Category Archives: DNA

Like "Jurassic Park," what if you could use the science of DNA to resurrect long-extinct creatures that once roamed the earth?

Efforts to do that are actually underway.

Led by Dr. George Church "the Einstein of our times," according to author Ben Mezrich a lab at Harvard Medical School is working on bringing back the woolly mammoth through genetic engineering.

The process is detailed in Mezrich's new book, "Woolly: The True Story of the Quest to Revive One of History's Most Iconic Extinct Creatures," published by Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster which is a division of CBS. It's also being made into a movie.

"The woolly mammoths are coming up out of the ice. So the permafrost that is slowly getting warmer, these bodies are coming out and they're taking the genetic material and then they are synthesizing it and they're placing [it] into the cells of an Asian elephant so that an Asian elephant gives birth to a woolly mammoth," Mezrich said on "CBS This Morning: Saturday." "So essentially, you're recreating the mammoth using its relative that still exists today."

Mezrich likened the permafrost to "the ring of the world."

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"It's like a ticking time bomb. It contains within it more carbon than if we burned all the forests on Earth three times," Mezrich said. "And these Russian scientists, the Zimovs, have shown since the 80s that if you repopulate it with herbivores from the Pleistocene era -- and they're using tanks to mimic woolly mammoths and they're putting bison there -- they've managed to lower the temperature of the tundra by 15 degrees. So the goal is to put a herd of woolly mammoths in Siberian tundra to keep the permafrost from melting."

Mezrich said the woolly mammoths will help the world in an out-of-the-box way.

"I mean, elephants don't get cancer, which is very strange. Elephants have thousands and thousands of more cells than us. And why they don't get cancer is in their genes. If we can figure that out, we can use this genetic engineering to solve cancer," he said.

The author also addressed the ethical concerns related to these types of genetic engineering practices.

"The idea of playing God, the idea of making a mistake, of letting something out of the lab, these things come up. And that's why you need responsible scientists. Dr. George Church is an incredibly good person and you need people like that doing this because this box is open. The Pandora's box of this technology is here," Mezrich said. "There are labs all over the world not just making woolly mammoths but doing things that 10 years from now are going to have huge repercussions. So we want responsible scientists doing this."

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The race to revive woolly mammoths using ancient DNA - CBS News - CBS News

By Gabrielle Porter Saturday, July 1, 2017

New DNA testing is underway in a decades-old murder case after post-conviction lawyers for Verle James Mangum won the right to re-examine evidence used at his 2003 murder trial.

Mangum was convicted at trial of bludgeoning to death Clifton resident Janet Davis, 42, and her 11-year-old daughter, Jennifer, in 1996. He was 17 at the time of the murder and was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

Garfield County District Judge James Boyd ruled in November to order new testing after a series of arguments from defense attorneys Erin Wilson of Steamboat Springs and Kathleen McGuire of Denver. Prosecutors opposed the move.

We resisted (new testing), and in large part we did that because the conviction itself really wasnt based on DNA, said Chief Deputy District Attorney David Waite, adding that Mangums conviction was based on his own confession to two friends.

Wilson and McGuire wrote in motions filed with Boyd that Mangums confession was unreliable.

The statements made by Mr. Mangum were and are wholly unreliable given their content and the circumstances surrounding Mr. Mangums development and life experiences at the time the statements were made. Yet nothing related to Mr. Mangums development or life circumstances was ever investigated by his trial counsel or presented to the jury, the motion said. ... Expert testimony can and would explain how a young person could do what is almost unthinkable in the mind of an adult falsely confess to committing two murders (to friends).

Wilson and McGuire also argued that new and better technology is now available to test and retest certain pieces of evidence, and that Mangums trial lawyers mistakenly believed his DNA had been found on a comforter in Davis home.

Waite said that Boyd ultimately, I think in an abundance of caution, granted their motion for post-conviction DNA testing.

Wilson and McGuire declined to speak publicly about the case.

The newly ordered DNA testing is only the latest chapter in Mangums long and labyrinthine case.

Davis and her daughter Jennifer were found dead in their Clifton home on Feb. 15, 1996. Prosecutors initially filed murder charges against Davis husband, Jennifers father, which they dropped in 1997.

