Category Archives: Quantum Computing

A tunable coupler can switch the qubit-qubit interaction on and off. Unwanted, residual (ZZ) interaction between the two qubits is eliminated by harnessing higher energy levels of the coupler. Credit: Krantz Nanoart

MIT researchers demonstrate a way to sharply reduce errors in two-qubit gates, a significant advance toward fully realizing quantum computation.

MIT researchers have made a significant advance on the road toward the full realization of quantum computation, demonstrating a technique that eliminates common errors in the most essential operation of quantum algorithms, the two-qubit operation or gate.

Despite tremendous progress toward being able to perform computations with low error rates with superconducting quantum bits (qubits), errors in two-qubit gates, one of the building blocks of quantum computation, persist, says Youngkyu Sung, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science who is the lead author of a paper on this topicpublished on June 16, 2021, in Physical Review X. We have demonstrated a way to sharply reduce those errors.

In quantum computers, the processing of information is an extremely delicate process performed by the fragile qubits, which are highly susceptible to decoherence, the loss of their quantum mechanical behavior. In previous research conducted by Sung and the research group he works with, MIT Engineering Quantum Systems, tunable couplers were proposed, allowing researchers to turn two-qubit interactions on and off to control their operations while preserving the fragile qubits. The tunable coupler idea represented a significant advance and was cited, for example, by Google as being key to their recent demonstration of the advantage that quantum computing holds over classical computing.

Still, addressing error mechanisms is like peeling an onion: Peeling one layer reveals the next. In this case, even when using tunable couplers, the two-qubit gates were still prone to errors that resulted from residual unwanted interactions between the two qubits and between the qubits and the coupler. Such unwanted interactions were generally ignored prior to tunable couplers, as they did not stand out but now they do. And, because such residual errors increase with the number of qubits and gates, they stand in the way of building larger-scale quantum processors. ThePhysical Review Xpaper provides a new approach to reduce such errors.

We have now taken the tunable coupler concept further and demonstrated near 99.9 percent fidelity for the two major types of two-qubit gates, known as Controlled-Z gates and iSWAP gates, says William D. Oliver, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science, MIT Lincoln Laboratory fellow, director of the Center for Quantum Engineering, and associate director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics, home of the Engineering Quantum Systems group. Higher-fidelity gates increase the number of operations one can perform, and more operations translates to implementing more sophisticated algorithms at larger scales.

To eliminate the error-provoking qubit-qubit interactions, the researchers harnessed higher energy levels of the coupler to cancel out the problematic interactions. In previous work, such energy levels of the coupler were ignored, although they induced non-negligible two-qubit interactions.

Better control and design of the coupler is a key to tailoring the qubit-qubit interaction as we desire. This can be realized by engineering the multilevel dynamics that exist, Sung says.

The next generation of quantum computers will be error-corrected, meaning that additional qubits will be added to improve the robustness of quantum computation.

Qubit errors can be actively addressed by adding redundancy, says Oliver, pointing out, however, that such a process only works if the gates are sufficiently good above a certain fidelity threshold that depends on the error correction protocol. The most lenient thresholds today are around 99 percent. However, in practice, one seeks gate fidelities that are much higher than this threshold to live with reasonable levels of hardware redundancy.

The devices used in the research, made at MITs Lincoln Laboratory, were fundamental to achieving the demonstrated gains in fidelity in the two-qubit operations, Oliver says.

Fabricating high-coherence devices is step one to implementing high-fidelity control, he says.

Sung says high rates of error in two-qubit gates significantly limit the capability of quantum hardware to run quantum applications that are typically hard to solve with classical computers, such as quantum chemistry simulation and solving optimization problems.

Up to this point, only small molecules have been simulated on quantum computers, simulations that can easily be performed on classical computers.

In this sense, our new approach to reduce the two-qubit gate errors is timely in the field of quantum computation and helps address one of the most critical quantum hardware issues today, he says.

Reference: Realization of High-Fidelity CZ and ZZ-Free iSWAP Gates with a Tunable Coupler by Youngkyu Sung, Leon Ding, Jochen Braumller, Antti Vepslinen, Bharath Kannan, Morten Kjaergaard, Ami Greene, Gabriel O. Samach, Chris McNally, David Kim, Alexander Melville, Bethany M. Niedzielski, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jonilyn L. Yoder, Terry P. Orlando, Simon Gustavsson and William D. Oliver, 16 June 2021, Physical Review X.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021058

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MIT Makes a Significant Advance Toward the Full Realization of Quantum Computation - SciTechDaily

Back in October of 1927, the worlds leading scientists descended upon Brussels for the fifth Solvay Conference an exclusive, invite-only conference that is dedicated to discussing and solving the outstanding preeminent open problems in physics and chemistry.

In attendance were scientists that, today, we praise as the brightest minds in the history of mankind.

Albert Einstein was there so was Erwin Schrodinger, who devised the famous Schrodingers cat experiment and Werner Heisenberg, the man behind the world-changing Heisenberg uncertainty principle and Louis de Broglie. Max Born. Neils Bohr. Max Planck.

The list goes on and on. Of the 29 scientists who met in Brussels in October 1927, 17 of them went on to win a Nobel Prize.

