Category Archives: Robotics

Given Warren Buffett's love of good old-fashioned businesses that have proven themselves over decades, it wouldn't be surprising ifBerkshire Hathaway's (BRK.A -0.60%) (BRK.B -0.71%) chairman and CEO were wary of the euphoria over artificial intelligence (AI).

But while Buffett and his longtime vice chairman, Charlie Munger,both expressed caution about these trends at the Berkshire Hathaway annual shareholders meeting on Saturday, they also had some favorable things to say. Here's what Buffett and Munger said about AI and robotics, as well as the role that AI and robotics could play in Berkshire's portfolio going forward.

Image source: The Motley Fool.

Munger has been a longtime proponent of U.S. cooperation and investment in China. Munger's investment in Chinese tech giant Alibabaand his support of Chinese electric vehicle (EV) maker BYD illustrate the growth opportunities and value that Munger believes China offers investors. "Well, if you went into BYD's factories in China you would see robotics going in at an unbelievable rate," Munger said. "So, we're going to see a lot more robotics in the world. I am personally skeptical of some of the hype that has gone into artificial intelligence. I think old-fashioned intelligence works pretty well."

Put another way, Munger sees the impact that robotics is having on manufacturing but is wary of the risks investors are taking in AI stocks. This is a stark contrast to Munger's past comments on cryptocurrency, where he called it "rat poison" and saw it as both a bad investment and useless relative to the U.S. dollar.

While Buffett shares the same hesitance about getting lost in the AI hype, there was no denying his respect for AI and its possible effects on the economy.

"There won't be anything in AI that replaces the gene. ... I'll state that unqualifiedly. It can do amazing things," said Buffett during the meeting. "Bill Gates brought me out the latest ... maybe not the latest version, but one he thought maybe I could handle. ... And it did these remarkable things, but it couldn't tell jokes."

Buffett is a big believer in human ingenuity. He often quotes American heroes like Abraham Lincoln and marvels at their decision-making ability. Although AI has a great deal of utility, it can't replace human creativity.

While Munger was more interested in the business benefits of robotics and AI, Buffett seemed to indicate that it could be yet another technology that could do remarkable things but will permanently change the human condition.

When something can do all kinds of things, I get a little bit worried because I know we won't be able to uninvent it. And we did invent for very, very good reason the atom bomb in World War II. And it was enormously important that we did so. But is it good for the next 200 years of the world, that the ability to do so has been unleashed? We didn't have a choice. But when you start something... well, Einstein said after the atom bomb, he says, 'This has changed everything in the world except how men think.' And I would say the same thing may ... not the same thing. I don't mean that. But with AI, it can change everything in the world except how men think and behave. And that's a big step to take.

There is no denying that Pandora's box has been opened for AI. A UBS study noted that OpenAI's ChatGPT reached over 100 million monthly active users (MAU) in January 2023 after launching on Nov. 30, 2022, making it the fastest application to cross the 100 million MAU mark. It then passed 1 billion monthly page visits to its website in February.

AI is having a snowball effect on search engines and consumer products. Rapid AI adoption will lead to technological improvements, and meaningful benefits, but will also make the technology more powerful than ever before.

Throughout the history of Berkshire Hathaway, Buffett has made a habit of never pretending to understand something. And for that reason, Berkshire is built around traditional businesses like railroads, utilities, and insurance companies. Until recently, the vast majority of Berkshire's public equity holdings were also these kinds of businesses. That is, until Buffett started giving more control to other members of his leadership team, who convinced him to invest in Apple (AAPL 0.81%).

As of March 31, Berkshire's Apple stake was worth a staggering $151 billion, making it roughly 46% of Berkshire's public equity portfolio. During the annual meeting, Buffett praised Apple for its relentless stock buybacks and called its products extraordinary. "Our criteria for Apple isn't any different than the other businesses we own -- it just happens to be a better business than any we own," Buffett said. Buffett said that although Berkshire has more money invested in BNSF Railway (which it owns fully) than Apple -- and that the railroad is a good business -- BNSF doesn't even come close to how good a business Apple is.

Buffett and his team are often known for being dyed-in-the-wool value investors who are hesitant to change. However, if there is a business that makes sense, Berkshire has shown it will deploy a sizable amount of capital toward a good idea.

When the iPhone changed the smartphone market in 2007, few investors, let alone Buffett himself, could have likely imagined that Apple would become Berkshire's largest public equity holding within a generation. Will the same be said for AI and robotics?