Mangum was arrested only after confessing to the crime. Despite the confession, he pleaded not guilty and was convicted by a jury in 2003.

Prosecutors asserted at trial that Mangum killed Davis after she caught him having sex with her young daughter while high on methamphetamine. He killed Jennifer as a witness, they said.

He was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

In the years after Mangums conviction, Colorado lawmakers took steps to prevent life sentences for juveniles with the passage of a 2006 law. The law also established that juveniles convicted of murder must be considered for parole after serving 40 years in prison; however, it was not made retroactive after family members of victims raised concerns, so Mangum was not considered for re-sentencing.

The Colorado Court of Appeals in 2007 affirmed Mangums Mesa County trial convictions.

In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court decided life sentences without the possibility for parole were unconstitutional for juveniles, even in cases where the juvenile is convicted as an adult.

In 2016, the high court added to that ruling, deciding that it should be applied to inmates who were sentenced before the 2012 decision, effectively tossing Mangums life sentence.

Wilson and McGuire wrote in motions that the re-sentencing issue is on hold until the DNA testing is complete.

Also still pending is a motion Mangum has made asserting that his attorneys including Richard Gurley, now a Mesa County district judge provided ineffective counsel during his first trial. Mangums case has been moved to Garfield County.

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DNA test could alter man's life sentence - Grand Junction Daily Sentinel

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New Natural Selection: How Scientists Are Altering DNA to ... Newsweek Scientists are altering our genetic code and engineering new forms of material that improve nature, from flowers that can detect bombs to bacteria that secretes ... and more »

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New Natural Selection: How Scientists Are Altering DNA to ... - Newsweek

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Your body produces billions of new cells every day. Each time one of your cells divides, it must first copy the genetic information contained within its nucleus. Copying the genetic information in one cell using this activity would take more than 95 years*, yet molecular machines in your cells accomplish this feat in about 6 to 8 hours.

In order to speed up the copying process, DNA replication begins at multiple locations along each chromosome. The two DNA strands are pulled apart and copied in both directions at the rate of about 50 nucleotides per second.**

It would take nearly 5,000 strands of DNA laid side by side to equal the width of a human hair. At the magnification shown here (about 7 million X), an average human chromosome would be about 621 kilometers (385 miles) long, or roughly the distance between San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA.

These models are based on the molecular structure of real nucleotides. The grey and white circles on the models represent partial positive and negative charges that form hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. These bonds work kind of like tiny magnets to hold the two DNA strands together. Complementary base-pairing ensures that DNA strands are copied accurately, with just a few errors for each round of replication. Forces between neighboring nucleotides stack the bases on top of one another and twist the DNA strands into a double-helix.

*Assuming a rate of 2 base pairs per second x the 6 billion base pairs you inherit from your parents.

**DNA replication in one direction is straight-forward. But replication in the other direction happens a little differently. For an explanation, see the the animations below.

Animations of DNA replication on HHMI's Biointeractive: Basic detail and Advanced detail

APA format:

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2016, March 1) Build a DNA Molecule. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/builddna/

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Build a DNA Molecule [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): Genetic Science Learning Center; 2016 [cited 2017 Jun 22] Available from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/builddna/

Chicago format:

Genetic Science Learning Center. "Build a DNA Molecule." Learn.Genetics.March 1, 2016. Accessed June 22, 2017. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/builddna/.

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Build a DNA Molecule

Genes are the blueprints of life. Genes control everything from hair color to blood sugar by telling cells which proteins to make, how much, when, and where. Genes exist in most cells. Inside a cell is a long strand of the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). A DNA sequence is a specific lineup of chemical base pairs along its strand. The part of DNA that determines what protein to produce and when, is called a gene.

First established in 1985 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, DNA testing has become an increasingly popular method of identification and research. The applications of DNA testing, or DNA fingerprinting within forensic science is often what most people think of when they hear the phrase. Popularized by television and cinema, using DNA to match blood, hair or saliva to criminals is one purpose of testing DNA. It is also frequently used for other benefits, like wildlife studies, paternity testing, body identification, and in studies pertaining to human dispersion. While most aspects of DNA are identical in samples from all human beings, concentrating on identifying patterns called microsatellites reveals qualities specific and unique to the individual. During the early stages of this science, a DNA test was performed using an analysis called restriction fragment length polymorphism. Because this process was extremely time consuming and required a great deal of DNA, new methods like polymerase chain reaction and amplified fragment length polymorphism have been employed. The benefits of DNA testing are ample. In 1987, Colin Pitchfork became the first criminal to be caught as a result of DNA testing. The information provided with DNA tests has also helped wrongfully incarcerated people like Gary Dotson and Dennis Halstead reclaim their freedom.

