temporal scales.

Linden does agree that geneticists work in ancient DNA has revolutionized the field and opened up new avenues of inquiry. Ancient DNA research, alongside other types of data, points to the fact that the population history of prehistoric Europe was in constant flux and marked by numerous episodes of both expansion and retraction.

If Elhaiks technique pans out, it could answer tantalizing questions about human migrationfor instance, how agriculture came to the region. Archaeologists have debated for decades whether it was transmitted by human migration, or by the movement of the idea itself. Part of the debate has recently been settled by genetics, with researchers seeing the movement of agricultural communities from the Near-East into the hunter-gatherer groups in Europe. Elhaik thinks his groups research will further elucidate that question and show more precise movements of multiple groups of people.

For Tyler-Smith, that type of increased resolution into the broad outlines of the past is the future of the field. Hed also like to see more samples from other parts of the worldthe hotter, dryer regions like Africa and southern Europe where its been harder to find ancient DNA still intact due to the environmental conditions. For now, though, unraveling European migration is itself helping us make sense of human ancestryand the fact that were all mutts.

Theres no such thing as a European population thats been around for 40,000 years, Tyler-Smith says. Mixing has been going on throughout prehistory and I think we will see that in every part of the world as we come to study it in this level of detail.

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Ancient DNA Could Unravel the Mystery of Prehistoric European Migration - Smithsonian

Fossil DNA may be rewriting the history of elephant evolution.

The first genetic analysis of DNA from fossils of straight-tusked elephants reveals that the extinct animals most closely resembled modern African forest elephants. This suggests that straight-tusked elephants were part of the African, not Asian, elephant lineage, scientists report online June 6 in eLife.

Straight-tusked elephants roamed Europe and Asia until about 30,000 years ago. Much like modern Asian elephants, they sported high foreheads, double-domed skulls and downward sloping spines. These features convinced scientists for decades that straight-tusked and Asian elephants were sister species, says Adrian Lister, a paleobiologist at the Natural History Museum in London who was not involved in the study.

For the new study, researchers extracted and decoded DNA from the bones of four straight-tusked elephants found in Germany. The fossils ranged from around 120,000 to 240,000 years old. The genetic material in most fossils more than 100,000 years old is too decayed to analyze. But the elephant fossils were unearthed in a lake basin and a quarry, where the bones would have been quickly covered with sediment that preserved them, says study author Michael Hofreiter of the University of Potsdam in Germany.

Hofreiters team compared the ancient animals DNA with the genomes of the three living elephant species Asian, African savanna and African forest and found that straight-tusked genetics were most similar to African forest elephants.

When the researchers told elephant experts what theyd found, Everybody was like, This cant possibly be true! says study coauthor Beth Shapiro of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Then it gradually became, Oh yeah, I see. The way weve been thinking about this is wrong.

If straight-tusked elephants were closely related to African forest elephants, then the African lineage wasnt confined to Africa where all elephant species originated as paleontologists previously thought. It also raises questions about why straight-tusked elephants bore so little resemblance to todays African elephants, which have low foreheads, single-domed skulls and more horizontal backbones.

Story continues after graphic

This tree shows a revision to how scientists think straight-tusked elephants fit into elephant evolution: Straight-tusked elephants shared the most common ancestors with African forest elephants, rather than Asian elephants.

Accounting for this new finding may not be as simple as moving one branch on the elephant family tree, Lister says. Its possible that straight-tusked elephants really were a sister species of Asian elephants, but they exhibit genetic similarities to African forest elephants from interbreeding before the straight-tusked species left Africa.

Its also possible that a common ancestor of Asian, African and straight-tusked elephants had particular genetic traits that were, for some reason, only retained by African and straight-tusked elephants, he says.

Lister and colleagues are now reexamining data on straight-tusked skeletons to reconcile the species skeletal features with the new information on their DNA. I will feel most comfortable if we can understand these genetic relationships in terms of the [physical] differences between all these species, he says. Then well have a complete story.

