Category Archives: Quantum Computing

circa 1931: German-born physicist Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) standing beside a blackboard with ... [+] chalk-marked mathematical calculations written across it. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

40 years ago, Nobel Prize-winner Richard Feynman argued that nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum mechanical. This was later perceived as a rallying cry for developing a quantum computer, leading to todays rapid progress in the search for quantum supremacy. Heres a very short history of the evolution of quantum computing.

1905Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effectshining light on certain materials can function to release electrons from the materialand suggests that light itself consists of individual quantum particles or photons.

1924The term quantum mechanics is first used in a paper by Max Born

1925Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulate matrix mechanics, the first conceptually autonomous and logically consistent formulation of quantum mechanics

1925 to 1927Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg develop the Copenhagen interpretation, one of the earliest interpretations of quantum mechanics which remains one of the most commonly taught

1930Paul Dirac publishes The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, a textbook that has become a standard reference book that is still used today

1935Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen publish a paper highlighting the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions and arguing that the description of physical reality provided by quantum mechanics is incomplete

1935Erwin Schrdinger, discussing quantum superposition with Albert Einstein and critiquing the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, develops a thought experiment in which a cat (forever known as Schrdingers cat) is simultaneously dead and alive; Schrdinger also coins the term quantum entanglement

1947Albert Einstein refers for the first time to quantum entanglement as spooky action at a distance in a letter to Max Born

1976Roman Stanisaw Ingarden of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru, Poland, publishes one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory

1980Paul Benioff of the Argonne National Laboratory publishes a paper describing a quantum mechanical model of a Turing machine or a classical computer, the first to demonstrate the possibility of quantum computing

1981In a keynote speech titled Simulating Physics with Computers, Richard Feynman of the California Institute of Technology argues that a quantum computer had the potential to simulate physical phenomena that a classical computer could not simulate

1985David Deutsch of the University of Oxford formulates a description for a quantum Turing machine

1992The DeutschJozsa algorithm is one of the first examples of a quantum algorithm that is exponentially faster than any possible deterministic classical algorithm

1993The first paper describing the idea of quantum teleportation is published

1994Peter Shor of Bell Laboratories develops a quantum algorithm for factoring integers that has the potential to decrypt RSA-encrypted communications, a widely-used method for securing data transmissions

1994The National Institute of Standards and Technology organizes the first US government-sponsored conference on quantum computing

1996Lov Grover of Bell Laboratories invents the quantum database search algorithm

1998First demonstration of quantum error correction; first proof that a certain subclass of quantum computations can be efficiently emulated with classical computers

1999Yasunobu Nakamura of the University of Tokyo and Jaw-Shen Tsai of Tokyo University of Science demonstrate that a superconducting circuit can be used as a qubit

2002The first version of the Quantum Computation Roadmap, a living document involving key quantum computing researchers, is published

2004First five-photon entanglement demonstrated by Jian-Wei Pan's group at the University of Science and Technology in China

2011The first commercially available quantum computer is offered by D-Wave Systems

2012 1QB Information Technologies (1QBit), the first dedicated quantum computing software company, is founded

2014Physicists at the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, teleport information between two quantum bits separated by about 10 feet with zero percent error rate

2017 Chinese researchers report the first quantum teleportation of independent single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a low Earth orbit satellite with a distance of up to 1400 km

2018The National Quantum Initiative Act is signed into law by President Donald Trump, establishing the goals and priorities for a 10-year plan to accelerate the development of quantum information science and technology applications in the United States

2019Google claims to have reached quantum supremacy by performing a series of operations in 200 seconds that would take a supercomputer about 10,000 years to complete; IBM responds by suggesting it could take 2.5 days instead of 10,000 years, highlighting techniques a supercomputer may use to maximize computing speed

The race for quantum supremacy is on, to being able to demonstrate a practical quantum device that can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time. Speedand sustainabilityhas always been the measure of the jump to the next stage of computing.

In 1944, Richard Feynman, then a junior staff member at Los Alamos, organized a contest between human computers and the Los Alamos IBM facility, with both performing a calculation for the plutonium bomb. For two days, the human computers kept up with the machines. But on the third day, recalled an observer, the punched-card machine operation began to move decisively ahead, as the people performing the hand computing could not sustain their initial fast pace, while the machines did not tire and continued at their steady pace (seeWhen Computers Were Human, by David Alan Greer).

Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman stands in front of a blackboard strewn with notation ... [+] in his lab in Los Angeles, Californina. (Photo by Kevin Fleming/Corbis via Getty Images)

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27 Milestones In The History Of Quantum Computing - Forbes

Calculating exactly how energy redistributes during a reaction between four atoms is beyond the power of todays best computers, Ni said. A quantum computer might be the only tool that could one day achieve such a complex calculation.

In the meantime, calculating the impossible requires a few well-reasoned assumptions and approximations (picking one location for one of those electrons, for example) and specialized techniques that grant Ni and her team ultimate control over their reaction.

