Category Archives: DNA

Read: The genetic legacy of the Spanish inquisition

I was really excited to see this paper, says Wendy Robinson, a medical geneticist at the University of British Columbia who was not involved in the study. She had suspected that uniparental disomy occurs in healthy people more often than reported. But until recently, healthy people were not taking DNA tests by the millions. A doctor might see a few patients with an unusual disorder, order DNA tests to discover uniparental disomy, and then publish a paper. Its like only searching for flowerpots under streetlights and concluding that every flowerpot must be under a streetlight.

The people in 23andMe and U.K. Biobank, on the other hand, skew healthy, and it turns out that even healthy people can have what might seem to be big genetic anomalies. I like to say its normal to be abnormal, Robinson says. She adds that uniparental disomy sometimes comes up in prenatal tests, and the results can make parents anxious because the existing scientific research is essentially a catalog of everything that can go wrong. This study might add some reassurance. Just because you have that doesnt automatically mean theres going to be anything wrong with your child, she says.

Uniparental disomy is the result of an error during meiosis, the process that forms eggs and sperm. Scientists have proposed different mechanisms, but the most common scenario probably goes like this: The error in meiosis gives the egg or sperm an extra copy of one chromosome, so the resulting embryo ends up with three copies on it. Sometimes, these embryos are spontaneously aborted, but other times, they are able to go through trisomy rescue, in which some cells lose that extra third chromosome and eventually outcompete the non-normal cells. The resulting child ends up with the right number of chromosomes, but not necessarily one from each parent.

This is all much more complicated than the standard story of sperm meets egg, yet the result is still a healthy child. It goes against so many of the rules of biology youve memorized in school, says Priyanka Nakka, a postdoctoral fellow at Boston Childrens Hospital and former 23andMe intern who co-wrote the study. Scientists have theorized and later discovered other ways that conception can go very much awry yet still result in healthy children, such as sesquizygotic twins.

When uniparental disomy does lead to health problems, it is for one of two reasons. First, a child might inherit two copies of a rare, recessive mutation from one parent. Second, some genes are normally turned off or on depending on which parent theyre inherited from in a phenomenon called genomic imprinting. That means inheriting two copies from the same parent can cause various health issues. For example, two maternal copies of chromosome 15 leads to Prader-Willi syndrome; two paternal copies leads to Angelman syndrome. They are distinct genetic disorders with very distinct symptoms.

Read more from the original source:
Its Possible to Inherit More DNA From One Parent Than the Other - The Atlantic

We have read how DNA data storage is about to go viral. At SynBioBeta 2019, this was made even more clear after a panel discussion of leaders in the field forecasted that costs for storing information in DNA could drop to $100 per terabyte in as little as five years with the right investment. While challenges remain for automating the DNA reading/writing process, experts are increasingly leaning towards DNA as a long-term information storage solution, particularly for archiving culturally significant data.

A lot of our interactions every day are mired in data transfer, said Henry Lee, co-founder of Kern Systems.

From cat memes to satellite photos, the amount of data were generating worldwide is growing exponentially. The technologies for storing that data are not advancing as quickly. Fortunately, nature has evolved its own elegant solution for information storage: DNA.

DNA stores all of the information required to make a human or a plant in an incredibly tiny package. A small but growing group of scientists is now working to replicate that storage strategy to preserve digital data.

Its all based on translating bits into bases, said Karin Strauss, Principal Research Manager at Microsoft. Every two bits of information translates into one of the four DNA nucleotides. Once the sequences are mapped out in software, the DNA is synthesized

The other half of the DNA storage equation is recovering the bits (or reading the DNA) via sequencing.

Now that we know how to read DNA, well always be able to read it, so its an eternally relevant means of data storage, said Strauss.

DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing technologies were not designed for writing and reading digital information. A lot of energy has gone into making perfect DNA, said Bill Peck, Chief Technology Officer at Twist Bioscience. But we might be able to resolve error-ridden sequences using good software.

Essentially when were making DNA, were actually making millions and millions of the same molecules at the same time, said Lee. In a data storage system, you can use that as redundancy. Data scientists use algorithms to encode redundancy in digital media storage devices like DVDs. That redundancy can be used to correct errors.

We very much can tolerate errors in the DNA and we are willing to give up on some quality for other benefits, said Strauss. The beauty of computer science is that we can still recover the data bit by bit.

