Category Archives: Tms

The Eagle Huntressis available now on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital, which means many more will now have to opportunity to see Aisholpans captivating journey to becoming an eagle hunter from capturing a young chick to her first hunt. While Aisholpan comes across as very humble in this email interview, the documentary will give you a look at a smart and capable girl who fiercely pursues her goals without hesitation or even complaint.

You can see also check out our conversation with director Otto Bellon how he putthis extraordinary story on screen.

TMS (Charline): What is your favorite moment in the documentary? Aisholpan: Climbing up the mountain to get the chick from the nest and winning the award at Golden Eagle Festival.

TMS: What were your thoughts when you first saw the film? Did those change over time? Aisholpan: While I was playing for the film, I did not notice anything. First time I saw my film, I could not believe how beautiful the film was.

TMS: Your story told in the documentary is extraordinary. Did you expect this sort of reaction to your journey told in the doc? Aisholpan: My people tell me now that they are proud of me. I did not know this would be extraordinary story but it feels good to hear that!

TMS: When watching the film, I was really struck by your fearlessness. What gives you that kind of strength and do you have any advice for girls also trying to make changes? Aisholpan: My grandfather and father are brave people. I think I inherited their fearlessness. My advice for girls trying to make changes be brave.

TMS: What did you think when Otto approached you to document you and your family for this movie? Was there any hesitance? Aisholpan: We did not have any hesitance. Because this movie will show the world that my people have a rich tradition in this. When we first met with Otto, he looked like a kind person. It was fun to work with him.

TMS: What do you hope that people take away from your story? Aisholpan: People will learn about Kazakhs tradition and love between parents and child.

TMS: How did you first get interested in hunting with eagles? Aisholpan: First time, I was interested by feeding the Eagle petting her. She seemed like such a brave animal. Then I went together with my dad to hunt. It was so much fun to do.

TMS: What did the boys in your life tell you when you expressed interest in hunting? Aisholpan: There were no boys who were against me mostly my fathers friends didnt think a girl could do it. They told me girls cannot hunt with Eagles.

TMS: Can you tell us a little bit about the traditions surrounding eagle hunting in your culture? Aisholpan: Eagle hunting has a history about 2000 years. It is a Kazakhs unique tradition that has passed from our ancestors.

TMS: What advice do you have for any women who wants to try something traditionally masculine and might be a little scared to? Aisholpan: Be brave and keep moving forward no matter what happens.

TMS: Did you get to meet Daisy Ridley? If so, what was that like? Aisholpan: Meeting with Daisy Ridley was so fun. We had long conversations. We shared our funniest moments. She taught me something that I cannot learn from others! She is a nice person!

TMS: How does it feel to suddenly be such a Hollywood star? Aisholpan: I have never thought of myself as a star!

TMS: Youve accomplished some incredible thingsis there anything youre hoping to get done this year? Aisholpan: To improve my English!

TMS: What do you hope to accomplish in 10 years? Aisholpan: Finish my university and become a doctor.

TMS: Whats one piece of advice you want to tell your fellow young women? Aisholpan: Dear girls, you can do anything!

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Interview: Aisholpan, The Eagle Huntress, on Bravery | The Mary Sue - The Mary Sue

Fort Worth Star Telegram (blog)

Driving a Ferrari at TMS is a solid Valentine's Day present Fort Worth Star Telegram (blog) A Porsche 911, a Ferrari and other high-end exotic cars are available for personal use in the Exotic Fittapaldi Racing experience. By Mac Engel. tengel@star-telegram.com · LinkedIn · Google+ · Pinterest · Reddit; Print; Order Reprint of this Story.

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Driving a Ferrari at TMS is a solid Valentine's Day present - Fort Worth Star Telegram (blog)

TMW Systems has integrated its TMW Suite and TruckMate transportation management software with the 123Loadboard freight-matching service.

Users of either TMW platform who also have accounts with 123Loadboard can now post loads or trucks to its online marketplace via TMWs Freight Board Interface. Through the integration, users will be able to add, update, cancel and remove loads from within either TMS program.

Posted loads auto-populate in 123Loadboard, giving carriers and others using the platform access to many loads in real time. Drivers can post trucks available for use, enabling brokers and asset-based carriers to take advantage of 123Loadboards platform.