Continued here:
Ancient DNA shakes up the elephant family tree - Science News Magazine

Daniel Rochat, left, is on trial in the killing of Barbara Vernieri in 2012.(Photo: TARIQ ZEHAWI/NorthJersey.com file photo)

HACKENSACK The DNA evidence in the slaying of East Rutherford real estate agent Barbara Vernieri should exonerate Daniel Rochat, his lawyer told the jury during the defense's closing arguments on Tuesday.

Rochat, who knew Vernieri since he was a young child, is accused of beating her and setting her on fire in September 2012. Vernieri worked with Rochat and hisfather at Kurgan-Bergen Realty at the time of her death.

Jim Doyle, one of Rochat's attorneys, said the testimony ofMelissaHuyck, who was the prosecution's DNA expert, was "without a doubt one of the most disappointing things [he's] ever seen by a scientist on the stand."

During his summations, Doyle attempted to cast doubt on a number of pieces of evidence, includingthe DNA evidence, noting that Rochat's DNA was not found in Vernieri's home and Vernieri's blood was not found anywhere it was not supposed to be. It was not found in Rochat's apartment in Wood-Ridge, it was not found in the family shore house in Toms River, it was not found on his shoes, it was not found in either of his cars, he said.

From left, Daniel Rochat, accused in the killing of Barbara Vernieri in 2012, with his attorneys Jim Doyle and Richard Potter, before Superior Court Judge Margaret M. Foti.(Photo: Tariq Zehawi/NorthJersey.com)

Doyle continued his argument by sayingthe DNA that was found in the Van Winkle condo, which Rochat's father was the property manager was, was not proven to be blood and that the tests done by the crime scene unit investigators only presumed blood was present. He argued that Vernieri's DNA could have been transferred to Van Winkle at a different point in time due to how often she came into contact with Rochat and his father.

Additionally, Doyle noted that the DNA found underneath Vernieri's fingernails could belong to a number of men in the population. It was testified that one in 333 men, including Rochat and his paternal relatives,could have the same DNA profile. Doyle said that one of the detectives, Sgt. Gary Boesch, used an inappropriate tool to collect the fingernails. Boesch used a piece of computer paper to collect Vernieri's fingernail clippings and Doyle said it is possible the DNA could belong to any other male at the scene or anyone who had ever handled the paper. Doyle also told jurors to remember that the DNA of two unknown males were found in Vernieri's home.

Doyle reminded the jurors it was their job to find Rochat guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

"Certain phrases sound trite until you have to use them," he said.

Doyle said the prosecution will argue that Rochat's conduct the day of and in the days following Vernieri's death establishes motive and conscience of guilt, but he feels differently. He said numerous people testified that Rochat's behavior was nothing out of the ordinary for him including a friend he was with when he found out about Vernieri's death.

Daniel Rochat, left, with his attorneys Jim Doyle and Richard Potter before Superior Court Judge Margaret Foti in Hackensack.(Photo: Tariq Zehawi/NorthJersey.com)

Doyle also made arguments against the prosecution's seemingly most damaging evidence. Rochat's cellphone pinged off a tower that is directly by Vernieri's home at 10:39 a.m., a time that Rochat said he was sleeping in his apartment over a mile away. The prosecution's cellphone expert testified that it would be impossible for Rochat's phone to ping on that tower due to the number of towers in the area. The defense's cellphone expert argued differently, stating that a cellphone could potentially ping on that tower almost 11 miles away.

Doyle said the Bergen County Sheriff's Office use of Verizon's Real Time Tool records, used to approximate where a cellphone is located at the time of a call, is the wrong way to determine an individual's locationand that triangulation and GPS were better tools.

According to Doyle, the prosecution is throwing motives at the wall "to see what sticks" and that they do not have a clear motive and do not really know who killed Vernieri.

Prosecutor Danielle Grootenboer will begin her closing arguments Wednesdaymorning before jury instruction anddeliberations.

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Defense attorney argues DNA evidence should exonerate Rochat - NorthJersey.com

Georgia Tech News Center

Researchers Uncover New Instruction Manual to Repair Broken DNA Georgia Tech News Center Radiation and chemotherapy can cause a DNA double-strand break, one of the most harmful types of DNA damage. The process of homologous recombination which involves the exchange of genetic information between two DNA molecules plays an ...

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Researchers Uncover New Instruction Manual to Repair Broken DNA - Georgia Tech News Center