So far, the process isnt cheap.

When DNA is synthesized, its essentially printed onto silicon chips, and silicon is expensive. Twist is pushing the limits on how much DNA you can print on a single chip, said Peck, but that innovation is also expensive. The panelists almost unanimously agreed that significant investments are required to make DNA-based data storage a practical reality.

Another significant cost involved in the writing-storage-reading workflow is labor.

There are writers and readers that are fully automated today, said Strauss, but the entire process is not automated. Everything between DNA synthesis and sequencing, such as preparing sequencing libraries, is still done by hand. Liquid handling robots can help, but Strausss team is trying to find ways to automate more affordably, so that the entire process is scalable.

Kern Systems and Molecular Assemblies are working to make synthesis more scalable by innovating the manufacturing process. Theyre focused on enzyme-based synthesis, a change in paradigm from the chemical-based methods weve been using for the last 30 years.

Investment is an issue here too.

Were trying to come up with the ink that will drive the printer to write DNA, said Bill Efcavitch, cofounder of Molecular Assemblies, but were going to need partnerships to engineer those enzymes at scale.

While increased investments are needed to make DNA-based data storage practical at scale, Lee predicts people will start using the technology within the next 2-3 years.

Government agencies could be early customers, said Efcavitch, because they need to store massive amounts of data for long periods of time.

Peck and Strauss agreed that the first use of the technology will likely be archival. There is a lot of intrinsic value in figuring out how to store culturally significant information like music for millennia, said Peck.

Down the line, Lee hopes to see the technology in many more hands. Were interested in how we can miniaturize this, he said. If the technology isnt siloed, then he expects that biohackers will help build additional apps.

Fundamentally, storing digital information in DNA is a very simple idea. When you begin to imagine how the technology might be used in the real world, it gets a lot more complicated.

For instance, when it comes to actually retrieving information that is stored in DNA, you probably dont want to have to sequence an entire library. We need to develop the DNA equivalent of a digital search function. Strausss team is using machine learning to develop search capabilities within molecules.

Right now, the focus has been on cold data data that doesnt need to be accessed very often. DNA sequencers until recently were based on batch processes, said Strauss. But new sequencing technologies such as Oxford Nanopores are more real-time. Real-time sequencing is a step in the hot data storage direction, but we still have a long way to go.

The digital storage world is so new, we really dont know what its going to look like in 5 years, said Peck. Ironically, digital storage is also relatively new, but now things arent considered archived until theyre digitized, so the technology might move faster than we think.

When it comes to hot storage the kind of instantaneous, on-demand access to data that flash drives provide the best way to make things happen is to tell a bunch of scientists and engineers that its impossible, said Peck. So, its impossible

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DNA is the future for data storage. That future is coming very soon. - SynBioBeta

Related video above: This Day in History: Aviator Amelia Earhart vanishes over the Pacific OceanA skull and other bone fragments that were found on a remote Pacific island may, in fact, belong to the famous female aviator Amelia Earhart.But it may take modern DNA testing to help researchers close the case.The bones were found on Nikumaroro, a remote island in the western Pacific Ocean, in 1940. But it wasn't until a 2018 study when people began to suspect they could very well belong to Earhart. That's when researcher Richard Jantz re-examined their measurements and found they closely matched those of the missing aviator.Now, Dr. Erin Kimmerle, a forensic anthropologist at South Florida University, will use DNA testing to confirm the theory. Kimmerle sent samples off for DNA testing and is awaiting the results.She was invited by National Geographic and will appear in an upcoming documentary about the pilot.Whether or not the bones are positively identified as Earhart's, Kimmerle sees this as an exciting opportunity to focus on the legendary woman's life, rather than the story of her death."I think a lot of the focus is always on the mystery," she told CNN. "And, certainly, we always want to solve that and find out what happened. But whether this is her or not, in a historic case like this that gets so much attention is really looking at that person's life and what they achieved."The bones in question were originally dismissed by a researcher as male remains. Then, for decades, the bones he incorrectly identified were missing. Last year, they turned up in a museum on the island of Tarawa.If the bones are confirmed to be Earhart's, the flurry of theories surrounding her sudden, mysterious disappearance will be quashed, confirming that she did not die in a crash but survived for some time as a castaway far out in the Pacific.The day she disappeared from the skyAs a determined record-breaker, Earhart committed herself to becoming the first woman to fly around the world. In June 1937, she took off from Lae, New Guinea with her navigator Fred Noonan, intending to finish the journey by landing on Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean.On July 2, when approaching Howland Island, the pair radioed the US Coast Guard that they were low on fuel and having difficulty finding the island.That day, the pair disappeared from the skies forever.The US Navy and Coast Guard searched for the missing pilot and her navigator for weeks, but could never find ruins of the crash or the pair.A symbol of women's empowermentThe chatter and speculation about her disappearance often eclipses her groundbreaking career as a female aviator. Though she was only 40 years old when she died, Earhart's life was filled with record-breaking accomplishments that have made her an inspirational figure to many.In 1932, she became the first woman -- and the second pilot after Charles Lindbergh -- to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.Later that same year, she became the first woman to make a nonstop, solo flight across the United States, beginning in Los Angeles and arriving in Newark, New Jersey, 19 hours and five minutes later.She was also a founder and the first president of the Ninety-Nines, an organization chartered by 99 female pilots intended to promote recruitment of female aviators and provide business and social resources to its members.