The 123Loadboard platform posts more than 45.6-million truck loads annually to more than 325,000 carriers, owner-operators, brokers and shippers that use the service. The new integration also works with 123Loadboards mobile app versions, allowing its 150,000-plus mobile app users to find more loads while they are on the road.

This TMW integration will enable 123Loadboard members to post their loads and trucks to the load board quickly and easily using automation to simplify the process, said Loarn Metzen, vice president, 123Loadboard. Plus, having immediate access to up-to-date load and truck data will ensure that 123Loadboards platform remains efficient while helping brokers and fleet owners move greater freight volumes.

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TMW Suite, TruckMate TMS Now Integrate With 123Loadboard - Heavy Duty Trucking

Just when WhiteHouse.gov shed its Spanish version a temporary issue said Trump Press Secretary Sean Spicer, although the Spanish option has yet to be restored as of press time two weeks later the New Jersey Supreme Court directed the statewide rollout of a new, consolidated Language Access Plan across its judicial system, according to a court press release dated February 2, 2017.

US Language Access initiatives target persons of limited English proficiency (LEP) to give them access to government services, in this case, the state courts. New Jersey State has a population of over one million LEP persons, nearly 600,000 of them Spanish speakers, based on the latest census. In 2015, interpreters were used in 82,927 New Jersey court events in 83 languages, including American Sign Language.

The New Jersey Judiciary Language Access Plan is said to be grounded in the basic tenet that, among others all costs for interpreting are to be borne by the Judiciary, except in very limited instances. The new, consolidated version updates and replaces all previous state language access plans and directives and incorporates all other existing policies into a single, 75-page document. It also defines a set of 11 goals to guide the states efforts.

According to the State Supreme Court-issued directive, the rollout of a new statewide system for managing interpreting services was completed in June 2015, and data collection and analysis efforts (i.e., case type, interpreter name, call log, etc.) have begun. The next step is to assess compliance with the Language Access Plan.

Said to be immediately effective, implementation of the Language Access Plan is expected to be complete in state-level courts by June 2017, and in the municipal courts by December 2017. Assessment of compliance will begin in 2018.

The New Jersey Judiciary has led other states in its approach to language access; for example, in setting up clear credentialing requirements for court interpreters. Other initiatives include translating documents for LEP court users, training for judges and staff, and information drives to tell the public that language services are available throughout the judicial system free of charge.

Among the material published by the court system in New Jersey are documents for self-represented litigants in non-English languages. Given that 85% of the demand is for Spanish, the courts now have available hundreds of translated forms, brochures, information packets, etc. in Spanish, but will seek to translate more, according to the new, consolidated Language Access Plan.

The New Jersey Judiciary website is available in English and Spanish. Additionally, the courts employ a number of bilingual staff who can directly serve court users in Spanish. Under the new directive, however, the state will also translate more materials into our other high demand languages, which include Haitian, Korean, Polish and Portuguese, and implement translation project management software (read: translation management system or TMS) and expand staffing.

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New Jersey Supreme Court Asks Judiciary to Translate More, Implement TMS - Slator (press release) (subscription)

staff reports

TRINITY The Randleman Middle School boys basketball team beat Southeastern Randolph 44-30 Saturday to capture the Randolph County League Tournament title. Nathan Cassidy paced RMS (15-2) with 24 points, while Naheim Lilly added nine. For SERMS, Avery Jones had nine points and Zade Brower seven. In the girls championship, Archdale-Trinity defeated RMS 45-33 after the two finished as regular-season co-champions. Kennedy Powell paced A-TMS (15-2) with 21 points, while Taylor Comer added nine. For RMS (14-3), Malea Garrison had 23 points with Gracyn Hall chipping in 10. Faith grabs two vs. Gospel Light RAMSEUR The Faith Christian School basketball teams hosted Gospel Light on Friday night for a quadrupleheader with the Eagles grabbing two wins. Faith won the varsity girls game 45-15 to improve to 16-3. Ashley Avelino scored 13 points, while Nicole Sheron and Kayla Langley each added 11 points. GL won the varsity boys game 62-35. Colby Smith paced the Eagles (4-12) with 10 points, and Jordan Cassell added nine. Faith won the jayvee girls game 26-19. Alexis Blakley led the Eagles (7-6) with 13 points, and Taylor Brady chipped in five. GL won the jayvee boys game 37-31 as Faith fell to 8-6 on the season. Braxton Allen led the Eagles with 10 points, and Justin Edmisten added eight. SWR Alumni Game set for Feb. 25 ASHEBORO The Southwestern Randolph Alumni Basketball game is slated for Saturday, Feb. 25, with action starting at 5:30 p.m. with the 3-point contest and the womens game set for 6 p.m., followed by the mens game. Twenty women and 20 men are needed for the games and participants must have graduated in 2014 or before. The 3-point contest is first come, first serve to the first seven male and female participants. The contest has a $10 entry fee with prizes for winners. All men interested in playing should contact boys varsity coach Matt Kiser at 336-302-6614 or mkiser@randolph.k12.nc.us. All women interested in playing should contact girls varsity coach Jarret Elliott at 336-302-3587 or jelliott@randolph.k12.nc.us. The cost to attend is $5 and concessions will be available during both games.