If there's one thing Buffett and his team love, it's a good business. If a company makes sense, is well-run, and has the fundamental traits Berkshire Hathaway looks for, then it could become a Buffett holding.

But don't expect Buffett to go chasing AI stocks to make a quick buck. Berkshire Hathaway could have bought Apple earlier on and made a far greater return. Instead, Berkshire waited for Apple to prove its dominance before it began loading up on the stock. The return has still been incredibly impressive.

For that reason, it would be surprising if Berkshire jumped into an AI or robotics stock in the next few years. But 5 to 10 years down the line, it would be equally unsurprising if one of the top five Berkshire Hathaway public equity holdings is an AI or robotics stock.

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Buffett and Munger Talk AI, Robotics, and More at Berkshire ... - The Motley Fool

RITs VEX Robotics team placed 10th overall among 96 collegiate teams in the recent VEX Robotics World Championships in Dallas. Teams competing in the championship came from U.S. universities from Alaska, Oregon, and California as well as international teams from Columbia, Mexico, China, Puerto Rico, and Australia.

Provided by S. Ferguson

Two of the robots used by RIT VEX Robotics and two of the recent awards presented to the team for qualifying for the 2023 Worlds and for overall program excellence.

Closing a strong 2023 season, the team was also recognized for excellence in technical designs and the overall quality of its program.

VEX Robotics at RIT has grown significantly since it began in 2017.

Our early years, it was about building the team, understanding how we were going to run a club. We spent time recruiting people with the different disciplines needed, so we have some really talented individuals, said Stefany Ferguson, team president and a fifth-year electrical engineering major from Manchester, Conn.

Ferguson has been involved with VEX since high school, and she joined the RIT team in her first year. Placing in the top 10 this year of the championship was a milestone that Ferguson helped make happen.

VEX Robotics has several categories of competitions with K-12 competitors as well as college teams. Similar to FIRST Robotics, the program is intended to spur interest in STEM disciplines, emphasize teamwork, and encourage students to apply what they learn in classrooms to real-world projects, such as building robotic systems.

Middle and high school teams start with a kit of parts and mentors to help them build robots. At the collegiate level, teams spend the academic year designing robots, often building different parts and electronic systems in labs or machine shops. For some of the team members, the part designs are new skills being learned.

Its a great thing for a college student to know. We did a lot of 3D printing for just about every part of the robotthe gears, support towerswe also got into making silicon molds for all the wheels that we used, said Ferguson, who is completing the bachelors/masters dual-degree program in electrical engineering in RITs Kate Gleason College of Engineering.

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VEX Robotics team places in top 10 at international competition - Rochester Institute of Technology

A Beverly school robotics team is ending its high school chapter with a prestigious world robotics competition prize in hand.

Wolfpack Machina, the varsity robotics team at the Waring School, recently won the FIRST Tech Challenge World Championship Inspire Award, which is the competitions top honor and recognizes excellence in robot design and teamwork. The team at the coed private middle and high school also attained the highest offensive power ranking (OPR) in the world, and won its divisional championship and the divisional Inspire Award at the competition.

The team, made up of 11 seniors and one junior, includes Thomas Davis, Alma Power, Olga Gadmer Langman, Owen Cooper, Chris Douglas, Olive Sauder, Amelia Wyler, Charlie Pound, Kaden Cassidy, Collin Keegan, Peter Hannah, and Owen Reimold.

For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology, or FIRST, is an international organization for students ages 4-18 who are involved in mentor-based programs that build science, engineering, and technology skills, while promoting self-confidence, communication, and leadership. The FIRST Championship, an annual competition, was held in Houston this year.

Each year, FTC teams build and program a robot no larger than 18 in any dimension. At the competition, the robots play against each other in matches that change every year. This years challenge was to pick up cones and score by placing them on various poles.

Wolfpack Machina was one of four Massachusetts FTC teams to compete at the world competition. The team wowed the judges with a 15-page summary of its work, a strong robot performance, and an interview about their robots design, testing, code, as well as its outreach efforts and work with STEM experts.

Its outreach initiatives are an effort to bring opportunities to underserved communities, Douglas said. The team worked with Everett Public School STEM director Rupi Kaur, as well as the superintendent, to launch five FLL teams in Everett. They paid the fees and robot costs for those teams, trained the coaches, and attended practices to work directly with team members.