One such technique was another recent Ni lab discovery: She and her team exploited a reliable feature of molecules their highly stable nuclear spin to control the quantum state of the reacting molecules all the way through to the product, work they chronicled in a recent study published in Nature Chemistry. They also discovered a way to detect products from a single collision reaction event, a difficult feat when 10,000 molecules could be reacting simultaneously. With these two novel methods, the team could identify the unique spectrum and quantum state of each product molecule, the kind of precise control necessary to measure all 57 pathways their potassium rubidium reaction could take.

Over several months during the COVID-19 pandemic, the team ran experiments to collect data on each of those 57 possible reaction channels, repeating each channel once every minute for several days before moving on to the next. Luckily, once the experiment was set up, it could be run remotely: Lab members could stay home, keeping the lab re-occupancy at COVID-19 standards, while the system churned on.

The test, said Matthew Nichols, a postdoctoral scholar in the Ni lab and an author on both papers, indicates good agreement between the measurement and the model for a subset containing 50 state-pairs but reveals significant deviations in several state-pairs.

In other words, their experimental data confirmed that previous predictions based on statistical theory (one far less complex than Schrdingers equation) are accurate mostly. Using their data, the team could measure the probability that their chemical reaction would take each of the 57 reaction channels. Then, they compared their percentages with the statistical model. Only seven of the 57 showed a significant enough divergence to challenge the theory.

We have data that pushes this frontier, Ni said. To explain the seven deviating channels, we need to calculate Schrdingers equation, which is still impossible. So now, the theory has to catch up and propose new ways to efficiently perform such exact quantum calculations.

Next, Ni and her team plan to scale back their experiment and analyze a reaction between only three atoms (one molecule is made of two atoms, which is then forced to react with a single atom). In theory, this reaction, which has far fewer dimensions than a four-atom reaction, should be easier to calculate and study in the quantum realm. Yet, already, the team has discovered something strange: The intermediate phase of the reaction lives on for many orders of magnitude longer than the theory predicts.

There is already mystery, Ni said. Its up to the theorists now.

This work was supported by the Department of Energy, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Arnold O. Beckman Postdoctoral Fellowship in Chemical Sciences, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

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Researchers design new experiments to map and test the quantum realm - Harvard Gazette

TORONTO, May 13, 2021 Agnostiq, Inc., a new quantum computing SaaS startup, has raised $2 million in seed funding to support the continued development of its software platform. The growth financing is led by Differential Ventures, with follow-on participation from Scout Ventures, Tensility Venture Partners, Boost VC, and Green Egg Ventures. The company previously raised $830 thousand in pre-Seed funding, with the majority coming from current investors Differential Ventures and Boost VC.

Quantum computers are inevitable, and their game-changing nature makes it imperative that businesses invest in developing in-house expertise, says David Magerman, managing partner of Differential Ventures. Agnostiqs tools address key challenges when it comes to developing proprietary research in the space, which is ultimately what led us to invest.

Co-founded by CEO Oktay Goktas and COO Elliot MacGowan in 2018, the duo aims to build a company at the forefront of enterprise quantum computing. Goktas, a physicist by training, received his PhD from the Max-Planck-Institute in Stuttgart, Germany where he worked under the supervision of Nobel laureate Klaus von Klitzing. Prior to founding Agnostiq, Goktas was a postdoctoral researcher at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and a visiting researcher at the University of Toronto. Prior to Agnostiq, MacGowan worked at Bell Canada in various operational and strategic roles. He received his MBA from the University of Toronto.

We are extremely excited to further strengthen our relationship with David and officially have him on our board. With this new funding and our new partners, we are going to bring our products to the next level, says Goktas.

Quantum computing is poised to have a transformative impact in the coming years, much like machine learning. But, it remains largely inaccessible to the enterprise, due mainly to the novelty of the technology and the high level of expertise required to build applications. In addition, quantum computing is entirely cloud based and vulnerable to traditional security threats, requiring new methods for data security.

One of only a handful of available SaaS-based quantum solutions hosted on the cloud, Agnostiqs platform is comprised of three main technologies that make it easier for enterprises to build their own quantum computing applications:

Our goal is to help clients build quantum computing into their workflows sooner by making it more practical, more accessible, and more secure, says MacGowan. Were solving many of the biggest challenges that machine learning companies faced in the past ten years and that we all take for granted today.

ABOUT AGNOSTIQ, INC.:

Agnostiq, Inc. is an interdisciplinary team of physicists, computer scientists, and mathematicians with the shared aim of using cutting edge technology to build practical applications for industry. The company combines best-in-class quantum applications, privacy tools, and support for all of the latest quantum hardware into a powerful and easy-to-use platform designed to help organizations solve mission critical tasks. Learn more at http://www.agnostiq.ai.

Source: AGNOSTIQ, INC.