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Local sports: RMS, A-TMS win County League titles - Asheboro Courier Tribune

AIM Solder, a leading global manufacturer of solder assembly materials for the electronics industry, is pleased to announce that Dr. Mehran Maalekian, R&D Director, will present at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, scheduled to take place February 26th March 2nd, 2017 at the San Diego Convention Center and Marriot Marquis & Marina in San Diego, CA.

Cranston, RI USA (PRWEB) February 06, 2017

AIM Solder, a leading global manufacturer of solder assembly materials for the electronics industry, is pleased to announce that Dr. Mehran Maalekian, R&D Director, will present at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, scheduled to take place February 26th March 2nd, 2017 at the San Diego Convention Center and Marriot Marquis & Marina in San Diego, CA.

Based on AIM's recent study, Dr. Maalekian's presentation titled "Effect of Ni on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sn-0.7Cu and SAC307 Solder Alloys," evaluates the result of micro-alloying Ni in Sn99.3%/Cu0.7 and Sn96.3/Ag3/Cu0.7 alloys and the effect on intermetallic growth kinetics during aging.

Dr. Mehran Maalekian is experienced in materials engineering with a focus on physical metallurgy, soldering, modelling in materials engineering, metal forming and thermo-mechanical processes. Since the start of his career Dr. Maalekian has received numerous recognitions such as the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Award, the International Henry Granjon Prize (IIW), and IWS-Sossenheimer Award. Dr. He has published many scientific and technical papers and also serves as a reviewer of several scientific journals and is on the editorial board of "Science and Technology of Welding and Joining."

About AIM Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, AIM Solder is a leading global manufacturer of assembly materials for the electronics industry with manufacturing, distribution and support facilities located throughout the world. AIM produces advanced solder products such as solder paste, liquid flux, cored wire, bar solder, epoxies, lead-free and halogen-free solder products, preforms, and specialty alloys such as indium and gold for a broad range of industries. A recipient of many prestigious SMT industry awards, AIM is strongly committed to innovative research and development of product and process improvement as well as providing customers with superior technical support, service and training. For more information about AIM, visit http://www.aimsolder.com.

Upcoming Events: February 28 March 2, 2017 Strategies in Light & the LED Show Anaheim, CA March 14 16, 2017 Productronica China Shanghai, China

For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/02/prweb14041962.htm

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AIM's Dr. Mehran Maalekian to Present at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition - Benzinga

Media Contact: Ashley-Anne Bohnert Communications Coordinator The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) Telephone: 8007594867, ext. 224 (U.S. and Canada only) Direct: 7248143188 abohnert@tms.org

TMS Names 2017 Society Awardees

January 30, 2017Pittsburgh, PA (USA): The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) has announced the recipients of its 2017 Society Awards.

Newswise The honorees will receive their accolades during the TMSAIME Awards Ceremony which will take place on Wednesday March 1, 2017 at the TMS 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition (TMS2017) held from February 26March 2 in San Diego, California. The ceremony will include the presentations of awards from TMS and the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), of which TMS is a member society.

For more information about the TMS Professional Honors and Awards Recognition Program, or to view a complete list of 2017 TMS award recipients, visit awards.tms.org. For more information about the TMS-AIME Awards Ceremony and other activities at TMS2017, visit http://www.tms.org/TMS2017. Awardee photos are available upon request.