Related video above: This Day in History: Aviator Amelia Earhart vanishes over the Pacific Ocean

A skull and other bone fragments that were found on a remote Pacific island may, in fact, belong to the famous female aviator Amelia Earhart.

But it may take modern DNA testing to help researchers close the case.

The bones were found on Nikumaroro, a remote island in the western Pacific Ocean, in 1940. But it wasn't until a 2018 study when people began to suspect they could very well belong to Earhart. That's when researcher Richard Jantz re-examined their measurements and found they closely matched those of the missing aviator.

Now, Dr. Erin Kimmerle, a forensic anthropologist at South Florida University, will use DNA testing to confirm the theory. Kimmerle sent samples off for DNA testing and is awaiting the results.

She was invited by National Geographic and will appear in an upcoming documentary about the pilot.

Whether or not the bones are positively identified as Earhart's, Kimmerle sees this as an exciting opportunity to focus on the legendary woman's life, rather than the story of her death.

"I think a lot of the focus is always on the mystery," she told CNN. "And, certainly, we always want to solve that and find out what happened. But whether this is her or not, [the real value] in a historic case like this that gets so much attention is really looking at that person's life and what they achieved."

The bones in question were originally dismissed by a researcher as male remains. Then, for decades, the bones he incorrectly identified were missing. Last year, they turned up in a museum on the island of Tarawa.

If the bones are confirmed to be Earhart's, the flurry of theories surrounding her sudden, mysterious disappearance will be quashed, confirming that she did not die in a crash but survived for some time as a castaway far out in the Pacific.

As a determined record-breaker, Earhart committed herself to becoming the first woman to fly around the world. In June 1937, she took off from Lae, New Guinea with her navigator Fred Noonan, intending to finish the journey by landing on Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean.

On July 2, when approaching Howland Island, the pair radioed the US Coast Guard that they were low on fuel and having difficulty finding the island.

That day, the pair disappeared from the skies forever.

The US Navy and Coast Guard searched for the missing pilot and her navigator for weeks, but could never find ruins of the crash or the pair.

The chatter and speculation about her disappearance often eclipses her groundbreaking career as a female aviator. Though she was only 40 years old when she died, Earhart's life was filled with record-breaking accomplishments that have made her an inspirational figure to many.

In 1932, she became the first woman -- and the second pilot after Charles Lindbergh -- to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Later that same year, she became the first woman to make a nonstop, solo flight across the United States, beginning in Los Angeles and arriving in Newark, New Jersey, 19 hours and five minutes later.

She was also a founder and the first president of the Ninety-Nines, an organization chartered by 99 female pilots intended to promote recruitment of female aviators and provide business and social resources to its members.

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Researchers hope DNA may prove whether bones found on remote island were Amelia Earhart's - WAPT Jackson

In the late 1990s, geneticists began studying extinct species DNA, analyzing hair and bone preserved in frozen tundra. At that time, most computers stored data on floppy disks that held just 1.44 megabytes of memory smaller than the average selfie. Today, those disks might as well be Ice Age artifacts, too. Not only is their storage capacity miniscule by todays standards, but recovering their data is practically impossible, due to the degradation of their materials and the special equipment required to read them.

The floppy disk encapsulates some of the greatest long-term challenges to computer science. According to Microsoft principal researcher Karin Strauss, future storage will need exponentially greater density to hold the data we produce as electronic devices become a greater part of our lives. Plus, long-term archiving will depend on preserving data in a format that will remain readable, on materials that wont degrade.