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Agnostiq Secures $2M Seed Round to Further Develop SaaS-based Quantum Solutions - HPCwire

DUBLIN, May 18, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Quantum Technology Market by Computing, Communications, Imaging, Security, Sensing, Modeling and Simulation 2021 - 2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the quantum technology market. It assesses companies/organizations focused on quantum technology including R&D efforts and potential gaming-changing quantum tech-enabled solutions. The report evaluates the impact of quantum technology upon other major technologies and solution areas including AI, Edge Computing, Blockchain, IoT, and Big Data Analytics. The report provides an analysis of quantum technology investment, R&D, and prototyping by region and within each major country globally.

The report also provides global and regional forecasts as well as the outlook for quantum technology's impact on embedded hardware, software, applications, and services from 2021 to 2026. The report provides conclusions and recommendations for a wide range of industries and commercial beneficiaries including semiconductor companies, communications providers, high-speed computing companies, artificial intelligence vendors, and more.

Select Report Findings:

Much more than only computing, the quantum technology market provides a foundation for improving all digital communications, applications, content, and commerce. In the realm of communications, quantum technology will influence everything from encryption to the way that signals are passed from point A to point B. While currently in the R&D phase, networked quantum information and communications technology (ICT) is anticipated to become a commercial reality that will represent nothing less than a revolution for virtually every aspect of ICT.

However, there will be a need to integrate the ICT supply chain with quantum technologies in a manner that does not attempt to replace every aspect of classical computing but instead leverages a hybrid computational framework. Traditional High-Performance Computing (HPC) will continue to be used for many existing problems for the foreseeable future, while quantum technologies will be used for encrypting communications, signaling, and will be the underlying basis in the future for all commerce transactions. This does not mean that quantum encryption will replace Blockchain, but rather provide improved encryption for blockchain technology.

The quantum technology market will be a substantial enabler of dramatically improved sensing and instrumentation. For example, gravity sensors may be made significantly more precise through quantum sensing. Quantum electromagnetic sensing provides the ability to detect minute differences in the electromagnetic field. This will provide a wide-ranging number of applications, such as within the healthcare arena wherein quantum electromagnetic sensing will provide the ability to provide significantly improved mapping of vital organs. Quantum sensing will also have applications across a wide range of other industries such as transportation wherein there is the potential for substantially improved safety, especially for self-driving vehicles.

Commercial applications for the quantum imaging market are potentially wide-ranging including exploration, monitoring, and safety. For example, gas image processing may detect minute changes that could lead to early detection of tank failure or the presence of toxic chemicals. In concert with quantum sensing, quantum imaging may also help with various public safety-related applications such as search and rescue. Some problems are too difficult to calculate but can be simulated and modeled. Quantum simulations and modeling is an area that involves the use of quantum technology to enable simulators that can model complex systems that are beyond the capabilities of classical HPC. Even the fastest supercomputers today cannot adequately model many problems such as those found in atomic physics, condensed-matter physics, and high-energy physics.

Key Topics Covered:

1.0 Executive Summary

2.0 Introduction

3.0 Quantum Technology and Application Analysis3.1 Quantum Computing3.2 Quantum Cryptography Communication3.3 Quantum Sensing and Imaging3.4 Quantum Dots Particles3.5 Quantum Cascade Laser3.6 Quantum Magnetometer3.7 Quantum Key Distribution3.8 Quantum Cloud vs. Hybrid Platform3.9 Quantum 5G Communication3.10 Quantum 6G Impact3.11 Quantum Artificial Intelligence3.12 Quantum AI Technology3.13 Quantum IoT Technology3.14 Quantum Edge Network3.15 Quantum Blockchain