The team also established 35 FIRST Lego League (FLL) teams in Rwanda after Wyler moved there during her fall 2022 semester. She worked with UNESCO, the Rwanda government, and other partners to get Rwandan FLL recognized by FIRST as its own FLL region. In March, Rwanda held its first FLL Championship, which Wyler organized. There were over 700 attendees, including several cabinet ministers from Rwanda and Botswana.

It would not have worked if Amelia had not moved to Rwanda to do this personally, said team coach Francis Schaeffer. This was every day, all day for a semester at least, plus lots of work when she came back to make sure that the national championship would come off.

Schaeffer, chair of the Science, Engineering, and Technology Department at Waring, founded the FTC team in 2020, three years after he helped found Warings FLL team, the Brickwolves, which qualified for the FIRST World Championship two years in a row and had the highest scoring robot game in the world in the 2019-2020 season. Almost all of the members of Wolfpack Machina were previously on the FLL team.

Winning the Inspire Award is a culmination of the outreach theyve worked on since they began working as a team, Gadmer Langman said.

Its incredibly rewarding because it wasnt even the work we put in this year. Its the work weve put in and the time we spent together for the past six years, Gadmer Langman added.

Soon, the team members will be graduating high school. Some plan to attend an engineering school or take a gap year to work on the project in Rwanda.

Its really something to watch a kid go from being 12 and figure something out that you really understand and you can teach them to them being an expert to the level where I do not understand what theyre doing anymore, Schaeffer said.

Hannah Nguyen can be reached at hannah.nguyen@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @hannahcnguyen.

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Beverly students win top prize in world robotics competition - The Boston Globe

Kodiak Robotics, Inc., a leading self-driving trucking company, has unveiled the worlds first autonomous electric class 8 truck. By upfitting a Peterbilt Model 579EV electric truck with their cutting-edge self-driving technology called the Kodiak Driver, Kodiak aims to integrate this groundbreaking vehicle into its fleet by 2024.

The Peterbilt Model 579EV truck, equipped with Kodiaks fifth-generation sensors, represents the second vehicle platform that the company has successfully adapted for autonomous capabilities. Kodiaks unique autonomous system is designed to be vehicle- and powertrain-agnostic, allowing for seamless incorporation into emerging truck platforms regardless of their fuel type. This flexibility places Kodiak at the forefront of autonomous technology, as they can readily adapt to the evolving landscape of electric vehicles.

With a peak power rating of 670 horsepower and a range of up to 150 miles, the Peterbilt Model 579EV is tailored for short-haul and drayage operations, making it an ideal test vehicle for Kodiaks autonomous technology. As EV technology progresses and range capabilities expand, Kodiak is well-positioned to integrate their cutting-edge autonomous systems into future EV platforms, pushing the boundaries of self-driving trucking.

Studies have consistently shown that autonomous technology can lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption, achieving approximately a 10% increase in efficiency. This heightened efficiency not only aligns with Kodiaks commitment to sustainability but also helps extend the range of electric trucks. As the technology continues to evolve, the integration of Kodiaks autonomous system with EV platforms could pave the way for even greater advancements in the industry.

Moreover, in its pursuit of further enhancing the sustainability of its fleet, Kodiak Robotics plans to explore other environmentally friendly vehicle platforms, including fuel cells and other emerging technologies, as they are introduced to the market. By constantly seeking innovative solutions, Kodiak is taking substantial strides towards solidifying its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) commitment, creating a positive impact on the trucking industrys sustainable future.

We believe that the future of trucking is the combination of electric and autonomous vehicles,saidDon Burnette, Founder and CEO of Kodiak Robotics. Given advancements in battery and fuel cell technologies, achieving zero-emissions trucking will soon be within reach. Kodiaks work on the Peterbilt Model 579EV will help us gain valuable experience in how to build autonomous electric vehicles, and help us realize that vision. Customers have been long asking for an autonomous electric vehicle and we are delivering on that need.

Also Read:First Fisker Ocean SUV delivered.

Click here and follow us on Google Newsfor regular EV updates.

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Kodiak Robotics introduces first-ever autonomous electric class 8 truck - Electrikez

Torc Robotics, an independent subsidiary of Daimler Truck AG, Tuesday announced what it called a "strategic collaboration" with C.R. England. The two companies will implement a pilot program leveraging C.R. Englands temperature-controlled loads and Torcs fleet of Level 4 autonomous test trucks for long-haul applications.