The answer to those challenges may lie in you, me and those same prehistoric beasts geneticists studied years ago. DNA can last for a long time, says Strauss, who is also a professor at the University of Washington. Plus, it can also store lots of information in very little space: All the genetic instructions for a mammoth lie in a single molecule. By Strauss calculation, a whole data center would be no larger than a couple cubes of sugar. And since its the code used by all life on Earth, well always be able to read it, she says.

The idea of storing data in DNA predates Microsoft and floppy disks, if not quite the woolly mammoth. DNA is a twisted ladder with rungs made of four different substrates that connect in pairs to hold the ladder together. The order of these substrates, known as bases, provides assembly instructions for the organism. In the late 1960s, scientists realized that DNA could carry other information if researchers could dictate the bases order and machines could read that order. Thanks to advances in genome sequencing and genetic engineering, these processes have finally become efficient in the past couple of decades.

Computers have also evolved to become more powerful. Still, nobody knew how to efficiently retrieve precise bits of information from DNA. That task is not trivial, says UW computer scientist Luis Ceze, who directs Microsofts research initiative with Strauss.

This year, in a joint effort by Microsoft and UW, Strauss, Ceze and their colleagues demonstrated how DNA could support future data centers. The team combined software that encodes and decodes data into DNA with machines that produce genetic material and prepare it to be read by the software. With that system, they managed to store and retrieve the word hello. The whole process took 21 hours, but, critically, it was totally autonomous. For DNA storage to be practical, we need to remove the human from the loop, says Strauss. Her robot is the first proof-of-concept for a whole new species of computing.

Still, some scientists question whether DNA is the best molecule for the job. The structure of natural DNA came from four billion years of Darwinian evolution, observes Steven Benner, a distinguished fellow at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution. In that time, DNA has developed a lot of evolutionary baggage that can get in the way of smooth operation in computers, like physical differences in how base pairs behave. To address this, Benner has recently developed four artificial bases that work similarly to DNAs bases, but dont have those inherited differences.

Strauss readily acknowledges the baggage, and the long-term potential of Benners bases. But she points out that those billions of years of evolution have provided a good starting point. Equally important, she notes, theres a vast biotech industry developing the machinery that can help bring DNA storage from the lab to the data center. I think DNA is the best first molecule for molecular information technology, she says.

Read more here:
Why DNA Might Be the Data Storage Solution of the Future - Discover Magazine

A British man has been found guilty of 36 counts of rape after DNA tests proved he fathered at least six children with one of his own daughters, according to reports.

The Welshman, who cannot be named to protect his victims identities, raped at least two of his daughters and even one of the girls born from his decades-long abuse, Swansea Crown Court heard.

The sicko told the girls he wanted to teach them how to have sex so they would be ready for future boyfriends and made at least one have sex with other men while he watched, according to WalesOnline.

He pretended to use witchcraft to manipulate his victims, even creating a fake mystic who told them to have sex with him, the court heard of the abuse over at least 20 years.

These sickening acts of abuse were carried out by a person that was supposed to protect and care for the victims, but instead he systematically controlled their lives, grooming them for his sexual gratification, prosecutor Hayley Fackrell told the court.

The details were so horrific jurors were offered counseling, according to the report.

I have been involved in criminal cases as a barrister and as a judge for 40 years. This is in the top three worst cases I have ever had to deal with, Judge Paul Thomas told the jury.

The man denied 36 charges of rape and one charge of sexual assault but was found guilty on all counts after just four hours deliberation, WalesOnline said.

He will be sentenced next Friday. You will not be surprised to hear a very long prison sentence awaits you, the judge told him.

Detective Chief Inspector Paul Jones of Dyfed-Powys Police said he hoped the verdict would help the victims rebuild their lives.

It is very difficult to summarize the impact of his crimes upon his victims, Jones said, according to the report.

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DNA proved British pedophile fathered 6 kids with his own daughter - New York Post

A supposedly rare genetic quirk might be more common than we think, according to new research out Thursday. The study, based largely on 23andMe data, suggests that one in every 2,000 people are born with two copies of a gene from only a single parent, often with no serious health consequences.