These are the minds that collectively created the scientific foundation upon which the modern world is built.

And yet, when they all descended upon Brussels nearly 94 years ago, they got stumped by one concept one concept that for nearly a century has remained the elusive key to unlocking the full potential of humankind.

And now, for the first time ever, that concept which stumped even Einstein is turning into a disruptive reality, via a breakthrough technology that will change the world as we know it.

So what exactly were Einstein, Schrodinger, Heisenberg, and the rest of those Nobel Laureates talking about in Brussels back in 1927?

Quantum mechanics.

Now, to be clear, quantum mechanics is a big, complex topic that would require 500 pages to fully understand, but heres my best job at making a Cliffs Notes version in 500 words instead

For centuries, scientists had developed, tested, and validated the laws of the physical world which became known as classical mechanics. These laws scientifically explained how things worked. Why they worked. Where they came from. So on and so forth.

But the discovery of the electron in 1897 by J.J. Thomson unveiled a new, subatomic world of supper-small things that didnt obey the laws of classical mechanics. The biggest differences were two-fold.

First, in classical mechanics, objects are in one place, at one time. You are either at the store, or at home.

But, in quantum mechanics, subatomic particles can theoretically exist in multiple places at once before they are observed. A single subatomic particle can exist in point A and point B at the same time, until we observe it, at which point it only exists at either point A or point B.

So, the true location of a subatomic particle is some combination of all its possible locations.

This is called quantum superposition.

Second, in classical mechanics, objects can only work with things that are also real. You cant use your imaginary friend to help move the couch. You need your real friend to help you.

But, in quantum mechanics, all of those probabilistic states of subatomic particles are not independent. Theyre entangled. That is, if we know something about the probabilistic positioning of one subatomic particle, then we know something about the probabilistic positioning of another subatomic particle meaning that these already super-complex particles can actually work together to create a super-complex ecosystem.

This is called quantum entanglement.

So, in short, subatomic particles can theoretically have multiple probabilistic states at once, and all those probabilistic states can work together again, all at once to accomplish some task.

And that, in a nutshell, is the scientific breakthrough that stumped Einstein back in the early 1900s.

It goes against everything classical mechanics had taught us about the world. It goes against common sense. But its true. Its real. And, now, for the first time ever, we are leaning how to harness this unique phenomenon to change everything about everything

That is, the study of quantum theory has made huge advancements over the past century, especially so over the past decade, wherein scientists at leading technology companies have started to figure out how to harness the powers of quantum mechanics to make a new generation of super quantum computers that are infinitely faster and more powerful than even todays fastest supercomputers.

In short, todays computers are built on top of the laws of classical mechanics. That is, they store information on what are called bits which can store data binarily as either 1 or 0.

But what if you could harness the power of quantum mechanics to turn those classical bits into quantum bits or qubits that can leverage superpositioning to be both 1 and 0 data stores at the same time?

Even further, what if you could take those quantum bits and leverage entanglement to get all of the multi-state bits to work together to solve computationally taxing problems?

You would theoretically create a machine with so much computational power that it would make even todays most advanced supercomputers look like they are from the Stone Age.

Thats exactly what is happening today.

Google has built a quantum computer that solved a mathematical calculation in 200 seconds, that took the worlds most advanced classical supercomputer IBM Summit 10,000 years to do. That means Googles quantum computer is about 158 million times faster than the worlds fastest supercomputer.

Thats not hyperbole. Thats a real number.

Imagine the possibilities if we could broadly create a new set of quantum computers 158 million times faster than even todays fastest computers.

Wed finally have the level of AI that you see in movies. Thats because the biggest limitation to AI today is the robustness of machine learning algorithms, which are constrained by supercomputing capacity. Expand that capacity, and you get infinitely improved machine learning algos, and infinitely smarter AI.

We could eradicate disease. We already have tools like gene editing, but the effectiveness of gene editing relies of the robustness of the underlying computing capacity to identify, target, insert, cut, and repair genes. Insert quantum computing capacity, and all that happens without an error in seconds allowing for us to truly fix anything about anyone.

We could finally have that million-mile EV. We can only improve batteries if we can test them, and we can only test them in the real-world so much. Therefore, the key to unlocking a million-mile battery is through cellular simulation, and the quickness and effectiveness of cellular simulation rests upon the robustness of the underlying computing capacity. Make that capacity 158 million times bigger, and cellular simulation will happen 158 million times faster.

The applications here are truly endless.

And thats why the Boston Consulting Group believes quantum computing will be the next trillion-dollar industry.

I couldnt agree more. Over the next two decades, quantum computing is going to change everything about everything.

And thats why, Ive made my first-ever foray into quantum computing stocks recently, adding the best quantum computing stock to buy today in my ultra-exclusive newsletter service, Exponential Growth Report.

You can learn more about my premium newsletter subscription services, and my top picks in the worlds emerging megatrends, by becoming a free subscriber to Hypergrowth Investing. By signing up, youll also get my latest research report, 11 Electric Vehicle Stocks for 2021, sent directly to your inbox.