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DNA and Genes - 2017 News and Scientific Articles on Live Science

The 3D-printed portraits, titled Probably Chelsea, will hang on fishing line from a dropped ceiling in the center of the gallery. The gallerys director, Iliya Fridman, said, The Probably Chelseas will be in a lot of different places on the gender and race spectrum. It really demonstrates that there are so many elements of DNA that are common to humans.

The show isnt supposed to be about WikiLeaks, Mr. Fridman said, but sometimes the political parallel is too powerful to resist. A super-powerful dynamic happening here is that the freedom one could gain by defining ones own DNA in a variety of ways is really metaphorical to the freedom the entire country could gain from releasing secret data, Mr. Fridman said.

Mr. Fridman said the show would also feature images from a graphic short story illustrated by Shoili Kanungo, Suppressed Images, that recounts the collaboration between Ms. Manning and Ms. Dewey-Hagborg. The story ends with an image of Ms. Manning going to a gallery after her release.

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From Chelsea Manning's DNA Springs an Art Show - New York Times

If youre reworking a genome, you might want to heed the old saying, Measure twice, cut once. Otherwise, your attempts to right the genome or modify it for special purposes could end in genomic wrongsoff-target effects. For example, the popular gene-editing tool known as CRISPR could go astray, altering genes other than the ones it was meant to alter. If only CRISPRs potential slips could be foreseen! Then, perhaps, they could be avoided, and CRISPR would realize its potential not only in research, but also in medicine.

Scientists from The University of Texas at Austin took an important step toward safer gene-editing cures for life-threatening disorders, from cancer to HIV to Huntington's disease, by developing CHAMP, which stands for chip-hybridized association-mapping platform. It repurposes next-generation sequencing chips to enable the massively parallel profiling of proteinnucleic acid interactions.

The scientists used CHAMP to provide the first comprehensive survey of DNA recognition by a type I-E CRISPR-Cas (Cascade) complex and Cas3 nuclease. CHAMP, the scientists showed, was able to simultaneously measure the interactions between proteins and 107 unique DNA sequences.

Additional details appeared June 29 in the journal Cell, in an article entitled, Massively Parallel Biophysical Analysis of CRISPR-Cas Complexes on Next Generation Sequencing Chips. These details suggest that CHAMP provides a framework for high-throughput, quantitative analysis of proteinDNA interactions on synthetic and genomic DNA.

Analysis of mutated target sequences and human genomic DNA reveal that Cascade recognizes an extended protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), the articles authors wrote. Cascade recognizes DNA with a surprising 3-nt [nucleotide] periodicity. The identity of the PAM and the PAM-proximal nucleotides control Cas3 recruitment by releasing the Cse1 subunit.

Essentially, these findings led to a model for the biophysical constraints governing off-target DNA binding. This model, for example, suggests that Cascade pays less attention to every third letter in a DNA sequence than to the others.

"So, if it were looking for the word 'shirt' and instead found the word 'short,' it might be fine with that," explained Stephen Jones, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher at UT Austin and one of three co-lead authors of the Cell paper.

Knowing such rules could lead to better computer models for predicting which DNA segments a specific CRISPR molecule is likely to interact with. And that can save time and money in developing personalized gene therapies.

"You and I differ in about 1 million spots in our genetic code," said Ilya Finkelstein, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the department of molecular biosciences at UT Austin and the project's principal investigator. "Because of this genetic diversity, human gene editing will always be a custom-tailored therapy."

The researchers took a DIY approach to developing the equipment and software for their technique, using existing laboratory technology. The heart of the test is a standard next-generation genome sequencing chip already widely used in research and medicine. Two other key elementsdesigns for a 3D printed mount that holds the chip under a microscope and software the team developed for analyzing the resultsare open source. As a result, other researchers can easily replicate the technique in experiments involving CRISPR.