Ordinarily, a persons egg or sperm cells have one set of the genes that make up their chromosomes (other cells in our body have two sets). When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting fertilized zygote will then have two sets of 23 chromosomes, one from each parent, making 46 chromosomes in total. If all goes well, the zygote multiplies and divides until it becomes a person, one with an even allocation of gene copies from both parents.

But a sex cell can occasionally have two copies of the same gene. And if that cell becomes part of a zygote, itll have more gene copies or even a whole chromosome more than it should, which often leads to an early death. Sometimes, though, the cell can rescue itself by trimming off the third copy. And if that trimming cuts out the copy from the normal parental cell, you can be left with two copies of a gene from the same parent, a condition thats known as uniparental disomy (UPD).

Documented cases of UPD are incredibly rare, with the first being discovered in the 1980s and only around 3,300 recorded in total worldwide. Many of these cases have involved people born with a wide array of genetic conditions linked to their UPD as well as an increased chance of cancer. Some researchers, based on these reports, have estimated that anywhere from one in 3,500 to one in 5,000 people in the world might have UPD.

But according to the authors behind this new study, which includes 23andMes in-house research team, the only surefire way to know how commonly UPD happens is to study the genes of lots of people at once. And thats what they set out to do, combing through the de-identified genetic data of over 4.4 million 23andMe customers, as well as another database of nearly 500,000 UK residents.

Their research, published Thursday in The American Journal of Human Genetics, uncovered 675 people with UPD across both groups. To figure out how often UPD occurs in the general population, they also looked at the rate of UPD specifically among trios of parents and children. They found 105 cases among 200,000 such groups in the 23andMe dataset, amounting to roughly one in every 2,000 births.

So thats about twice as common as was previously thought, lead author Priyanka Nakka, a postdoctoral research fellow at Boston Childrens Hospital and former 23andMe intern, told Gizmodo.

As Nakka and her co-authors acknowledge, people who sign up for 23andMe research arent completely representative of the general populationtheyre typically wealthier, healthier, and whiter, for starters. Their methods for classifying whether someone has UPD arent foolproof either, and they didnt work at all for isolated populations of people with relatively high levels of inbreeding in their past, such as Ashkenazi Jewish people. But given the large sample sizes involved here, the study does provide a much clearer picture of UPD than anything else to date.

For those worried, its worth pointing out that many, if not most, people with UPD seem to live perfectly healthy lives without ever knowing about their genetic quirk. In the study, the team didnt find any significant association between people with UPD and known genetic diseases or conditions, even in extremely rare cases where people had an entire chromosome inherited from one parent. Extended to the current U.S. population of 327 million, that would roughly amount to around 160,000 blissfully unaware people living with UPD.

We found that a little surprising, Nakka said. Because in the past, UPD is always been written about as this genetic phenomenon that can cause imprinting disorders or unmask deleterious mutations.

Some genes in people are imprinted from one parent, meaning that only one copy is ever turned on. So if someone with UPD has two copies of a gene from their dad, but the gene is only supposed to be active from the mothers side, both copies are effectively useless, which can obviously be very bad. Other times, the two copies, if theyre completely identical, can unmask a harmful recessive mutation that wouldnt have existed otherwise. But according to Nakka, there seem to be plenty of situations where having UPD along a certain gene or chromosome doesnt cause either thing to happen.

That said, this research might help others better understand why UPD happens, how it can be harmful, and possibly even provide some insight into conditions not previously tied to UPD. The authors found evidence, for instance, that factors like having an older mother were linked to a higher risk of UPD. They also found some weak evidence that specific types of UPD in certain chromosomes could be linked to lower weight, shorter height, and autism spectrum disorder. These findings, the authors wrote, merit further research.

And more than anything, Nakka said, their research illustrates how much there is left to uncover about our biology and genes.

As a biologist, I just think its interesting that there are all of these rules of biology, like mitosis and segregation, that we take for granted. But that actually, there might be all these exceptions to them, she said.

Continue reading here:
Over 150,000 Americans Have Rare DNA Fluke and Don't Know It, Study of 23andMe Data Finds - Gizmodo

(KGW) Near the elevators of Oregon Health and Science Universitys Knight Cancer Research Building, you wont find Doritos or Coca-Cola inside the vending machines.

Youll find DNA kits instead.

The idea behind the vending machines started about a year ago.

The DNA kits are a unique way for researchers to learn more about how behaviors, lifestyle and genetics play a role in a persons risk for cancer.