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And you can learn all about my premium subscription services where I compile the best-of-the-best in the hypergrowth investing world. My latest pick in Exponential Growth Report is the top quantum computing company in the world a name no one has heard about yet which could one day be as big as Amazon Web Services or Google cloud.

This is the next big thing.

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On the date of publication, Luke Lango did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article.

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Quantum Computing Stumped Einstein 100 Years Ago. Today, It's Ready to Change the World. - InvestorPlace

The greater the functionality of a tool, the less efficient it will be for any given task. Take, for example, The Giant, which earns the title of the worlds most multifunctional penknife. It is a Swiss Army knife with 87 tools. It is over 8 inches long and weighs 3 pounds.

Even if I had a use for every one of those tools, I still would not buy that knife. Now, if it were only the size of a smartphone, that would be a product worth carrying around. The point this knife illustrates is that specialized tasks are best carried out using specialized tools. If you open a hundred bottles of wine per day, for example, this Swiss Army knife has a corkscrew but you are far better off buying a machine optimized for opening bottles of wine.

A computer is like a Swiss Army knife, but for calculations. A computer can solve all sorts of mathematical problems. And thats extremely useful because many everyday problems can be phrased as math problems. Obvious examples are determining how much tip to leave at a restaurant, figuring out what time to catch the bus to arrive early for that meeting, adding up the values in a spreadsheet, and so on. Less obvious examples that are really just hidden math problems are recognizing faces in a digital photo, formatting words in a document, and seamlessly showing two peoples faces to each other on other sides of the world in real-time.

The central processing unit, or CPU, inside your tablet, smartphone, or laptop is tasked with carrying out any possible set of instructions thrown at it. But, because it can do anything, its not the best at doing specific things. This is where the other PUs come in. Probably the most famous is the GPU, or graphics processing unit.

Maybe graphics arent something you think about a lot. But, even to display the text you are reading now on your screen requires coordination of the brightness and color of millions of pixels. Thats not an easy calculation for a CPU. So, GPUs were made as special-purpose electronic devices which do the calculations required to display images really well,andnotmuchelse. The CPU outsources those difficult calculations to the GPU, and video gamers rejoice!

Theres another kind of calculation involving the multiplication and addition of lots of numbers which is very time consuming for a CPU. This kind of calculation is essential for solving problems in quantum physics, including simulating chemical reactions and other microscopic phenomena. It would be convenient for these kinds of calculations if a quantum processing unit (QPU) were available. And indeed they are! These are confusingly called quantum computers, even though they are chips sent very specific calculations by a CPU.

You wont find a QPU inside your computer today. This is a technology that is currently being developed by many companies and academic researchers around the world. The prototypes that exist today require a lot of supporting technology, such as refrigerators cooled using liquid helium. So, while QPUs are small, the pictures of them you will see show large laboratory equipment surrounding them. (Scroll back up to cover photo for a reminder.)

What will the future QPU in your computer do? First of all, we could not have guessed even 10 years ago what wed be doing today with the supercomputers we all carry around in our pockets. (Mostly, we are applying digital filters to pictures of ourselves, as it turns out.) So, we probably cant even conceive of what QPUs will be used for 10 years from now. However, we do have some clues as to industrial and scientific applications.

At the Quantum Algorithm Zoo, 65 problems are currently listed that a QPU could solve more efficiently than a CPU alone. Admittedly, those problems are abstract, but so are the detailed calculations that any processor carries out. The trick is in translating real-world problems into the math problems we know a QPU could be useful for. Not much effort has been put into this challenge simply because QPU didnt exist until recently, so the incentive wasnt there. As QPUs start to come online, though, new applications will come swiftly.

My favorite and inevitable application of QPUs is the simulation of physics. Physics simulations are ubiquitous. Gamers will know this well. When you think of video games, you should think of virtual worlds. These worlds have physical laws, and the motion of the objects and characters in the world need to be calculated this is a simulation. Physics needs to be simulated when designing aircraft, bridges, and any other engineered system. Physics is simulated in science, too entire galaxies have been simulated to understand their formation. But quantum physics has resisted simulation because CPUs are really bad at it.

Once we can simulate quantum physics on QPUs, well be able to simulate chemical interactions to rapidly design new materials and medicines. We might also be able to simulate the physics at the creation of the universe or the center of a black hole, and who knows what we will find there.

Now, you may have come here thinking you were supposed to walk away with an understanding of qubits, superposition, entanglement, parallelism, and other quantum magicyouvereadelsewhere. Those are not useful ways for thinking about QPUs unless you plan on studying for several more years to become a quantum scientist or engineer (and even then you shouldnt be getting your information from blog posts). The basic thing you need to know about QPUs is the same thing you know about GPUsthey are special-purpose calculators which are good at solving a particular kind of mathematical problem.

If at some point you end up with a job title that has the word quantum in it, it will probably be a software job (much like there are 20 software engineers for every 1 computer hardware engineer today). The most challenging problem a Quantum Solutions Engineer might face is in translating the calculations their business currently performs into problems that can be outsourced to a QPUand quantum entanglement, for example, wont be relevant for that.