The collaboration is an expansion for Torc into refrigerated freight.

The agreement marks C.R. England's second partnership with an autonomous technology company in two months. In April, the company entered into a pilot program with Kodiak Robotics, Inc. to autonomously ship products for Tyson Foods between Dallas and San Antonio.

Torc is thrilled to be partnering with C.R. England to better improve long-haul trucking safety for one of the premium service providers and largest refrigerated carriers in the nation, said Peter Vaughan Schmidt, Torc Robotics CEO. The data derived from the pilot will contribute to our safety and validation efforts and use cases for autonomous trucking.

C.R. England and Torc said the pilot will provide select customers with temperature-controlled capacity. Information from the pilot will include unique insights, and will help guide the development and ongoing commercialization of autonomous trucks for long-haul applications. Initial planning will begin in mid-2023, with on-road tests soon after.

C.R. England is excited to announce our partnership with Torc for pilot activities on Level 4 autonomous test trucks,"said Chad England, C.R. England CEO."We believe this innovation will eventually provide the ability to expand our network safely, with high levels of service to our customers, all while enhancing the quality of existing driver jobs. Specifically, by adding autonomous lanes to our network, we can expand our customer offerings and create more structured jobs for drivers at both ends of autonomous runs. Torcs deep integration with Daimler Truck AG makes our two organizations a perfect fit for piloting this new technology.

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C.R. England & Torc Robotics partner on reefer delivery pilot - Truckers News

5 May 2023

Image source, Christine Ro

The iCub robot has an arresting gaze

It's my first time drumming along with a robot.

I'm sitting across a table from an adorable humanoid robot called the iCub. We each have our own stick and box, and are meant to strike the box with the stick in sync with a light pattern. But of course I'm also watching the robot - and I'm aware that it's watching me.

This drumming experiment has been designed to test how the presence of a robot doing the same task affects a human's behaviour.

It's one of many experiments of human-robot interaction being carried out by the research group CONTACT (Cognitive Architecture for Collaborative Technologies) at the Italian Institute of Technology in Genoa.

Though I'm aware of the lights and the other people in the room, my gaze keeps being drawn to the iCub's heavy white eyelids.

For one thing, there's a noticeable noise when the robot blinks every few seconds. And, because this childlike robot has expressive, oversized eyes, its gaze is compelling.

Image source, Christine Ro

Research shows humans respond better to robots that can blink

This matters because with blinking, as with other aspects of eye gaze, there's more than strictly meets the eye.

"While it is often assumed that blinking is just a reflexive physiological function associated with protective functions and ocular lubrication, it also serves an important role in reciprocal interaction," comments Helena Kiilavuori, a psychology researcher at the University of Tampere in Finland.

Human blinking conveys attention and emotion. As a means of non-verbal communication, it expresses a number of things we aren't consciously aware of, such as who should take a turn in a conversation.

Thus, it's just one of many social signals humans exchange constantly without being aware of them, yet while deriving a great deal of information and comfort from them.

So social roboticists have been studying both the physical and psychological properties of human blinking to understand why it might be useful to match it in robots.

"Due to the many important functions of blinking in human behaviour, it could be assumed that having robots blinking their eyes could significantly enhance their perceived human-likeness. This could, in turn, facilitate human-robot interaction," says Ms Kiilavuori.

Put another way, "When the robot's blinking well,people feel for your character," says David Hanson, who leads Hanson Robotics.

Image source, Hanson Robotics

Making the eye and skin look natural when blinking is very challenging

Indeed, CONTACT research with 13-year-olds and adults in Italy shows that both groups simply like blinking robots more. An unblinking robot can give a person the unpleasant impression of being stared at, points out Alessandra Sciutti, who leads the CONTACT unit.

Humans also perceive robots that blink more naturally as more intelligent. And intelligence matters in situations where humans depend on robots to provide information, such as in train stations.

Despite the benefits of natural-looking blinking, integrating it into robots (apart from avatars and robots with screen displays for faces) is technically challenging.

"Blinks are one of the subtlest of human movements, so designing mechanisms that can mimic these movements require advanced technology, such as high-precision motors," Ms Kiilavuori explains. The roboticists at Engineered Arts, for example, use expensive, aerospace-grade motors as well as designing their own control electronics.

Image source, Engineered Arts

The robot made by Engineered Arts uses expensive motors to power the blink

Specifically, says Mr Hanson of Hanson Robotics, "The speed of the motors moving skin material when blinking is really challenging and making the shape of the eye look natural while blinking is happening is also challenging. As well as reducing friction between artificial eyelids and the eye surface itself."