4.0 Company Analysis4.1 1QB Information Technologies Inc.4.2 ABB (Keymile)4.3 Adtech Optics Inc.4.4 Airbus Group4.5 Akela Laser Corporation4.6 Alibaba Group Holding Limited4.7 Alpes Lasers SA4.8 Altairnano4.9 Amgen Inc.4.10 Anhui Qasky Science and Technology Limited Liability Company (Qasky)4.11 Anyon Systems Inc.4.12 AOSense Inc.4.13 Apple Inc. (InVisage Technologies)4.14 Biogen Inc.4.15 Block Engineering4.16 Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.4.17 BT Group4.18 Cambridge Quantum Computing Ltd.4.19 Chinese Academy of Sciences4.20 D-Wave Systems Inc.4.21 Emerson Electric Corporation4.22 Fujitsu Ltd.4.23 Gem Systems4.24 GeoMetrics Inc.4.25 Google Inc.4.26 GWR Instruments Inc.4.27 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.4.28 Hewlett Packard Enterprise4.29 Honeywell International Inc.4.30 HP Development Company L.P.4.31 IBM Corporation4.32 ID Quantique4.33 Infineon Technologies4.34 Intel Corporation4.35 KETS Quantum Security4.36 KPN4.37 LG Display Co. Ltd.4.38 Lockheed Martin Corporation4.39 MagiQ Technologies Inc.4.40 Marine Magnetics4.41 McAfee LLC4.42 MicroSemi Corporation4.43 Microsoft Corporation4.44 Mirsense4.45 Mitsubishi Electric Corp.4.46 M-Squared Lasers Limited4.47 Muquans4.48 Nanoco Group PLC4.49 Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH4.50 Nanosys Inc.4.51 NEC Corporation4.52 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation4.53 NN-Labs LLC.4.54 Nokia Corporation4.55 Nucrypt4.56 Ocean NanoTech LLC4.57 Oki Electric4.58 Oscilloquartz SA4.59 OSRAM4.60 PQ Solutions Limited (Post-Quantum)4.61 Pranalytica Inc.4.62 QC Ware Corp.4.63 QD Laser Co. Inc.4.64 QinetiQ4.65 Quantum Circuits Inc.4.66 Quantum Materials Corp.4.67 Qubitekk4.68 Quintessence Labs4.69 QuSpin4.70 QxBranch LLC4.71 Raytheon Company4.72 Rigetti Computing4.73 Robert Bosch GmbH4.74 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (QD Vision Inc.)4.75 SeQureNet (Telecom ParisTech)4.76 SK Telecom4.77 ST Microelectronics4.78 Texas Instruments4.79 Thorlabs Inc4.80 Toshiba Corporation4.81 Tristan Technologies4.82 Twinleaf4.83 Universal Quantum Devices4.84 Volkswagen AG4.85 Wavelength Electronics Inc.4.86 ZTE Corporation

5.0 Quantum Technology Market Analysis and Forecasts 2021 - 20265.1 Global Quantum Technology Market 2021 - 20265.2 Global Quantum Technology Market by Technology 2021 - 20265.3 Quantum Computing Market 2021 - 20265.4 Quantum Cryptography Communication Market 2021 - 20265.5 Quantum Sensing and Imaging Market 2021 - 20265.6 Quantum Dots Market 2021 - 20265.7 Quantum Cascade Laser Market 2021 - 20265.8 Quantum Magnetometer Market 2021 - 20265.9 Quantum Key Distribution Market 2021 - 20265.9.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Technology5.9.1.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Infrastructure Type5.9.2 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Industry Vertical5.9.2.1 Global Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Market by Government5.9.2.2 Global Quantum Key Distribution Market by Enterprise/Civilian Industry5.10 Global Quantum Technology Market by Deployment5.11 Global Quantum Technology Market by Sector5.12 Global Quantum Technology Market by Connectivity5.13 Global Quantum Technology Market by Revenue Source5.14 Quantum Intelligence Market 2021 - 20265.15 Quantum IoT Technology Market 2021 - 20265.16 Global Quantum Edge Network Market5.17 Global Quantum Blockchain Market5.18 Global Quantum Exascale Computing Market5.19 Regional Quantum Technology Market 2021 - 20265.19.1 Regional Comparison of Global Quantum Technology Market5.19.2 Global Quantum Technology Market by Region5.19.2.1 North America Quantum Technology Market by Country5.19.2.2 Europe Quantum Technology Market by Country5.19.2.3 Asia Pacific Quantum Technology Market by Country5.19.2.4 Middle East and Africa Quantum Technology Market by Country5.19.2.5 Latin America Quantum Technology Market by Country

6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/6syb13

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The Worldwide Quantum Technology Industry will Reach $31.57 Billion by 2026 - North America to be the Biggest Region - PRNewswire

Researchers have used a technique similar to MRI to follow the movement of individual atoms in real time as they cluster together to form two-dimensional materials, which are a single atomic layer thick.

The results, reported in the journalPhysical Review Letters, could be used to design new types of materials and quantum technology devices. The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, captured the movement of the atoms at speeds that are eight orders of magnitude too fast for conventional microscopes.

Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, have the potential to improve the performance of existing and new devices, due to their unique properties, such as outstanding conductivity and strength. Two-dimensional materials have a wide range of potential applications, from bio-sensing and drug delivery to quantum information and quantum computing. However, in order for two-dimensional materials to reach their full potential, their properties need to be fine-tuned through a controlled growth process.

This technique isnt a new one, but its never been used in this way, to measure the growth of a two-dimensional material. Nadav Avidor

These materials normally form as atoms jump onto a supporting substrate until they attach to a growing cluster. Being able to monitor this process gives scientists much greater control over the finished materials. However, for most materials, this process happens so quickly and at such high temperatures that it can only be followed using snapshots of a frozen surface, capturing a single moment rather than the whole process.

Now, researchers from the University of Cambridge have followed the entire process in real time, at comparable temperatures to those used in industry.

The researchers used a technique known as helium spin-echo, which has been developed in Cambridge over the last 15 years. The technique has similarities to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but uses a beam of helium atoms to illuminate a target surface, similar to light sources in everyday microscopes.