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Here's why superposition and entanglement have nothing to do with understanding quantum computers - Medium

STONY BROOK, NY, June 23, 2021Dmitri Kharzeev, PhD, Distinguished Professor and Director of the Center for Nuclear Theory in the Department of Physics and Astronomy in the College of Arts and Sciences at Stony Brook University, has been elected a Foreign Member ofThe Academy of Europe.

Professor Kharzeev also has a joint appointment with the U.S. Department of Energys Brookhaven National Laboratory, of which Stony Brook is part of the management team. He was elected for his groundbreaking work on quantum phenomena that are similar to superconductivity but exist at much higher temperatures. He and colleagues discovered a new class of macroscopic quantum phenomena, specifically the chiral magnetic effect driven by quantum anomalies. This effect is being proposed as a basis for new quantum computing devices.

He joins the Academy in 2021 as a member of the Physics and Engineering Sciences Section. There are 17 newly elected members, all highly accomplished scholars and researchers in multiple fields internationally.

Established in 1988, The Academy of Europe advances the propagation of excellence in scholarship in the humanities, law, the economic, social, and political sciences, mathematics, medicine, and all branches of the natural and technological sciences worldwide for the benefit of the public and advancement of education. It has more than 4,500 members.

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Quantum Theory and Information Expert Elected to The Academy of Europe | | SBU News - Stony Brook News

Research led by the University of Kent and the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory has discovered a new and rare topological superconductor, LaPt3P. This discovery can be very important for the future operation of quantum computers.

Superconductors are important materials that can conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a certain temperature, making them highly desirable in societies where energy consumption needs to be reduced.

Superconductors show quantum properties on the scale of everyday objects, are very attractive candidates for building computers that use quantum physics to store data and perform computing operations, and are specific. Much better than the best supercomputers on the task. As a result, leading high-tech companies such as Google, IBM, and Microsoft are in increasing demand for industrial-scale quantum computers using superconductors.

However, the basic unit (qubit) of a quantum computer is extremely sensitive, and quantum properties are lost due to collisions with electromagnetic fields, heat, and air molecules. Protection from these can be achieved by using a special class of superconductors called topological superconductors to create more elastic qubits.

Topological superconductors such as LaPt3P, newly discovered by muon spin relaxation experiments and extensive theoretical analysis, are extremely rare and of great value to the quantum computing industry of the future.

Two different sample sets were prepared at the University of Warwick and ETH Zurich to ensure that their properties are sample- and instrument-independent. Next, muon experiments were performed at two different types of muon facilities. ISIS Pulse Neutron and Muon Source from STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and PSI from Switzerland.

Dr. Sudeep Kumar Ghosh, Principal Investigator and Lever Hume Early Career Fellow in Kent, said: This discovery of the topological superconductor LaPt3P has great potential in the field of quantum computing. The discovery of such rare and desirable ingredients demonstrates the importance of muon research to the everyday world around us.

###

The paper Chiral singlet superconductivity of weakly correlated metal LaPt3P Nature Communications (University of Kent: Dr. Sudeep K. Ghosh, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory: Dr. Pabitra K. Biswas, Dr. Adrian D. Hillier, University of Warwick-Dr. Geetha Balakrishnan, Dr. Martin R. Lees, Dr. Daniel A. Mayoh; Paul Scherrer Institute : Dr. Charles Baines; Zhejiang University of Technology: Dr. Xiaofeng Xu; ETH Zurich: Dr. Nikolai D. Zhigadlo; Southwest University of Science and Technology: Dr. Jianzhou Zhao).

URL: URL: https: //www.Nature.com /article/s41467-021-22807-8

DOI: https: //Doi.org /10.10.1038 /s41467-021-22807-8

Disclaimer: AAAS and Eurek Alert! We are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! To contribute to the institution or use the information through the Eurek Alert system.

New discoveries of rare superconductors may be essential for the future of quantum computing

Source link New discoveries of rare superconductors may be essential for the future of quantum computing

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New discoveries of rare superconductors may be essential for the future of quantum computing - Illinoisnewstoday.com

New York, June 24, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Spintronics Industry" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05960168/?utm_source=GNW The concept revolves around the inherent spin of electrons and related magnetic moment along with the electronic charge in solid-state devices. Over the last few decades, spintronics has gained a notable attention from research institutions, design engineers, industries, governments, policy makers and investors. The concept of spintronics is being increasingly exploited by the scientific community to come up with advanced devices for novel applications. Growth in the global market is set to be driven by increasing number of applications across different industries and significant influx of R&D investments to explore potential areas. The market is propelled by rising focus on quantum computing to reduce computation time and complexity. The increasing use of spintronics-based digital data couplers for high-speed data transfer along with rising uptake of the technology in laptops and computers is poised to fuel the market expansion. Products built around spintronics are finding increasing use in applications like data storage, electric vehicles, MRAM and industrial motors. The technology offers enhanced storage and data transfer capability in comparison to traditional storage devices, which is driving its demand from data storage devices.

- Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Spintronics estimated at US$460.5 Million in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$2.2 Billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 30.2% over the analysis period. Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to grow at a 32.1% CAGR to reach US$1.8 Billion by the end of the analysis period. After a thorough analysis of the business implications of the pandemic and its induced economic crisis, growth in the Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices segment is readjusted to a revised 28.9% CAGR for the next 7-year period. This segment currently accounts for a 25.8% share of the global Spintronics market. The combination of MRAM and spintronics is anticipated to radically transform the data storage industry. The popularity of MRAMs can be credited to their non-volatile nature, power-efficiency and unlimited read/write operations.

- The U.S. Market is Estimated at $238.2 Million in 2021, While China is Forecast to Reach $663.3 Million by 2026

- The Spintronics market in the U.S. is estimated at US$238.2 Million in the year 2021. The country currently accounts for a 42.71% share in the global market. China, the world`s second largest economy, is forecast to reach an estimated market size of US$663.3 Million in the year 2026 trailing a CAGR of 39.2% through the analysis period. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at 23.6% and 25.5% respectively over the analysis period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 29.2% CAGR while Rest of European market (as defined in the study) will reach US$914.1 Million by the end of the analysis period. North America is a leading data center hub and witnessing increasing focus on high-bandwidth data center facilities. The regional market is also buoyed by rising penetration of cloud computing and investment in fiber optic cables to ensure high-speed data communication. Increasing acceptance of cloud storage, electric vehicles and IoT devices is anticipated to provide a significant boost to spintronics devices across the region.

Magnetic Sensors Segment to Reach $345.6 Million by 2026

- Spintronics, mainly in magnetic sensors, is undergoing notable evolution in terms of resolution, size, sensitivity and power consumption. In recent years, spintronic sensors in form of solid-state magnetic sensors have attracted significant interest owing to attributes such as high sensitivity, compactness, low power consumption, wide bandwidth, and CMOS compatibility. In the global Magnetic Sensors segment, USA, Canada, Japan, China and Europe will drive the 25.3% CAGR estimated for this segment. These regional markets accounting for a combined market size of US$81.3 Million in the year 2020 will reach a projected size of US$394.3 Million by the close of the analysis period. China will remain among the fastest growing in this cluster of regional markets. Led by countries such as Australia, India, and South Korea, the market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to reach US$24.9 Million by the year 2026. Select Competitors (Total 17 Featured)

Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05960168/?utm_source=GNW

CONTENTS

I. METHODOLOGY

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARKET OVERVIEW Impact of Covid-19 and a Looming Global Recession 2020 Marked as a Year of Disruption & Transformation EXHIBIT 1: World Economic Growth Projections (Real GDP, Annual % Change) for 2019 to 2022 How the IT Industry Has Been Impacted by the Pandemic & What?s the New Normal? EXHIBIT 2: Global Information Technology Market Reset & Trajectory - Growth Outlook (In %) For Years 2019 through 2025 Semiconductor Industry EXHIBIT 3: Global Semiconductor Market Reset & Trajectory - Growth Outlook (In %) For Years 2019 through 2025 Sensors EXHIBIT 4: Global Sensors Market Reset & Trajectory - Growth Outlook (In %) For Years 2019 through 2025 Spintronics: A Prelude Spintronics to Facilitate Transition from Traditional to Sophisticated Electronic Devices Outlook Recent Market Activity

2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS

3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS Spintronics to Address Challenges in Microelectronics Miniaturization of Electronic Devices Spells Opportunities Spin-based Electronic Devices and Components Gather Demand Robust Outlook for EVs Opens New Avenues of Growth for EV Batteries EXHIBIT 5: Countries with Highest Share of Plug-in Electric Vehicles in New Passenger Cars Country % Share in New Passenger Cars EXHIBIT 6: Rise in Demand for EVs Unravels Potential Opportunities for Spinotronics: Global Electric Car Fleet Size (In Thousand Units) for the Years 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 Potential use of Spintronics in Quantum Computing EXHIBIT 7: World Quantum Computing Market by End-Use (2020 & 2027): Percentage Breakdown of Revenues for Space & Defense, Transportation, Healthcare, Banking & Finance, and Other End -Uses Spintronic Devices for Energy-Efficient Data Storage EXHIBIT 8: Total Installed Based of Data Storage Capacity: 2019, 2020, and 2024 (in zettabytes) Spintronics to Transform Data Storage Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Spintronics IoT Era Opens New Avenues for Growth EXHIBIT 9: Global Number of IoT Connected Devices (In Billion) for the Years 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 & 2025 Growing Concept of Smart Buildings and Need for Efficient Energy Management Systems Open New Opportunities EXHIBIT 10: Global Smart Homes Market (In US$ Billion) for the Years 2019, 2021, 2023 & 2025 EXHIBIT 11: Energy Use Efficiency & Wastages in the U.S. (In Quadrillion British Thermal Units) Smart Grids: A Potential Application EXHIBIT 12: Projected Global Demand for Electricity (MWh): 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 & 2035 EXHIBIT 13: Global Market for Smart Grids in US$ Billion) for the Years 2018 and 2020 Rise in Demand PoC Diagnostics to Provide Growth Platform for Spintronics EXHIBIT 14: PoC Diagnostics Market in US$ Billion: 2015, 2020, and 2025 Material Innovations Give a Boost to Market Growth Graphene Evolves as a Viable Material for Spintronics Researchers Demonstrate the Potential of a New Quantum Material for Creating Two Spintronic Technologies Spintronics-Powered Memory Devices to Offer Perfect Blend of High-Performance & Low Power Scientists Explore Spintronics for Power-Efficient, High-Speed Wireless Communication Investigating Spintronics to Develop Novel Materials for Futuristic Electronic Circuits