TMS Fellows Class of 2017: The Class of Fellow is the highest honor bestowed by TMS. To be inducted, a candidate must be recognized as a leading authority and contributor to the practice of metallurgy, materials science, and technology, with strong consideration given to outstanding service to the society.

Long-Qing Chen, Pennsylvania State University Ke Lu, Institute of Metal Research, China Gary Was, University of Michigan Yuntian Zhu, North Carolina State University

Brimacombe Medalists Class of 2017: This mid-career award recognizes individuals with: sustained excellence and achievement in business, technology, education, public policy, or science related to minerals, metals, or materials science and engineering, and a record of continuing service to the profession.

Matthew Barnett, Deakin University, Australia Eric Brown, Los Alamos National Laboratory Amit Misra, University of Michigan Yue Qi, Michigan State University Gregory Thompson, University of Alabama

Application to Practice Award: This award recognizes an individual who has demonstrated outstanding achievement in transferring research results or findings into commercial production and practical use.

Sanjay Sampath, State University of New York Robert Wagstaff, Novelis Corporation

Bruce Chalmers Award: This award honors outstanding contributions to the science and/or technology of materials processing by an individual.

S. Lee Semiatin, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory

Morris Cohen Award: This award recognizes an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the science and/or technologies of materials properties.

Robert Ritchie, University of California, Berkeley

Early Career Faculty Fellow Award: This award honors two assistant professors for accomplishments that have advanced the academic institution where they are employed, and recognizes his or her abilities to broaden the technological profile of TMS.

Kristin Persson, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Guihua Yu, University of Texas

Educator Award: This award recognizes an individual who has made outstanding contributions to education in metallurgical engineering and/or materials science and engineering.

Ramana Reddy, University of Alabama

Wiliam Hume-Rothery Award: This award recognizes a scientific leader for exceptional scholarly contributions to the science of alloys by inviting him or her to be an honored presenter at the William Hume-Rothery Memorial Symposium during the TMS annual meeting.

George Smith, University of Oxford, England

Institute of Metals Lecturer & Robert Franklin Mehl Award: In receiving this pinnacle award, honorees present a lecture at the TMS annual meeting, which is also published in Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.

Steven Zinkle, University of Tennessee

Leadership Award: This award recognizes an individual who has demonstrated outstanding leadership in the national and international materials community.

John Allison, University of Michigan

Alexander Scott Distinguished Service Award: This award honors a members outstanding contributions to TMS, this award is typically presented for 10 or more years of TMS service in membership development, student chapters, education and professional affairs, and/or other society level activity.

James Foley, Los Alamos National Laboratory

Cyril Stanley Smith Award: This award recognizes outstanding contributions to the science and/or technology of materials structure.

Stephen Foiles, Sandia National Laboratories

Ellen Swallow Richards Diversity Award: This award honors the contributions of an individual who reflects the pioneering spirit of Ellen Swallow Richards in overcoming personal, professional, educational, cultural, or institutional adversity to pursue a career in the minerals, metals, and/or materials professions or in helping others in the field to overcome similar challenges.

Lorna Gibson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Frank Crossley Diversity Award: This award honors an individual who has personally overcome personal, professional, educational, cultural, or institutional adversity to pursue a career in minerals, metals, and/or materials.

Lawrence Crosby, Northwestern University

TMS Best Paper Contest: Awarded through the TMS Foundation for essays or technical research papers showing original thought and creativity on global or national issues and relating to any field of metallurgy or materials science.

TMS Best Paper Contest: Graduate Division: 1st Place: Gian Song, University of Tennessee High-Temperature Deformation Mechanisms in Hierarchical and Single Precipitate-Strengthened Ferritic Alloys by In-Situ Neutron-Diffraction Studies 2nd Place: Kazi Tasneem, Vanderbilt University "Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash: Scientific Aspects and Propositions for the Promising Solution"

Undergraduate Division:

1st Place: Shelly Jorgensen, University of Nebraska/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory The Midas Touch for Accurately Predicting the Stress-Strain Behavior of Tantalum

AIME Honorary Membership: In appreciation of outstanding service to or distinguished scientific or engineering achievement in the fields embracing the activities of AIME and its member societies.

Reza Abbaschian, University of California, Riverside Rohit Trivedi, Iowa State University

TMS/SME/AIME James Douglas Gold Medal: This award recognizes distinguished achievement in non-ferrous metallurgy, including both the benefication of ores and the alloying and utilization of non-ferrous metals.