Another issue here is a trade-off between the speed and sound of motorised blinking. Francesco Rea, a senior technician at the CONTACT unit, says that in the iCub robot a quieter motor could dampen the sound of a blink. But the slower movement then makes the robot look sleepy or catlike.

Very slow blinks also risk a loss of visual information, as the iCub's camera is located behind the eyes. "In vision, missing two frames is not that big an issue," says Mr Rea. "Missing ten frames starts to be an issue."

Ms Kiilavuori adds, "Another challenge is the correct timing and duration of blinks." The different functions that blinking performs - such as how a person changes blinking speed while telling a lie - involve different eyelid dynamics as well as different emotional states.

"Any deviation from the natural and appropriate blinking times and duration, in a given context, can make the robot appear odd and disturbing," she says.

The CONTACT team use a software program that partially randomises the intervals between single and double blinking. After all, blinking fixedly wouldn't look very natural either.

Over at Disney Research, roboticists have joined forces with character animators to develop a research prototype for realistic robotic gaze. The aim is to design an expressive system of eye gaze that is easy for animators to control in order to convey subtle emotion.

With elements like motion curves of eyelids, "we can kind of isolate these individual behaviours, which makes it much easier to really concentrate on getting small aspects and small details correct," says James Kennedy, a research scientist at Disney Research.

They've patented their system of robotic sensing and control of eye gaze. This includes software for processing images taken by a camera in the robot's chest, and generating control signals for movements like opening and closing the eyelids.

Mr Kennedy says that the research remains more experimental, and isn't yet being applied in Disney's theme parks. "The goal here was to really select a single social cue that we were interested in and push it as far as we could in making lifelike believable motion and behaviourthat we felt would provide a platform for engagement with people."

Another general challenge would be getting humanoid robots to begin syncing their blinking patterns to those of humans, as humans do in conversation.

These types of challenges remain compelling to some roboticists. And, contrary to exaggerated pop culture depictions of androids that are indistinguishable from humans, blinking is one tiny example of the many complexities that still keep robotic interactions from seeming completely natural.

When trying to replicate a mechanism as tiny and sometimes underappreciated as blinking, "actually you reveal how complex this mechanism is, and then how much subtle movement there is," notes Mr Kennedy. "And that's where we have this really great opportunity for exploration and invention."

Link:

Why teaching robots to blink is hard but important - BBC

Modern robots are not unlike toddlers: Its hilarious to watch them fall over, but deep down we know that if we laugh too hard, they might develop a complex and grow up to start World War III. None of humanitys creations inspires such a confusing mix of awe, admiration, and fear: We want robots to make our lives easier and safer, yet we cant quite bring ourselves to trust them. Were crafting them in our own image, yet we are terrified theyll supplant us.

But that trepidation is no obstacle to the booming field of robotics. Robots have finally grown smart enough and physically capable enough to make their way out of factories and labs to walk and roll and even leap among us. The machines have arrived.

You may be worried a robot is going to steal your job, and we get that. This is capitalism, after all, and automation is inevitable. But you may be more likely to work alongside a robot in the near future than have one replace you. And even better news: Youre more likely to make friends with a robot than have one murder you. Hooray for the future!

The History of Robots

The definition of robot has been confusing from the very beginning. The word first appeared in 1921, in Karel Capeks play R.U.R., or Rossum's Universal Robots. Robot comes from the Czech for forced labor. These robots were robots more in spirit than form, though. They looked like humans, and instead of being made of metal, they were made of chemical batter. The robots were far more efficient than their human counterparts, and also way more murder-ythey ended up going on a killing spree.

R.U.R. would establish the trope of the Not-to-Be-Trusted Machine (e.g., Terminator, The Stepford Wives, Blade Runner, etc.) that continues to this daywhich is not to say pop culture hasnt embraced friendlier robots. Think Rosie from The Jetsons. (Ornery, sure, but certainly not homicidal.) And it doesnt get much family-friendlier than Robin Williams as Bicentennial Man.

The real-world definition of robot is just as slippery as those fictional depictions. Ask 10 roboticists and youll get 10 answershow autonomous does it need to be, for instance. But they do agree on some general guidelines: A robot is an intelligent, physically embodied machine. A robot can perform tasks autonomously to some degree. And a robot can sense and manipulate its environment.