Using this technique, we can do MRI-like experiments on the fly as the atoms scatter, said Dr Nadav Avidor from Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory, the papers senior author. If you think of a light source that shines photons on a sample, as those photons come back to your eye, you can see what happens in the sample.

Instead of photons however, Avidor and his colleagues use helium atoms to observe what happens on the surface of the sample. The interaction of the helium with atoms at the surface allows the motion of the surface species to be inferred.

Using a test sample of oxygen atoms moving on the surface of ruthenium metal, the researchers recorded the spontaneous breaking and formation of oxygen clusters, just a few atoms in size, and the atoms that quickly diffuse between the clusters.

This technique isnt a new one, but its never been used in this way, to measure the growth of a two-dimensional material, said Avidor. If you look back on the history of spectroscopy, light-based probes revolutionized how we see the world, and the next step electron-based probes allowed us to see even more.

Were now going another step beyond that, to atom-based probes, allowing us to observe more atomic scale phenomena. Besides its usefulness in the design and manufacture of future materials and devices, Im excited to find out what else well be able to see.

Reference: Ultrafast Diffusion at the Onset of Growth: O/Ru(0001) by Jack Kelsall, Peter S.M. Townsend, John Ellis, Andrew P. Jardine and Nadav Avidor, 12 April 2021, Physical Review Letters.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.155901

The research was conducted in the Cambridge Atom Scattering Centre and supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

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Following Atoms in Real Time Could Lead to New Types of Materials and Quantum Technology Devices - SciTechDaily

The spark about quantum computing is considered to have set out from a three-day discussion at the MIT Conference Center out of Boston, in 1981. The meeting, The Physics of Computation, was collaboratively sponsored by IBM and MITs Laboratory of computer science. The discussion aimed to formulate new processes for efficient ways of computing and bring the area of study into the mainstream. Quantum computing was not a popularly discussed field of science till then. The historic conference was presided over by many talented brains including Richard Feynman, Paul Benioff, Edward Fredkin, Leonid Levin, Freeman Dyson, and Arthur Burks, who were computer scientists and physicists.

Richard Feynman was a renowned theoretical physicist who received a Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1965 with other two physicists, for his contributions towards the development of quantum electrodynamics. The conference was a seminal moment in the development of quantum computing and Richard Feynman announced that to simulate quantum computation, there is a need for quantum computers. Later, he went on to publish a paper in 1982, titled Simulating Physics with Computers.The area of study soon got attention from computer scientists and physicists. Hence, the work on quantum computing began.

Before this, in 1980, Paul Benioff had described a first quantum mechanical model of a computer in one of his papers, which had already acted as a foundation for the study. After Feynmans statement in the conference, Paul Benioff went on to develop his model of quantum mechanical Turing machine.

However, almost a decade later, came Shors algorithm, developed by Peter Shor, which is considered a milestone in the history of quantum computing. This algorithm allowed quantum computers to factor large integers at a higher speed and could also break numerous cryptosystems. The discovery garnered a lot of interest in the study of quantum computing as it replaced the years taken by the classic, traditional computing algorithms to perform factoring by just some hours. Later, in 1996, Lov Grover invented the quantum database search algorithm, which exhibited a quadratic speedup that could solve any problem that had to be solved by random brute-force search and could also be applied to a wider base of problems.

The year 1998 witnessed the first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm that worked on a 2-qubit NMR quantum computer. Later in the year, a working 3-qubit NMR computer was developed and Grovers algorithm got executed for the first time in an NMR quantum computer. Several experimental progress took place between 1999 and 2009.

In 2009, the first universal programmable quantum computer was unveiled by a team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Colorado. The computer was capable of processing 2 quantum bits.

After almost a decade, IBM unveiled the first commercially usable integrated quantum computing system, and later in the year, IBM added 4 more quantum computing systems, along with a newly developed 53-qubit quantum computer. Google also gave a huge contribution to the field in late 2019, when a paper published by the Google research team claimed to have reached quantum supremacy. The 54-qubit Sycamore processor, made of tiny qubits and superconducting materials is claimed to have sampled a computation in just 200 seconds. Last year, IonQ launched its trapped ion quantum computers and made them commercially available through the cloud. There have been several experiments and research that are being carried on today. Each day becomes a new step for quantum computing technology since its proclamation back in the 80s.

According to a report by Fast Company, IBM plans to complete the 127-qubit IBM Quantum Eagle this year and expects to develop a 1000-qubit computing machine called the IBM Quantum Condor by 2023. IBM has been keeping up in the path of developing the best quantum computing solutions since it hosted the conference in 1981. Charlie Bennet, a renowned physicist who was part of the conference as IBMs research contingent, has a huge contribution to these innovations put forward by the company.