4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE Table 1: World Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 2: World 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 3: World Current & Future Analysis for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM) by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 4: World 7-Year Perspective for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM) by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 5: World Current & Future Analysis for Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 6: World 7-Year Perspective for Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 7: World Current & Future Analysis for Magnetic Sensors by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 8: World 7-Year Perspective for Magnetic Sensors by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 9: World Current & Future Analysis for Automotive & Industrial by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 10: World 7-Year Perspective for Automotive & Industrial by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 11: World Current & Future Analysis for IT & Telecom by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 12: World 7-Year Perspective for IT & Telecom by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 13: World Current & Future Analysis for Consumer Electronics by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 14: World 7-Year Perspective for Consumer Electronics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 15: World Current & Future Analysis for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 16: World 7-Year Perspective for Other End-Uses by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for USA, Canada, Japan, China, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World for Years 2020 & 2027

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

UNITED STATES Table 17: USA Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 18: USA 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 19: USA Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 20: USA 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

CANADA Table 21: Canada Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 22: Canada 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 23: Canada Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 24: Canada 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

JAPAN Table 25: Japan Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 26: Japan 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 27: Japan Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 28: Japan 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

CHINA Table 29: China Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 30: China 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 31: China Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 32: China 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

EUROPE Table 33: Europe Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Geographic Region - France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 34: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for France, Germany, Italy, UK and Rest of Europe Markets for Years 2020 & 2027

Table 35: Europe Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 36: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 37: Europe Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 38: Europe 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

FRANCE Table 39: France Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 40: France 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 41: France Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 42: France 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

GERMANY Table 43: Germany Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 44: Germany 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 45: Germany Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 46: Germany 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

ITALY Table 47: Italy Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 48: Italy 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 49: Italy Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 50: Italy 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

UNITED KINGDOM Table 51: UK Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 52: UK 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 53: UK Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 54: UK 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

REST OF EUROPE Table 55: Rest of Europe Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 56: Rest of Europe 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 57: Rest of Europe Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 58: Rest of Europe 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

ASIA-PACIFIC Table 59: Asia-Pacific Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 60: Asia-Pacific 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 61: Asia-Pacific Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 62: Asia-Pacific 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

REST OF WORLD Table 63: Rest of World Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by Application - Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 64: Rest of World 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (MRAM), Radio Frequency (RF) & Microwave Devices and Magnetic Sensors for the Years 2020 & 2027

Table 65: Rest of World Current & Future Analysis for Spintronics by End-Use - Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses - Independent Analysis of Annual Revenues in US$ Thousand for the Years 2020 through 2027 and % CAGR

Table 66: Rest of World 7-Year Perspective for Spintronics by End-Use - Percentage Breakdown of Value Revenues for Automotive & Industrial, IT & Telecom, Consumer Electronics and Other End-Uses for the Years 2020 & 2027

IV. COMPETITION Total Companies Profiled: 17Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05960168/?utm_source=GNW

About ReportlinkerReportLinker is an award-winning market research solution. Reportlinker finds and organizes the latest industry data so you get all the market research you need - instantly, in one place.

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Excerpt from:

Global Spintronics Market to Reach $2.2 Billion by 2026 - GlobeNewswire

IBM unveiled one of Europe's most powerful quantum computers on Tuesday, during an event at its German headquarters.

IBM said the Q System One was "Europe's most powerful quantum computer in the industrial context."

The quantum computer is to be housed in Ehningen, which is about 20 kilometers (12 miles) southwest of Stuttgart. It will be operated by Germany's Fraunhofer research institute. It is the company's first quantum computer in use outside of the US.

Regular modern computers process functions in a binary fashion, carrying out tasks that use fragments of data that are only ever a 1 or 0. Quantum computers use subatomic particles to perform calculations at far greater speeds than existing supercomputers, and data can be both a 1 and 0 at the same time. The data fragments on a quantum computer, known as qubits (short for "quantum bits"), significantly boostits computing power.

The machine is housed in a 9-foot (2.7 meter) tall glass cube to shield the qubitsfrom noise and other physical disturbances, to which they can be sensitive.

Companieshope to harness the power of quantum computers to potentially develop new materials, medications or artificial intelligence (AI).

The computer has been running since February, but its launch event was postponed as a result of the pandemic.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who holds a PhD in quantum chemistry from her time as a scientist in former East Germany, called the computer a "miracle of technology.

Speaking via video, Merkel said it could play "a key role in our efforts for technological and digital sovereignty, and of course for economic growth."

The German government announced last month that it planned to invest some 2billion ($2.4 billion) in quantum technology research by 2025.

The Fraunhofer institute said it would work with German companies and other research organizations to use the quantum computer to deepen itsunderstanding of quantum computing and experiment with practical uses.

The project, funded by German taxpayers, will cost about 40 million over the next four years.