Its more than a DNA kit. The Healthy Oregon Project app also lets anyone who downloads it fill out surveys that give researchers a better understanding about how lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases. The app will also give you important information as well.

I think its a really novel opportunity to think about what is the population level risk of having these different genetic mutations. I think its exciting to provide that information to people, explains OHSUs Dr. Jackilen Shannon.

To read more on this story, click HERE.

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DNA kits available in Oregon vending machine - WDTN.com

STONY BROOK, N.Y.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Applied DNA Sciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: APDN) (Applied DNA, the Company), a leader in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA manufacturing for product authenticity and traceability solutions, announced today that it has entered into a partnership with Molecular Isotope Technologies, LLC (MIT LLC), a pioneer and leader in the application of natural-abundance stable-isotopic analysis provided under the trademarks Natures Fingerprint and IsoPedigree. MIT LLCs technology utilizes stable isotopic "fingerprints" as a method for verification of product origin and supply chain processing to support product claims.

For 20 years MIT LLC has provided patented services to the bio/pharmaceutical industry which have been successfully employed in various legal matters, supporting pharmaceutical patent-infringement and fraud lawsuits. These authentication services are tailored to specific product and supply chain processes and will be offered by Applied DNA as an additional component of its CertainT platform to tag, test and track raw materials and finished goods. MIT LLC will support and promote the CertainT platform as a service complementary to its own.

Through the combined power of our cutting-edge technologies, Applied DNA offers brand owners one-stop-shop access to unique analytical tools to verify product and process authenticity for brand assurance and provenance with forensic certainty. This partnership with MIT LLC enhances Applied DNAs CertainT feature-set by offering additional datapoints for deeper product and supply chain intelligence supported by world-class forensic laboratory services. The large-scale tagging and authentication of customer-specific DNA identity at most any supply chain node, combined with genotyping identification allies perfectly with stable-isotopic identification of origin and process. We expect our enhanced portfolio will serve to further our penetration of key markets such as textiles, adding another level of identity for organic cotton, among other natural materials, stated Judy Murrah, chief information officer of Applied DNA.

Dr. John P. Jasper, chief scientific officer and founder of MIT LLC, said, Our partnership with Applied DNA offers great specificity in forensic authentication to our joint customers, amplifying product and process claims throughout highly complex global supply chains. Nearly 40 years of work in this area of natural-abundance stable-isotope science and service across several industries has led to a deep knowledge and insight into the chemistry which has evolved into patented processes for protecting intellectual-property and product claims.

Stable-isotopic fingerprints within materials provide innate chemical evidence of their chemical, geographic, and industrial provenance and major processing-dependent characteristics. They derive from the natural abundance of various stable isotopes including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and others that vary in their isotopic ratios and are present in soil, water and other organic materials and become integrated with the chemical composition of a product from raw materials through synthetic intermediates to finished products. Discrete process steps may alter isotopic fingerprints, permitting the identification of deviations in locale or materiel. MIT LLCs existing and pending patents variously encompass the use of natural-abundance stable-isotopic analysis for establishing both product and process fingerprints.

About Molecular Isotopes Technologies, LLC

Founded in 1999, Molecular Isotope Technologies (MIT LLC) owns and uses the trademarks Natures Fingerprint and IsoPedigree. Via highly precise natural-abundance stable-isotopic analysis, MIT LLC significantly contributes to the definition of intellectual-property provenance and to the mitigation of intellectual-property infringement of various organic (e.g., bio/pharmaceutical, agricultural, and other) products and the synthetic pathways by which they were produced. After having established the isotopic provenance and process pathways of various bio/pharmaceutical materials, MIT LLC has provided the isotopic evidence that has protected more than $2 billion of bio/pharmaceutical products.

About Applied DNA Sciences

Applied DNA is a provider of molecular technologies that enable supply chain security, anti-counterfeiting and anti-theft technology, product genotyping and isolation of circulating tumor cells and the development of pre-clinical nucleic acid-based therapeutic drug candidates.

Applied DNA makes life real and safe by providing innovative, molecular-based technology solutions and services that can help protect products, brands, entire supply chains, and intellectual property of companies, governments and consumers from theft, counterfeiting, fraud and diversion.

Visit adnas.com for more information. Follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn. Join our mailing list.

Common stock listed on NASDAQ under the symbol APDN, and warrants are listed under the symbol APDNW.