Think of a simple drone that you pilot around. Thats no robot. But give a drone the power to take off and land on its own and sense objects and suddenly its a lot more robot-ish. Its the intelligence and sensing and autonomy thats key.

But it wasnt until the 1960s that a company built something that started meeting those guidelines. Thats when SRI International in Silicon Valley developed Shakey, the first truly mobile and perceptive robot. This tower on wheels was well-namedawkward, slow, twitchy. Equipped with a camera and bump sensors, Shakey could navigate a complex environment. It wasnt a particularly confident-looking machine, but it was the beginning of the robotic revolution.

Around the time Shakey was trembling about, robot arms were beginning to transform manufacturing. The first among them was Unimate, which welded auto bodies. Today, its descendants rule car factories, performing tedious, dangerous tasks with far more precision and speed than any human could muster. Even though theyre stuck in place, they still very much fit our definition of a robottheyre intelligent machines that sense and manipulate their environment.

Robots, though, remained largely confined to factories and labs, where they either rolled about or were stuck in place lifting objects. Then, in the mid-1980s Honda started up a humanoid robotics program. It developed P3, which could walk pretty darn good and also wave and shake hands, much to the delight of a roomful of suits. The work would culminate in Asimo, the famed biped, which once tried to take out President Obama with a well-kicked soccer ball. (OK, perhaps it was more innocent than that.)

Today, advanced robots are popping up everywhere. For that you can thank three technologies in particular: sensors, actuators, and AI.

So, sensors. Machines that roll on sidewalks to deliver falafel can only navigate our world thanks in large part to the 2004 Darpa Grand Challenge, in which teams of roboticists cobbled together self-driving cars to race through the desert. Their secret? Lidar, which shoots out lasers to build a 3-D map of the world. The ensuing private-sector race to develop self-driving cars has dramatically driven down the price of lidar, to the point that engineers can create perceptive robots on the (relative) cheap.

Originally posted here:

The Complete History And Future of Robots | WIRED

Multiple local robotics teams are headed to invitational tournaments across the country  WSBT-TV

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Multiple local robotics teams are headed to invitational tournaments across the country - WSBT-TV

Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that includes electronics engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science and so on. This branch deals with the design, construction, use to control robots, sensory feedback and information processing. These are some technologies which will replace humans and human activities in coming years. These robots are designed to be used for any purpose but these are using in sensitive environments like bomb detection, deactivation of various bombs etc. Robots can take any form but many of them have given the human appearance. The robots which have taken the form of human appearance may likely to have the walk like humans, speech, cognition and most importantly all the things a human can do. Most of the robots of today are inspired by nature and are known as bio-inspired robots.Robotics is that branch of engineering that deals with conception, design, operation, and manufacturing of robots. There was an author named Issac Asimov, he said that he was the first person to give robotics name in a short story composed in 1940s. In that story, Issac suggested three principles about how to guide these types of robotic machines. Later on, these three principles were given the name of Issacs three laws of Robotics. These three laws state that:

Characteristics

There are some characteristics of robots given below:

Types of Robots

These are the some types of robots given below:

Scope and limitations of robots: The advance version of machines are robots which are used to do advanced tasks and are programmed to make decisions on their own. When a robot is designed the most important thing to be kept in mind is that What the function is to be performed and what are the limitations of the robot. Each robot has a basic level of complexity and each of the levels has the scope which limits the functions that are to be performed. For general basic robots, their complexity is decided by the number of limbs, actuators and the sensors that are used while for advanced robots the complexity is decided by the number of microprocessors and microcontroller used. As increasing any component in the robot, it is increasing the scope of the robot and with every joint added, the degree of the robot is enhanced.

Advantages: The advantages of using robots are given below:

Disadvantages: The disadvantages of using robots are given below:

Applications: Different types of robots can performs different types of tasks. For example, many of the robots are made for assembly work which means that they are not relevant for any other work and these types of robots are called Assembly Robots. Similarly, for seam welding many suppliers provide robots with their welding materials and these types of robots are known as Welding Robots. While on the other hand many robots are designed for heavy-duty work and are known as Heavy Duty Robots.

There are some applications given below:

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Robotics | Introduction - GeeksforGeeks

Summary

robot, any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots.