"Next-generation genome sequencing was invented to read genomes, but here we've turned the technology on its head to allow us to characterize how CRISPR interacts with genomes," noted Andy Ellington, Ph.D., a professor in the department of molecular biosciences, vp for research of the Applied Research Laboratories at UT Austin, and a co-author of the paper.

"If we're going to use CRISPR to improve peoples' health, we need to make sure we minimize collateral damage, commented Dr. Jones. And this work shows a way to do that."

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CRISPR Platform Scans DNA to Predict Off-Target Effects - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (press release)

LAS VEGAS, Nev. -- Cisco has entered the nascent market for intent-based networking systems with a grand vision of leading customers to a new era of network management. But realizing that vision will depend on whether Cisco can successfully integrate complex products and build effective support operations.

Cisco launched its intent-based networking system (IBNS) June 20 with the unveiling of the Digital Network Architecture (DNA) Center, the software console for creating and deploying configuration policies for a new line of campus switches called the Catalyst 9000s. This week, at its Cisco Live user conference, the company dedicated a considerable amount of time educating its customers on the use and capabilities of the modernized campus network infrastructure.

In general, an IBNS replaces manual configuration of switches, firewalls and other infrastructure components. On switches, it means a network operator no longer has to make configuration changes through the command-line interface (CLI) of each piece of equipment. Today, roughly 75% of organizations manage network infrastructure manually, according to Gartner.

Having a network management center that executes policy-based configurations makes a company's network more agile because changes can be made quickly based on the demands of business operations. Also, an intent-based networking system solves the leading cause of network outages -- misconfigurations and errors on the part of network operators.

Cisco has told customers that DNA Center will eventually become the central console for an intent-based networking system that touches the entire enterprise WAN, including data center, campus and cloud. For that to happen, however, a lot of other Cisco products will have to be integrated into DNA Center.

Those products include the Tetration network analytics engine, CloudCenter, which lets companies manage applications running on multiple clouds, and the Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC) that is the heart of Cisco's software-defined networking (SDN) system for the data center.

"Until [DNA Center] is integrated with those solutions, it's not a single pane of glass," said Brandon Carroll, the CEO of IT training company Global Config Technology Solutions Inc.

One area analysts will watch closely is how well Cisco can incorporate analytics to help customers do network monitoring, troubleshooting and identify threats through DNA network management center. Good analytics can also help customers create the most effective policies.

"Analytics is one of the most daunting pieces and one of the most challenging pieces and also one of the most important ones," said Brad Casemore, an analyst at IDC.

Beyond technology, Cisco also has business challenges. For example, the company will have to provide a way for customers to transition from old switches to the new gear that supports DNA Center. Today, the software communicates to the Catalyst 9000s through significant changes in IOS, the network operating system in the switches. Older Catalysts either wont work or will only support a limited number of the DNA Centers capabilities.

[For now] you still have that underlying infrastructure that you have to manage thats not part of the overall solution, Carroll said. Thats going to be the hardest part getting older equipment out [of customers environments] and the newer equipment in.

Also, each business unit responsible for selling a product that will go into DNAs network management center has to learn to work together in preparing the technology for testing through Ciscos online simulation platform, called the Virtual Internet Routing Lab.

We see little bits of them not getting along when you look at the VIRL product, Carroll said. There are a lot of other Cisco products that could be in VIRL if the business units work together to get their products into that solution.

Cisco has time to work out the kinks. Customers got technical details on the DNA network management center and related products for the first time at Cisco Live. Also, intent-based networking, in general, is just beginning to emerge, so no vendor has all the technology needed for a WAN deployment. Other vendors providing some form of intent-based networking include Apstra, Forward Networks, Veriflow and Waltz Networks. Industry experts expect Juniper Networks Ciscos largest competitor in the space to launch an IBNS soon.

The concepts behind intent-based networking have been around for more than a dozen years. Analysts are optimistic that current products are mature enough to start gaining traction in the market. Gartner estimates the number of companies with the technology in production will grow from fewer than 15 today to more than 1,000 by 2020.

Gartner lists four capabilities for a system to qualify as intent-based.