The European Commission wants the European Union to develop its first quantum computer before the end of the decade.

Martin Jetter, IBMs chairman for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, said IBM is working towards making a stable quantum computer capable of handling more than 1,000 qubits by 2023.

kbd/msh(AFP, AP, dpa)

Read the original here:

IBM unveils first quantum computer in Germany - DW (English)

Cryptocurrency

Theres been a lot of focus recently on encryption within the context of cryptocurrencies. Taproot being implemented in bitcoin has led to more cryptographic primitives that make the bitcoin network more secure and private. Its major upgrade from a privacy standpoint is to make it impossible to distinguish between multi-signature and single-signature transactions. This will, for example, make it impossible to tell which transactions involve the opening of Lightning Network channels versus regular base layer transactions. The shift from ECDSA signatures to Schnorr signatures involves changes and upgrades in cryptography.

Yet these cryptographic primitives might need to shift or transition in the face of new computers such as quantum computers. If you go all the way back down to how these technologies work, they are built from unsolved mathematical problems something humans havent found a way to reduce down to our brains capacity for creativity yet limited memory retrieval, or a computers way of programmed memory retrieval. Solving those problems can create dramatic breaks in current technologies.

I sat down with Dr. Jol Alwen, the chief cryptographer of Wickr, the encrypted chat app, to talk about post-quantum encryption and how evolving encryption standards will affect cryptocurrencies. Heres a summary of the insights:

Despite all of the marketing hype around quantum computing and quantum supremacy, the world isnt quite at the stage where the largest (publicly disclosed) quantum computer can meaningfully break current encryption standards. That may happen in the future, but commercially available quantum computers now cannot meaningfully dent the encryption standards cryptocurrencies are built on.

Quantum computer and encryption experts are not communicating with one another as much as they should. This means that discrete advances in quantum computing may happen with a slight lag in how encryption would operate. Its been the case that nation-states, such as China, have been going dark on research related to quantum this has the effect of clouding whether or not serious attempts can be made on the encryption standards of today, and disguising the sudden or eventual erosion of encryption a sudden break that might mean devastation for cryptocurrencies and other industries that rely on cryptography.

Its been known that many encryption schemes that defeat classical computers may not be able to defeat a sufficiently powerful quantum computer. Grovers algorithm is an example. This is a known problem and with the continued development of quantum computers, will likely be a significant problem in a matter of time.

Encryption standards being diluted now is not only a risk for the future, but also an attack on the conversations and transactions people will have to remain private in the past as well. Past forms of encryption that people relied upon would be lost the privacy they assumed in the past would be lost as well.

Cryptographic primitives are baked into cryptocurrencies regardless of their consensus algorithm. A sudden shift in encryption standards will damage the ability for proof-of-work miners or those looking to demonstrate the cryptographic proof that theyve won the right to broadcast transactions in the case of proof-of-stake designs such as the one proposed by Ethereum. Digital signatures are the common point of vulnerability here, as well as the elliptic curve cryptography used to protect private keys.

Everything here breaks if the digital signatures are no longer valid anybody with access to public keys could then spend amounts on other peoples behalf. Wallet ownership would be up for grabs. says Dr. Alwen. Proof-of-work or proof-of-stake as a consensus algorithm would be threatened as well in all cases, the proof would no longer be valid and have it be authenticated with digital signatures anybody could take anybody elses blocks.

While proof-of-work blocks would have some protection due to the increasingly specialized hardware (ASICs) being manufactured specifically for block mining, both systems would have vulnerabilities if their underlying encryption scheme were weakened. Hashing might be less threatened but quantum compute threatens key ownership and the authenticity of the system itself.

Post-quantum encryption is certainly possible, and a shift towards it can and should be proactive. Theres real stuff we can do. Dr. Alwen says here. Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies may take some time to move on this issue, so any preparatory work should be regarded as important, from looking at benefits and costs you can get a lot of mileage out of careful analysis.

Its helped here by the fact that there is a good bottleneck in a sense: there are only really two or three types of cryptographic techniques that need replacement. Digital signatures and key agreement are the two areas that need the focus. Patching these two areas will help the vast majority of vulnerabilities that might come from quantum computation.

Its important to note that a sudden and critical break in encryption would affect other industries as well and each might have different reasons why an attack would be more productive or they might be more slow to react. Yet if there were a revolution tomorrow, this would pose a clear and direct threat to the decentralization and security promises inherent in cryptocurrencies. Because of how important encryption and signatures are to cryptocurrencies, its probable that cryptocurrency communities will have many more debates before or after a sudden break, but time would be of the essence in this scenario. Yet, since encryption is such a critical part of cryptocurrencies, there is hope that the community will be more agile than traditional industries on this point.

If a gap of a few years is identified before this break happens, a soft fork or hard fork that the community rallies around can mitigate this threat along with new clients. But it requires proactive changes and in-built resistance, as well as keeping a close eye on post-quantum encryption.

It is likely that instead of thinking of how to upgrade the number of keys used or a gradual change, that post-quantum encryption will require dabbling into categories of problems that havent been used in classical encryption. Dr. Alwen has written about lattice-based cryptography as a potential solution. NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology currently responsible for encryption standards has also announced a process to test and standardize post-quantum public-key encryption.