The concept of artificial humans predates recorded history (see automaton), but the modern term robot derives from the Czech word robota (forced labour or serf), used in Karel apeks play R.U.R. (1920). The plays robots were manufactured humans, heartlessly exploited by factory owners until they revolted and ultimately destroyed humanity. Whether they were biological, like the monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818), or mechanical was not specified, but the mechanical alternative inspired generations of inventors to build electrical humanoids.

The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimovs science-fiction story Runaround (1942). Along with Asimovs later robot stories, it set a new standard of plausibility about the likely difficulty of developing intelligent robots and the technical and social problems that might result. Runaround also contained Asimovs famous Three Laws of Robotics:

2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

This article traces the development of robots and robotics. For further information on industrial applications, see the article automation.

Though not humanoid in form, machines with flexible behaviour and a few humanlike physical attributes have been developed for industry. The first stationary industrial robot was the programmable Unimate, an electronically controlled hydraulic heavy-lifting arm that could repeat arbitrary sequences of motions. It was invented in 1954 by the American engineer George Devol and was developed by Unimation Inc., a company founded in 1956 by American engineer Joseph Engelberger. In 1959 a prototype of the Unimate was introduced in a General Motors Corporation die-casting factory in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1961 Condec Corp. (after purchasing Unimation the preceding year) delivered the worlds first production-line robot to the GM factory; it had the unsavoury task (for humans) of removing and stacking hot metal parts from a die-casting machine. Unimate arms continue to be developed and sold by licensees around the world, with the automobile industry remaining the largest buyer.

See how use of a robotic pipeline for bacterial genetics makes the work of scientists less complicated and more time-efficient at University College Cork

More advanced computer-controlled electric arms guided by sensors were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Stanford University, where they were used with cameras in robotic hand-eye research. Stanfords Victor Scheinman, working with Unimation for GM, designed the first such arm used in industry. Called PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly), they have been used since 1978 to assemble automobile subcomponents such as dash panels and lights. PUMA was widely imitated, and its descendants, large and small, are still used for light assembly in electronics and other industries. Since the 1990s small electric arms have become important in molecular biology laboratories, precisely handling test-tube arrays and pipetting intricate sequences of reagents.

Mobile industrial robots also first appeared in 1954. In that year a driverless electric cart, made by Barrett Electronics Corporation, began pulling loads around a South Carolina grocery warehouse. Such machines, dubbed AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), commonly navigate by following signal-emitting wires entrenched in concrete floors. In the 1980s AGVs acquired microprocessor controllers that allowed more complex behaviours than those afforded by simple electronic controls. In the 1990s a new navigation method became popular for use in warehouses: AGVs equipped with a scanning laser triangulate their position by measuring reflections from fixed retro-reflectors (at least three of which must be visible from any location).

Although industrial robots first appeared in the United States, the business did not thrive there. Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1983 and shut down a few years later. Cincinnati Milacron, Inc., the other major American hydraulic-arm manufacturer, sold its robotics division in 1990 to the Swedish firm of Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Adept Technology, Inc., spun off from Stanford and Unimation to make electric arms, is the only remaining American firm. Foreign licensees of Unimation, notably in Japan and Sweden, continue to operate, and in the 1980s other companies in Japan and Europe began to vigorously enter the field. The prospect of an aging population and consequent worker shortage induced Japanese manufacturers to experiment with advanced automation even before it gave a clear return, opening a market for robot makers. By the late 1980s Japanled by the robotics divisions of Fanuc Ltd., Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Ltd., Mitsubishi Group, and Honda Motor Company, Ltd.was the world leader in the manufacture and use of industrial robots. High labour costs in Europe similarly encouraged the adoption of robot substitutes, with industrial robot installations in the European Union exceeding Japanese installations for the first time in 2001.

Lack of reliable functionality has limited the market for industrial and service robots (built to work in office and home environments). Toy robots, on the other hand, can entertain without performing tasks very reliably, and mechanical varieties have existed for thousands of years. (See automaton.) In the 1980s microprocessor-controlled toys appeared that could speak or move in response to sounds or light. More advanced ones in the 1990s recognized voices and words. In 1999 the Sony Corporation introduced a doglike robot named AIBO, with two dozen motors to activate its legs, head, and tail, two microphones, and a colour camera all coordinated by a powerful microprocessor. More lifelike than anything before, AIBOs chased coloured balls and learned to recognize their owners and to explore and adapt. Although the first AIBOs cost $2,500, the initial run of 5,000 sold out immediately over the Internet.

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Robot | Definition, History, Uses, Types, & Facts | Britannica