William F. Riggs, Mentors International Inc.

AIME Robert Lansing Hardy Award: This award recognizes outstanding promise for a successful career in the broad field of metallurgy and materials science by a professional under the age of 35.

Corinne Packard, Colorado School of Mines

AIME Champion H. Mathewson Award: This award is presented to an author(s) of a paper or series of closely related papers, which represents the most notable contribution to metallurgical science during the period under review.

Joseph D. Robson, University of Manchester, England

AIME Henry de Witt Smith Scholarship: Founded in 1967 by AIME, this scholarship aims to advance the mineral industries by assisting students in the pursuit of graduate education in mining, metallurgical, materials, or petroleum-related disciplines.

Alexandra Anderson, Colorado School of Mines Lizeth Nayibe Ortiz Reyes, University of Wisconsin

Acta Materialia Gold Medal Award: Established by Acta Materialia Inc. in 1973, this award is presented to a proven leader in materials science and engineering whose research has significantly impacted the development of the discipline.

John J. Jonas, McGill University, Canada

Acta Materialia Silver Medal Award: This award honors scientific contributions and leadership from academic, industry and public sector leaders in the midst of their careers.

Jingyang Wang, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, China

Acta Materialia Hollomon Materials & Society Award: Established by Acta Materialia Inc. in memory of J. Herbert Hollomon, principal instigator of the journal Acta Metallurgica, this award recognizes an outstanding contributor to the interactions between materials technology and social concerns.

Warren Poole, University of British Columbia, Canada

Brimacombe Prize: The prize recognizes a single or sustained outstanding contribution to materials process engineering. The work should demonstrate a high degree of creativity, imagination and engineering/scientific depth. Evidence of significant scientific or industrial impact will be an important measure of eligibility for the award.

Robertus Boom, Delft University of Technology

ABOUT TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a professional society that connects minerals, metals, and materials scientists and engineers who work in industry, academia, and government positions around the world. TMS creates networking, publication, and professional development opportunities by convening international conferences, publishing books and journals, administering awards, and developing standards for the professions it serves. TMS currently supports more than 13,000 professional and student members in 94 countries on six continents. For more information on TMS, visit http://www.tms.org.

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TMS Names 2017 Society Awardees - Newswise (press release)

6300 Thurston Road, Springfield, OR 97478 Ph: 541-744-6368 Fax 541-744-6372 Attendance Hotline 541-744-6371

Check us out on Facebook for regular updates FACEBOOK

Inclement Weather Alert or Closure Information for Springfield School District click here for complete details/information: Weather or Closure Info

If we are experiencing inclement weather (snow/ice) click link below for quick info from Flash Alert to see if school is open today the District will determine this and post by 6:30 a.m. School Closure Information

ANNUAL NOTIFICATION: 2016-Annual-Notifications

We are looking for volunteers to coordinate the following: Food (catered this year so easy) Volunteers (keeping track of volunteers we send to you) Dessert Auction (we get donations, you coordinate) Ticket Sales (pre & night of event) None of these positions require a ton of time or work. You are just coordinating and working closely with April Uffens & Summer Highfill. We would LOVE to get some 6th grade parents involved or TMS parents with additional little ones eventually coming to TMS. This way they can help train future volunteers. Most all the coordinators from last years BINGO are 8th grade parents this year. Please message April Uffens either on Facebook or apriluffens@comcast.net with questions.

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ALICE Alert-Lockdown-Inform-Counter-Evacuate

On Tuesday morning, January 31st, Teachers will be conducting ALICE training for all TMS students. The purpose of this training is to prepare students for life inside and out of the classroom. These practice lessons and drills are given to help students to be able to practice what we do in emergencies, like we currently do practicing fire drills, earthquake drills and lockdown drills.

You can learn more about the training at http://www.springfield.k12.or.us/ALICE Please contact our office if you have any questions.

Congratulations to our Semi-Finalists for the 2017 Geography Bee! The students participated in a competition Friday afternoon and the Finalist for our school was Colby Wolf!

Semi-Finalists: Natalie Averill, Andrew Booren, Isaiah Burke, Quealey Carpenter, Brian Jenkins, Anna Johnson, Colleen Lovdokken, Delores Towery, Carson Uffens, Colby Wolf

Congratulations to our TMS students who participated in this years MLK Contest. Click on this pic for our students who won recognition in the 6th 8th Grade Categories.