The emerging era of quantum computing will invite many breakthroughs. The quantum computing revolution will increase processing efficiency and solve intrinsic quantum problems. Quantum computer works with quantum bits or qubits that can be in the superposition of states that will cater to massive calculations at an extremely faster pace.

Quantum computing will have a greater impact on almost all industries and business operations. It is capable of molecular modeling, cryptography, weather forecasting, drug discovery, and more. Quantum computing is also said to be a significant component of artificial intelligence, which is fuelling several businesses and real-life functions today. We might soon reach the state of quantum supremacy and businesses need to become quantum-ready by then.

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Quantum Computing: The Chronicle of its Origin and Beyond - Analytics Insight

May 17, 2021• Physics 14, 74

A method that enables long-range interactions between fermions on a lattice allows atomic quantum simulations of exotic quantum many-body phenomena.

Currently, one of the best ways to model complex quantum systems is through atomic quantum simulations. Controlling interactions between atoms is key to such simulations, something that can be achieved in atomic lattices using the well-established Feshbach-resonance approach. While that approach can be used to vary the strength of short-range interactions between atoms, it does not carry over to long-range interactions, leaving some interesting quantum systems outside of the techniques scope. Elmer Guardado-Sanchez at Princeton University and colleagues have now shown that such long-range interactions can be controlled using Rydberg dressing in a lattice of lithium ( 6Li) atoms [1]. The teams demonstration opens up unprecedented opportunities for exploring systems that exhibit rich fermionic many-body physics.

In the Feshbach-resonance approach to interaction control, a variable magnetic field is used to tune the scattering dynamics of colliding atoms. The use of this technique has led to the experimental observation of the crossover between the Bose-Einstein-condensation (BEC) regimein which strongly interacting fermions form bosonic moleculesand the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) regimein which weakly interacting fermions form loosely bound Cooper pairs. Quantum phenomena that can be simulated using such interactions range from the electron correlations behind high-temperature superconductors to the quantum kinematics taking place in distant neutron stars. Despite this versatility, there remains an important class of systems beyond the reach of simulations based on local interactions. Those systems are ones composed of spinless fermions, which the Pauli exclusion principle forbids from sitting on top of one another, making local interactions largely irrelevant. Instead, it is the long-range interactions that must be controlled.

One way to engineer such long-range interactions between spinless atomic fermions is to excite the atoms to Rydberg states, in which an electron occupies a high orbital. This method has been proposed theoretically as a way to mediate correlated topological density waves within a fermionic system [2]. Guardado-Sanchez and colleagues now employ the technique experimentally, which they do with an ensemble of spinless, fermionic 6Li atoms.

The team cooled a dilute gas of 6Li atoms in an optical lattice to a quantum degenerate temperature, one where each atoms de Broglie wavelength becomes larger than the interatomic spacing. Unable to reach the ground state simultaneously (because of the Pauli exclusion principle), the atoms freeze one by one at the lowest momentum available, forming a Fermi sea (Fig. 1). In this sea state, the atoms barely interact, and there are both minimal thermal and minimal quantum fluctuations.

The teams next step was to use a laser to implement a Rydberg dressing scheme, which mixes the systems internal ground state with a highly excited Rydberg state. An atom in a Rydberg state exhibits a larger electric dipole moment than one in the ground state because of the greater distance between its ion core and its outermost electron. This dipole-moment enhancement produces an effective soft-core interaction between Rydberg-dressed atoms, meaning that the interaction strength remains roughly constant as the interparticle distance increases, before dropping off above a threshold length scale [24]. The researchers show that they can manipulate the strength and the range of this interaction by varying the intensity and frequency of the laser. Although the Rydberg-dressing-induced interaction is isotropic across the two-dimensional system, the motion (by quantum tunneling) of the fermions is restricted to one dimension. This limited freedom of motion hinders the infamous Rydberg-avalanching-loss process by which Rydberg atoms collide, gain kinetic energy, and escape the trap.

The long-range interaction and the consequent hopping motion of the fermions generate many-body excitationscommonly called quantum fluctuationson top of the Fermi sea. These collective quantum fluctuations can have tremendously rich features, yielding many kinds of quantum-correlated states of matter. The types of phenomena that arise in such a system of interacting fermions depend on the way in which the fermions pair up, or, more precisely, on the momenta of the participating fermions and the Cooper pairs that result. These momentum-dependent interactions, in turn, are governed largely by the range of the interaction relative to the lattice spacing. A soft-core interaction with a tunable length, such as that realized by Guardado-Sanchez and colleagues, could lead to abundant momentum-dependent behaviors, generating, for example, topological density waves [2] and chiral p+ip superfluidity [5]. Such p+ip superfluids support topological Majorana vortices and offer a plausible route toward realizing topological quantum computation.