First, the user has to be able to create a high-level business policy that the product converts into network configurations. The system also has to be able to tell the user the potential impact of the changes before they are deployed;

An IBNS carries some risks, according to Gartner. These include the reliability of the algorithms that power the software. No one can say for sure how well they will work across all enterprise networks.

Other risks include the immaturity of many of the vendors in the market and whether typically conservative network operators will embrace the technology, particularly if early implementations result in high-profile failures.

Key features of a unified network management tool

Network functions virtualization requires a new network management model

The ABCs of unified network management

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Cisco faces challenges in building DNA network management center - TechTarget

A Lipizzan stallion named Conversano Sessana, born in 2001.The Y sequence that is needed as a template to detect variants in any horse is generated from a stallion of this breed. Spanische Hofreitschule Wien

A group of researchers led by Barbara Wallner of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics in Vienna, Austria sampled the genes of 52 modern horses representing 21 different breeds for their study. They included the famous white dancing Lipizzaners, quarter horses, cobs, Thoroughbreds and Arabians.

The team focused on the male specific

The findings were startling. Most of the horses in common use descend from just two lineages, the Arabian lineage from the Arabian Peninsula and the Turkoman lineage from the steppes of Central Asia, also widely known as "Oriental" among horse breeders, as reported in the Journal of Current Biology.

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"Apart from stallion lines in Northern European breeds, all stallion lines detected in other modern breeds derive from more recently introduced Oriental ancestors," Wallner said.

Its not surprising that a few studs would have a large number of progeny. Females can have one or two foals a year, while males can sire many.

It seems medieval horse breeders made great use of a few very strong specimens, Wallner said, breeding them with local mares.

The qualities they were looking for are still the same qualities people still admire today.

They wanted them because they were beautiful. They wanted them to be faster and stronger and lighter, Wallner told NBC News.

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Theres plenty of history about horse breeding and its no secret that Arabian stallions were desired and shipped long distances for breeding.

Of particular importance was the trend to import stallions from foreign studs to improve local herds. In central Europe, this practice started in the 16th century with the popularity of Spanish and Neapolitan stallions. Until the end of the 18th century, the Central European horse population was shaped by the introduction of Oriental stallions, they wrote.

A person riding a Lipizzan stallion. They perform in the Spanish Riding School in Vienna. Spanische Hofreitschule Wien

Wallners study shows just how few male lines ended up surviving the process.

Other research has looked at mitochondrial DNA, which females pass down virtually unchanged to their children. This collection of DNA is particularly diverse in horses, demonstrating that many, many mares are ancestors of modern horses.

Now Wallner wants to collect DNA from the remains of ancient horses to see if she can determine when wild horse were first domesticated, and where.

Similar recent studies have shown the surprising

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Horse Tale: Oriental Stallions Dominate Horse DNA, Gene Study Shows - NBCNews.com

June 29, 2017 Shown is the crystal structure of the FEN1 protein bound to its target DNA. Researchers found that single-stranded flaps are threaded through a tunnel in FEN1. The unexpected inversion of the threaded flap, guided by phosphate steering, keeps the phosphodiester bonds facing away from the metals that could inadvertently shred them. Credit: Susan Tsutakawa/Berkeley Lab

The actions of a protein used for DNA replication and repair are guided by electrostatic forces known as phosphate steering, a finding that not only reveals key details about a vital process in healthy cells, but provides new directions for cancer treatment research.

The findings, published this week in the journal Nature Communications, focus on an enzyme called flap endonuclease 1, or FEN1. Using a combination of crystallographic, biochemical, and genetic analyses, researchers at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) showed that phosphate steering kept FEN1 in line and working properly.

"FEN1, like many DNA replication and repair proteins, have paradoxical roles relevant to cancer," said study lead author Susan Tsutakawa, a biochemist at Berkeley Lab's Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division. "A mistake by FEN1 could damage the DNA, leading to the development of cancer. On the other side, many cancers need replication and repair proteins to survive and to repair DNA damaged from cancer treatments. New evidence shows that phosphate steering helps ensure that FEN1 behaves as it should to prevent genome instability."

During the process of replication, double-stranded DNA unzips to expose the nucleotides along its two separate strands. In that process, flaps of single-stranded DNA are created. The job of FEN1 is to remove those flaps by positioning metal catalysts so that they can break down the phosphodiester bonds that make up the backbone of nucleic acid strands. This cleavage action occurs in the duplex DNA near the junction with the single-stranded flap.