A special thank you to Miss Kerr and Mrs. Bonar in assisting with this project!

Attention TMS 6th graders and families!

The 6th grade TMS teachers are hosting an Outdoor SchoolParent Information Night on Tuesday 1/24 at 6:30 pm in the TMS Gym. The teachers and administrators will provide a brief overview of this years 6th grade outdoor school experience. Please join usso that you can find out the exciting and important informationabout Outdoor School 2017!

On Saturday, February 25, 2017, Springfield Public Schools will hold their district wide Spring TAG Testing at Ridgeview Elementary School. The TAG test assesses whether or not your child is at the 97%ile or above in the areas of Reading, Math, or Intellectual giftedness. The 97%ile means that if your child was in a line of 100 students, they would know more than the first 97 students in line. These children are at the top of their class, and typically above most students at their entire grade level at school. If you feel your child may fit into this category, please talk to your childs teacher and your schools TAG contact to refer your child for the spring testing. After you refer them for testing, you will receive a packet from your school with a parent questionnaire and more information about times oftesting for your individual child.

If your child is already qualified as TAG, and you feel that your child may need to be accelerated a grade level, you would also speak to your childs teacher and the TAG contact to refer your child for acceleration. The testing for acceleration will take place Saturday, February 25, 2017, for the above grade level test in Reading, Math, Writing, Science, Reference & Research and/or Social Studies. After testing, we will meet as a team with your school to discuss the next steps and fill out the Iowa Acceleration Scale.

Questions? Contact: School Rep: Brandy Selby at 541-744-6368 or District Rep: Stephanie Lovdokken at 541-520-4012

Please click on this link to learn about School Transfer Information for next year:

Transfers 17-18

Congratulations to our talented 8th grade student, Allison Brooks! Her art work that she submitted last year was selected and published in the 2017 Bring Recycling Calender.

Way to go Allison!

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Thurston Middle School, Springfield, Oregon | All Students ...

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a magnetic method used to stimulate small regions of the brain. During a TMS procedure, a magnetic field generator, or "coil", is placed near the head of the person receiving the treatment.[1]:3 The coil produces small electric currents in the region of the brain just under the coil via electromagnetic induction. The coil is connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric current to the coil.[2]

TMS is used diagnostically to measure the connection between the brain and a muscle to evaluate damage from stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, movement disorders, motor neuron disease and injuries and other disorders affecting the facial and other cranial nerves and the spinal cord.[3]

Evidence suggests it is useful for neuropathic pain[4] and treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.[4][5] A 2015 Cochrane review found not enough evidence to make any conclusions in schizophrenia.[6] For negative symptoms another review found possible efficacy.[4] As of 2014, all other investigated uses of repetitive TMS have only possible or no clinical efficacy.[4]

Matching the discomfort of TMS to distinguish true effects from placebo is an important and challenging issue that influences the results of clinical trials.[4][7][8][9] The greatest risks of TMS are the rare occurrence of syncope (fainting) and even less commonly, induced seizures.[7] Other adverse effects of TMS include discomfort or pain, transient induction of hypomania, transient cognitive changes, transient hearing loss, transient impairment of working memory, and induced currents in electrical circuits in implanted devices.[7]

The use of TMS can be divided into diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

TMS can be used clinically to measure activity and function of specific brain circuits in humans.[3] The most robust and widely accepted use is in measuring the connection between the primary motor cortex and a muscle to evaluate damage from stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, movement disorders, motor neuron disease and injuries and other disorders affecting the facial and other cranial nerves and the spinal cord.[3][10][11][12] TMS has been suggested as a means of assessing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) which measures the internal pathways of the motor cortex but this use has not yet been validated.[13]

For neuropathic pain, for which there is little effective treatment, high-frequency (HF) repetitive TMS (rTMS) appears effective.[4] For treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, HF-rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) appears effective and low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC has probable efficacy.[4][5] The Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists has endorsed rTMS for treatment resistant MDD.[14] As of October 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration authorized the use of rTMS as an effective treatment for clinical depression.[15]

Although TMS is generally regarded as safe, risks increase for therapeutic rTMS compared to single or paired TMS for diagnostic purposes.[16] In the field of therapeutic TMS, risks increase with higher frequencies.[7]