Even more exotic and counterintuitive phenomena may arise when different pairing possibilities occur simultaneously. For example, although mean-field theories typically predict that superfluidity appears in the presence of purely attractive interactions, functional renormalization group calculations suggest that a complex combination of different fermion pairings should generate unconventional f-wave superfluidity even with atomic repulsion [6]. Guardado-Sanchez and colleagues have so far only demonstrated attractive interactions, but tuning from attraction to repulsion is experimentally feasible [7]. Interesting effects should also arise when the interaction strength completely dominates the kinetic energy, with the system then being driven toward a Wigner crystal or fractional quantum Hall state [8, 9].

In the teams experiment, with its lattice-hopping fermions, the dynamical aspects of the system are more easily observed than the quantum many-body equilibrium states. Uncovering how to probe such states in a nonequilibrium setting should stimulate future theoretical investigation. On the application side, as well as the above-mentioned potential for topological quantum computing, long-range interaction control is a key step toward performing quantum simulations of quantum chemistry problems. Such simulations represent one arena ripe for applications employing the so-called quantum advantage to solve problems that would be intractable using classical computers. One strength of the teams scheme in realizing applications is that, unlike previously developed Feshbach-resonance techniques, it is magnetic-field-free. This aspect provides extra freedom to integrate the technique with certain magnetic-field-sensitive cold-atom quantum technologies, such as artificial gauge fields.

Xiaopeng Li is professor of physics in the Physics Department of Fudan University, China, jointly employed by Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute. He is active in quantum information science and condensed-matter theories, with his primary research interests in exploiting the quantum computation power of various quantum simulation platforms. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pittsburgh in 2013 and joined Fudan University as a faculty member in 2016 after three years at the University of Maryland, supported by a Joint Quantum Institute theoretical postdoctoral fellowship. He has been a full professor since 2019.

Elmer Guardado-Sanchez, Benjamin M. Spar, Peter Schauss, Ron Belyansky, Jeremy T. Young, Przemyslaw Bienias, Alexey V. Gorshkov, Thomas Iadecola, and Waseem S. Bakr

Phys. Rev. X 11, 021036 (2021)

Published May 17, 2021

A new experimental method based on adsorption can indicate whether a material is a Mott insulator or a common insulator. Read More

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Disturbing the Fermi Sea with Rydberg States - Physics

This report studies theQuantum ComputingMarket with many aspects of the industry like the market size, market status, market trends and forecast, the report also provides brief information of the competitors and the specific growth opportunities with key market drivers. Find the complete Quantum Computing Market analysis segmented by companies, region, type and applications in the report.

The report offers valuable insight into the Quantum Computing market progress and approaches related to the Quantum Computing market with an analysis of each region. The report goes on to talk about the dominant aspects of the market and examine each segment.

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Report Highlights:

The report also eyes on the latest trends and development plans, patterns, and policies in the global market. The report covers the global Sports Nutrition & Quantum Computing market overview, key players profiling, key developments, suppliers of raw materials, and dealers, among other information. It also consists of market size, sales, share, industry growth rate, and revenue. It sheds light on essential components such as the size of the market as well as its share along with forecast trends, specifications, and applications. The summary of present innovations, specifications, parameters have been clarified in the report. The report provides a complete abstract of the fluctuations in terms of demand rates.

Based on geography, the global Quantum Computing market segmented into

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The Report focuses on-demand supply chain to understand the requirement from various global clients along with some significant features. The turning point of the industries has been presented by giving effective approaches to discover global customers massively. SWOT and Porters five model have been used for analyzing the market on the basis of strengths, challenges and global opportunities in front of the businesses. This report has been aggregated on the basis of recent scope, challenges in front of the businesses and global opportunities to enlarge the Global Quantum Computing Market sector in upcoming years.

The scope of the report:

The Quantum ComputingMarket Research Report is a comprehensive publication that aims to determine the financial outlook for the market. For the same reason, it offers a detailed understanding of the competitive landscape. It examines some of the key players, their leadership styles, their research and development status, and their expansion strategies. The report also includes the product portfolios and the list of products in the pipeline. It provides a detailed explanation of advanced technology and the investments that have been made to upgrade existing technologies.

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The years considered to estimate the market size in this study are as follows:

In the end the Global Quantum Computing Market Report delivers conclusion which includes Research Findings, Market Size Estimation, Market Share, Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change and Data Source. These factors will increase business overall.

Table of Content:Part 01: Executive SummaryPart 02: Scope of the ReportPart 03: Research MethodologyPart 04: Market LandscapePart 05: Pipeline AnalysisPart 06: Market SizingPart 07: Five Forces AnalysisPart 08: Market SegmentationPart 09: Customer LandscapePart 10: Regional LandscapePart 11: Decision FrameworkPart 12: Drivers and ChallengesPart 13: Market TrendsPart 14: Vendor LandscapePart 15: Vendor AnalysisPart 16: Appendix

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Global Quantum Computing Market with Top Growth Companies, Size, Trends, Industry Analysis, and Key Players, Forecast 2020-2028 The Courier - The...