Forward-Looking Statements

The statements made by Applied DNA in this press release may be forward-looking in nature within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements describe Applied DNAs future plans, projections, strategies and expectations, and are based on assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the control of Applied DNA. Actual results could differ materially from those projected due to its ability to continue as a going concern, its history of net losses, limited financial resources, limited market acceptance, uncertainties relating to its ability to maintain its NASDAQ listing in light of delisting notices received and its recent hearing, our ability to penetrate key markets, and various other factors detailed from time to time in Applied DNAs SEC reports and filings, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on December 18, 2018, as amended, our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q filed on February 7, 2019, May 9, 2019 and August 13, 2019, and other reports we file with the SEC, which are available at http://www.sec.gov. Applied DNA undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless otherwise required by law.

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Applied DNA Partners with Molecular Isotope Technologies to Elevate CertainT for Brand Assurance and Provenance - Business Wire

After twelve years, have we finally found out what happened to Natalee Holloway? Early DNA tests on the human remains discovered in Aruba indicate they might belong to the missing teenager!

Its been more than a decade since Natalee Holloway went missing in Aruba, as the Alabama native vanished on May 30, 2005. Now, 12 years later, her family might finally have some closure. Human remains discovered at a burial site in Aruba reportedly belong to a young woman of eastern European descent, according to DailyMail. Early DNA tests on these bones seem to match the remains to Natalee, as her family is of eastern European heritage. Further DNA testing is needed to confirm these initial findings, but it appears that this discovery is the breakthrough the Holloways have been hoping for.

The full DNA testing results which will determine if the bone fragments belong the missing 18-year-old girl are expected within two weeks, a source close to the case tells DailyMail. The nature of these remains means further testing is required before anything can be confirmed, the source added. The discovery is part of The Disappearance of Natalee Holloway, a docuseries featuring her father, Dave Holloway, and private investigator TJ Ward searching for answers. Natalees mother, Beth Holloway, has also assisted in the search, as she reportedly provided a saliva sample to help out in the remains DNA testing.

Experts are reportedly conducting a mitochondrial DNA test (mtDNA test) on the remains at a reputable, undisclosed lab in the US, the source tells DailyMail. These tests race a persons matrilineal or mother-sideancestry using DNA. This DNA is unchanged when passed down by the mother to all her children. If the mtDNA inside the fragments match the mtDNA in Beths saliva, itll be conclusive evidence that these remains belong to Natalee.

Natalees father made the announcement that he and TJ had discovered the remains after an 18-month undercover investigation on the Aug. 16 episode of the Today show. An individual who had personal knowledge from Joran van der Sloot, 30, the prime suspect in Natalees disappearance, led them to the remains. However, the Aruban authorities are calling Daves claim into question. During an investigation by police in an area indicated by Mr. Holloway, we found remains, but they were found to be from animals, Aruba Public Prosecutor Dorean Kardol told the Huffington Post.

Plus, the FBI says they dont have records of human remains being brought into the U.S. from Aruba in connection with the Holloway case. On top of that, if these remains did belong to Natalee, they would be useless when coming to prosecuting the killer. Tampering with the evidence aka removing them for testing violates the chain of custody. If we wanted to take the case to court, Dorean Kardol said, we would be in trouble because we could not use that evidence.

What do you think, HollywoodLifers? Do you think they might have found Natalees remains?

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Have Natalee Holloway's Remains Finally Been Found? DNA Results Promising, Says Report - Hollywood Life

In an astonishing step forward in biomolecular computing, Harvard researchers encoded a 19th century film clip in DNA and stored it inside living bacteria. Later, they sequenced the bacterium's genome and decoded the film. From IEEE Spectrum:

To get a movie into E. colis DNA, (neuroscientist Seth) Shipman and his colleagues had to disguise it. They converted the movies pixels into DNAs four-letter codemolecules represented by the letters A,T,G and Cand synthesized that DNA. But instead of generating one long strand of code, they arranged it, along with other genetic elements, into short segments that looked like fragments of viral DNA.

E. coli is naturally programmed by its own DNA to grab errant pieces of viral DNA and store them in its own genomea way of keeping a chronological record of invaders. So when the researchers introduced the pieces of movie-turned-synthetic DNAdisguised as viral DNAE. colis molecular machinery grabbed them and filed them away.

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Researchers encoded a film clip in DNA and store it inside a living ... - Boing Boing