The greatest immediate risk is the rare occurrence of syncope (fainting) and even less commonly, induced seizures.[7][17]

Other adverse short-term effects of TMS include discomfort or pain, transient induction of hypomania, transient cognitive changes, transient hearing loss, transient impairment of working memory, and induced currents in electrical circuits in implanted devices.[7]

During a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) procedure, a magnetic field generator, or "coil" is placed near the head of the person receiving the treatment.[1]:3 The coil produces small electric currents in the region of the brain just under the coil via electromagnetic induction. The coil is positioned by finding anatomical landmarks on the skull including, but not limited to, the inion or the nasion.[18] The coil is connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric current to the coil.[2]

The ANT Neuro neuronavigation solution visor2 was approved as a CE class IIa medical device in April 2012.

Nexstim obtained 510(k) FDA clearance of Navigated Brain Stimulation for the assessment of the primary motor cortex for pre-procedural planning in December 2009.[19]

Nexstim obtained FDA 510K clearance for NexSpeech navigated brain stimulation device for neurosurgical planning in June 2011.[20]

A number of deep TMS have received FDA 510k clearance to market for use in adults with treatment resistant major depressive disorders.[21][22][23][24]

The use of single-pulse TMS was approved by the FDA for treatment of migraines in December 2013.[25] It is approved as a Class II medical device under the "de novo pathway".[26][27]

In 2013, several commercial health insurance plans in the United States, including Anthem, Health Net, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska and of Rhode Island, covered TMS for the treatment of depression for the first time.[28] In contrast, UnitedHealthcare issued a medical policy for TMS in 2013 that stated there is insufficient evidence that the procedure is beneficial for health outcomes in patients with depression. UnitedHealthcare noted that methodological concerns raised about the scientific evidence studying TMS for depression include small sample size, lack of a validated sham comparison in randomized controlled studies, and variable uses of outcome measures.[29] Other commercial insurance plans whose 2013 medical coverage policies stated that the role of TMS in the treatment of depression and other disorders had not been clearly established or remained investigational included Aetna, Cigna and Regence.[30]

Policies for Medicare coverage vary among local jurisdictions within the Medicare system,[31] and Medicare coverage for TMS has varied among jurisdictions and with time. For example:

The United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) issues guidance to the National Health Service (NHS) in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. NICE guidance does not cover whether or not the NHS should fund a procedure. Local NHS bodies (primary care trusts and hospital trusts) make decisions about funding after considering the clinical effectiveness of the procedure and whether the procedure represents value for money for the NHS.[36]

NICE evaluated TMS for severe depression (IPG 242) in 2007, and subsequently considered TMS for reassessment in January 2011 but did not change its evaluation.[37] The Institute found that TMS is safe, but there is insufficient evidence for its efficacy.[37]

In January 2014, NICE reported the results of an evaluation of TMS for treating and preventing migraine (IPG 477). NICE found that short-term TMS is safe but there is insufficient evidence to evaluate safety for long-term and frequent uses. It found that evidence on the efficacy of TMS for the treatment of migraine is limited in quantity, that evidence for the prevention of migraine is limited in both quality and quantity.[38]

TMS uses electromagnetic induction to generate an electric current across the scalp and skull without physical contact. A plastic-enclosed coil of wire is held next to the skull and when activated, produces a magnetic field oriented orthogonally to the plane of the coil. The magnetic field passes unimpeded through the skin and skull, inducing an oppositely directed current in the brain that activates nearby nerve cells in much the same way as currents applied directly to the cortical surface.[39]

The path of this current is difficult to model because the brain is irregularly shaped and electricity and magnetism are not conducted uniformly throughout its tissues. The magnetic field is about the same strength as an MRI, and the pulse generally reaches no more than 5 centimeters into the brain unless using the deep transcranial magnetic stimulation variant of TMS.[40] Deep TMS can reach up to 6cm into the brain to stimulate deeper layers of the motor cortex, such as that which controls leg motion.[41]

From the BiotSavart law

it has been shown that a current through a wire generates a magnetic field around that wire. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is achieved by quickly discharging current from a large capacitor into a coil to produce pulsed magnetic fields between 2 and 3 T.[42] By directing the magnetic field pulse at a targeted area of the brain, one can either depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain. The magnetic flux density pulse generated by the current pulse through the coil causes an electric field as explained by the Maxwell-Faraday equation,