Flaps that remain uncleaved can lead to toxic DNA damage that either kill the cell or cause extensive mutations. For example, trinucleotide repeat expansions, a mutation associated with disorders such as Huntington's disease and fragile X syndrome, are characterized by the failure of FEN1 to cut off the excess strand.

"What had been unclear before our study was how FEN1 was able to identify its exact target while preventing the indiscriminate cutting of single-stranded flaps," said Tsutakawa. "There must be a way for this protein to not shred similar targets, such as single-stranded RNA or DNA. Getting that right is critical."

Tsutakawa worked with corresponding author John Tainer, Berkeley Lab research scientist and a professor at the University of Texas, at the Advanced Light Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility that produces extremely bright X-ray beams suitable for solving the atomic structure of protein and DNA complexes. Using X-ray crystallography, they were able to get a molecular-level view of the FEN1 protein structure.

They determined that the single-stranded flap threaded through a small hole formed by the FEN1 protein. The size of the hole serves as an extra check that FEN1 is binding the correct target. However, they surprisingly found that the single-stranded flap is inverted such that the more vulnerable part of the DNA, the phosphodiester backbone, faces away from the metal catalysts, thereby reducing the chance of inadvertent incision.

The inversion is guided by a positively charged region in FEN1 that stabilizes the upside-down position and steers the negatively charged phosphodiester of the single-stranded DNA through the FEN1 tunnel.

"These metals are like scissors and will cut any DNA near them," said Tsutakawa. "The positively charged region in FEN1 acts like a magnet, pulling the flap away from these metals and protecting the flap from being cut. This is how FEN1 avoids cutting single-stranded DNA or RNA."

"This phosphate steering is a previously unknown mechanism for controlling the specificity of FEN1," she added. "Cancer cells need FEN proteins to replicate, so understanding how FEN1 works could help provide targets for research into treatments down the line."

Explore further: Enzyme follows a two-step verification system before cutting and repairing DNA damage

More information: Susan E. Tsutakawa et al, Phosphate steering by Flap Endonuclease 1 promotes 5-flap specificity and incision to prevent genome instability, Nature Communications (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15855

Microscopes that reveal the hidden complexities of life down to the nanoscale level have shown in exquisite detail how an enzyme involved in DNA repair works its molecular magic.

An international team of scientists has discovered how compounds block flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) - a crucial enzyme class in the DNA damage response and potential target for cancer treatment.

(PhysOrg.com) -- An enzyme essential for DNA replication and repair in humans works in a way that might be exploited as anti-cancer therapy, say researchers at The Scripps Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley National ...

Breaks in DNA can cause chromosome rearrangements, abnormalities linked to cancer. Now Yale scientists have identified how the molecule DNA2 helps begin the complex process of repairing these breaks.

Almost all life on Earth is based on DNA being copied, or replicated. Now for the first time scientists have been able to watch the replication of a single DNA molecule, with some surprising findings. For one thing, there's ...

Cancer is caused by the growth of an abnormal cell which harbours DNA mutations, "copy errors" occurring during the DNA replication process. If these errors do take place quite regularly without having any damaging effect ...

Photosynthesis is one of the most complicated and important processesresponsible for kick-starting Earth's food chain. While we have modeled its more-than-100 major steps, scientists are still discovering the purpose of ...

Whether or not society shakes its addiction to oil and gasoline will depend on a number of profound environmental, geopolitical and societal factors.

The actions of a protein used for DNA replication and repair are guided by electrostatic forces known as phosphate steering, a finding that not only reveals key details about a vital process in healthy cells, but provides ...

Worker and queen honeybees exposed to field realistic levels of neonicotinoids die sooner, reducing the health of the entire colony, a new study led by York University biologists has found.

If aliens sent an exploratory mission to Earth, one of the first things they'd noticeafter the fluffy white clouds and blue oceans of our water worldwould be the way vegetation grades from exuberance at the equator ...

Researchers from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) publish results of a large-scale, field-realistic experiment to assess neonicotinoid impacts on honeybees and wild bees across Europe, in the peer-review journal Science ...

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Researchers identify new mechanism for keeping DNA protein in line - Phys.Org