May 12, 2021 There will be an XSEDE webinar Thursday, May 20 at 1:00 p.m. U.S. Central time. The topic will be GPU Computing and Programming on Expanse. This webinar provides a brief introduction to massively parallel computing with graphics processing units (GPUs) on the SDSC Expanse supercomputer.

The use of GPUs is becoming increasingly popular across all scientific domains both for traditional simulations and AI applications since GPUs can significantly accelerate time to solution for many computational tasks. In this webinar, participants will learn how to access Expanse GPU nodes, how to launch GPU jobs on Expanse, and get introduced to GPU programming. The webinar will cover the essential background of GPU chip architectures and the basics of programming GPUs with the NVIDIA HPC SDK via the use of libraries, OpenACC compiler directives, and the CUDA programming language. We will also briefly discuss performance analysis with NVIDIA Nsight profilers. Participants will thus acquire the foundation to use and develop GPU aware applications.

Registration is required to attend this event.

Source: XSEDE

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XSEDE Webinar: 'GPU Computing and Programming on Expanse' Will Be Held on May 20 - HPCwire

CLEVELAND -- The Cleveland Clinics partnership with IBM to use quantum computing for medical research brings to mind the most unfortunate instance of bad timing in the history of Cleveland: the 1967 merger of Case Institute of Technology with Western Reserve University just when the computer age was coming to life.

The merger squelched Cases opportunity to be among the leaders in the most revolutionary technology ever (and to benefit Cleveland with computer-related jobs). Might the arrival of quantum computing mean fresh opportunity?

At the time of the merger, Cases Department of Computer Engineering and Science had a good chance to be at the forefront. But capitalizing on that required support from senior administrators of the new Case Western Reserve University administrators who could not be focused on technology to the degree that Case, on its own, had been. In the new world of CWRU, technology was one of many fields.

A vision for the merged institutions prepared by a prominent commission gave only a brief mention of computing either as a current or potential strength of the new institution or as a challenge or opportunity to be addressed, according to Richard E. Baznik in Beyond the Fence: A Social History of Case Western Reserve University. The goose with golden innards wasnt even recognized, let alone encouraged to lay eggs.

Further, the merger created the worst possible institutional environment for computer advocates. Not only did administrators have to contend with issues of who might lose their job because of consolidation and who would have which power (particularly over budget), they also had to manage the challenge that all universities were facing as the post-World War II surge in enrollment and federal funding was ebbing.

Inescapably, the units that formed CWRU were locked in competition for shrinking resources, if not survival. And in that mix, dominated by heavyweights such as the School of Medicine and the main sciences, computers was a flyweight.

All of that was topped off by intense feelings among Case people of being severely violated by the Institutes loss of independence, which feelings were heightened by the substantial upgrading that had occurred under the longtime leadership of former Case president T. Keith Glennan (president from 1947 to 1966).

Thomas Bier is an associate of the university at Cleveland State University.

The combination of those potent forces upset CWRU institutional stability, which was not fully reestablished until the presidency of Barbara Snyder 40 years later.

Although in 1971, CWRUs computer engineering program would be the first of its type to be accredited in the nation, momentum sagged and the opportunity to be among the vanguard was lost. Today, the universitys programs in computer engineering and science are well-regarded but not top-tier.

But the arrival of quantum computing poses the challenge to identify new opportunity and exploit it.

Quantum computing, as IBM puts it, is tomorrows computing today. Its enormous processing power enables multiple computations to be performed simultaneously with unprecedented speed. And the Clinics installation will be first private-sector, on-premises system in the United States.

Clinic CEO and President Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic said, These new computing technologies can help revolutionize discovery in the life sciences and help transform medicine, while training the workforce of the future and potentially growing our economy.

In terms of jobs, the economy of Northeast Ohio has been tepid for decades, reflecting, in part, its scant role in computer innovation. While our job growth has been nil, computer hot spots such as Seattle and Austin have been gaining an average of 25,000 jobs annually.

Cleveland cannot become a Seattle or an Austin. Various factors dictate that. But, hopefully, the arrival of quantum computing a short distance down Euclid Avenue from CWRU will trigger creative, promising initiatives. Maybe, as young technologists and researchers become involved in the Clinic-IBM venture, an innovative entrepreneur will emerge and lead the growth of a whole new industry. Maybe, the timing couldnt be better.

Quantum computing bring, it, on!

Thomas Bier is an associate of the university at Cleveland State University where, until he retired in 2003, he was director of the Housing Policy Research Program in the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs. Bier received both his masters in science degree, in 1963, and Ph.D., in 1968, from from Case/CWRU. Both degrees are in organizational behavior.

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* Email general questions about our editorial board or comments or corrections on this opinion column to Elizabeth Sullivan, director of opinion, at esullivan@cleveland.com.

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Quantum computings imminent arrival in Cleveland could be a back-to-the-future moment: Thomas Bier - cleveland.com