This electric field causes a change in the transmembrane current of the neuron, which leads to the depolarization or hyperpolarization of the neuron and the firing of an action potential.[42]

The exact details of how TMS functions are still being explored. The effects of TMS can be divided into two types depending on the mode of stimulation:

MRI images, recorded during TMS of the motor cortex of the brain, have been found to match very closely with PET produced by voluntary movements of the hand muscles innervated by TMS, to 522mm of accuracy.[45] The localisation of motor areas with TMS has also been seen to correlate closely to MEG[46] and also fMRI.[47]

The design of transcranial magnetic stimulation coils used in either treatment or diagnostic/experimental studies may differ in a variety of ways. These differences should be considered in the interpretation of any study result, and the type of coil used should be specified in the study methods for any published reports.

The most important considerations include:

With regard to coil composition, the core material may be either a magnetically inert substrate (i.e., the so-called 'air-core' coil design), or possess a solid, ferromagnetically active material (i.e., the so-called 'solid-core' design). Solid core coil design result in a more efficient transfer of electrical energy into a magnetic field, with a substantially reduced amount of energy dissipated as heat, and so can be operated under more aggressive duty cycles often mandated in therapeutic protocols, without treatment interruption due to heat accumulation, or the use of an accessory method of cooling the coil during operation. Varying the geometric shape of the coil itself may also result in variations in the focality, shape, and depth of cortical penetration of the magnetic field. Differences in the coil substance as well as the electronic operation of the power supply to the coil may also result in variations in the biophysical characteristics of the resulting magnetic pulse (e.g., width or duration of the magnetic field pulse). All of these features should be considered when comparing results obtained from different studies, with respect to both safety and efficacy.[48]

A number of different types of coils exist, each of which produce different magnetic field patterns. Some examples:

Design variations in the shape of the TMS coils allow much deeper penetration of the brain than the standard depth of 1.52.5cm. Circular crown coils, Hesed (or H-core) coils, double cone coils, and other experimental variations can induce excitation or inhibition of neurons deeper in the brain including activation of motor neurons for the cerebellum, legs and pelvic floor. Though able to penetrate deeper in the brain, they are less able to produce a focused, localized response and are relatively non-focal.[7]

Early attempts at stimulation of the brain using a magnetic field included those, in 1896, of Jacques-Arsne d'Arsonval in Paris and in 1910, of Silvanus P. Thompson in London.[50] The principle of inductive brain stimulation with eddy currents has been noted since the 20th century[citation needed]. The first successful TMS study was performed in 1985 by Anthony Barker and his colleagues at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital in Sheffield, England.[51] Its earliest application demonstrated conduction of nerve impulses from the motor cortex to the spinal cord, stimulating muscle contractions in the hand. As compared to the previous method of transcranial stimulation proposed by Merton and Morton in 1980[52] in which direct electric current was applied to the scalp, the use of electromagnets greatly reduced the discomfort of the procedure, and allowed mapping of the cerebral cortex and its connections.

TMS research in animal studies is limited due to early FDA approval of TMS treatment of drug-resistant depression. Because of this, there has been no specific coils for animal models. Hence, there are limited number of TMS coils that can be used for animal studies.[53] There are some attempts in the literature showing new coil designs for mice with an improved stimulation profile.[54]

Areas of research include:

It is difficult to establish a convincing form of "sham" TMS to test for placebo effects during controlled trials in conscious individuals, due to the neck pain, headache and twitching in the scalp or upper face associated with the intervention.[4][7] "Sham" TMS manipulations can affect cerebral glucose metabolism and MEPs, which may confound results.[67] This problem is exacerbated when using subjective measures of improvement.[7] Placebo responses in trials of rTMS in major depression are negatively associated with refractoriness to treatment, vary among studies and can influence results.[68]

A 2011 review found that only 13.5% of 96 randomized control studies of rTMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex had reported blinding success and that, in those studies, people in real rTMS groups were significantly more likely to think that they had received real TMS, compared with those in sham rTMS groups.[69] Depending on the research question asked and the experimental design, matching the discomfort of rTMS to distinguish true effects from placebo can be an important and challenging issue.[4][7][8][9]

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation - Wikipedia

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