Hardware wallets are in principle the way to go now for security in a classical environment Dr. Alwen points out, having done research in the space. The fact that theyre hard to upgrade is a problem, but its much better than complex devices like laptops and cell phones in terms of the security and focus accorded to the private key.

In order to keep up with cryptography and its challenges, MIT and Stanford open courses are a good place to start to get the basic terminology. There is for example, an MIT Cryptography and Cryptanalysis course on MIT OpenCourseWare and similar free Stanford Online courses.

There are two areas of focus: applied cryptography or theory of cryptography. Applied cryptography is a field that is more adjacent to software engineering, rather than math-heavy cryptography theory. An important area is to realize what role suits you best when it comes to learning: making headway on breaking cryptography theory or understanding from an engineering perspective how to implement solid cryptography.

When youre a bit more advanced and focused on cryptography theory, Eprint is a server that allows for an open forum for cryptographers to do pre-prints. Many of the most important developments in the field have been posted there.

Forums around common cryptography tools help with applied cryptography as well as some of the cryptography theory out there: the Signal forums, or the Wickr blog are examples.

Cryptocurrencies are co-evolving with other technologies. As computers develop into different forms, there are grand opportunities, from space-based cryptocurrency exchange to distributed devices that make running nodes accessible to everybody.

Yet, in this era, there will also be new technologies that force cryptocurrencies to adapt to changing realities. Quantum computing and the possibility that it might eventually break the cryptographic primitives cryptocurrencies are built on is one such technology. Yet, its in the new governance principles cryptocurrencies embody that might help them adapt.

Link:

Heres How Quantum Computers Will Really Affect Cryptocurrencies - Forbes

Intel's 17-qubit quantum test chip.

Source: Intel

Stefan Thomas really could have used a quantum computer this year.

The German-born programmer and crypto trader forgot the password to unlock his digital wallet, which contains 7,002 bitcoin, now worth $265 million. Quantum computers, which will be several million times faster than traditional computers, could have easily helped him crack the code.

Though quantum computing is still very much in its infancy, governments and private-sector companies such as Microsoft and Google are working to make it a reality. Within a decade, quantum computers could be powerful enough to break the cryptographic security that protects cell phones, bank accounts, email addresses and yes bitcoin wallets.

"If you had a quantum computer today, and you were a state sponsor China, for example most probably in about eight years, you could crack wallets on the blockchain," said Fred Thiel, CEO of cryptocurrency mining specialist Marathon Digital Holdings.

This is precisely why cryptographers around the world are racing to build a quantum-resistant encryption protocol.

Right now, much of the world runs on something called asymmetric cryptography, in which individuals use a private and public key pair to access things such as email and crypto wallets.

"Every single financial institution, every login on your phone it is all based on asymmetric cryptography, which is susceptible to hacking with a quantum computer," Thiel said. Thiel is a former director of Utimaco, one of the largest cryptography companies in Europe, which has worked with Microsoft, Google and others on post-quantum encryption.

The public-private key pair lets users produce a digital signature, using their private key, which can be verified by anyone who has the corresponding public key.

In the case of cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin, this digital signature is called the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, and it ensures that bitcoin can only be spent by the rightful owner.

Theoretically, someone using quantum computing could reverse-engineer your private key, forge your digital signature, and subsequently empty your bitcoin wallet.

"If I was dealing in fear-mongering ... I'd tell you that among the first types of digital signatures that will be broken by quantum computers are elliptic curves, as we use them today, for bitcoin wallets," said Thorsten Groetker, former Utimaco CTO and one of the top experts in the field of quantum computing.

"But that would happen if we do nothing," he said.

Crypto experts told CNBC they aren't all that worried about quantum hacking of bitcoin wallets for a couple of different reasons.

Castle Island Ventures founding partner Nic Carter pointed out that quantum breaks would be gradual rather than sudden.

"We would have plenty of forewarning if quantum computing was reaching the stage of maturity and sophistication at which it started to threaten our core cryptographic primitives," he said. "It wouldn't be something that happens overnight."

There is also the fact that the community knows that it is coming, and researchers are already in the process of building quantum-safe cryptography.

"The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) has been working on a new standard for encryption for the future that's quantum-proof," said Thiel.

NIST is running that selection process now, picking the best candidates and standardizing them.

"It's a technical problem, and there's a technical solution for it," said Groetker. "There are new and secure algorithms for digital signatures. ... You will have years of time to migrate your funds from one account to another."

Groetker said he expects the first standard quantum-safe crypto algorithm by 2024, which is still, as he put it, well before we'd see a quantum computer capable of breaking bitcoin's cryptography.

Once a newly standardized post-quantum secure cryptography is built, Groetker said, the process of mass migration will begin. "Everyone who owns bitcoin or ethereum will transfer [their] funds from the digital identity that is secured with the old type of key, to a new wallet, or new account, that's secured with a new type of key, which is going to be secure," he said.

However, this kind of upgrade in security requires users to be proactive. In some scenarios, where fiat money accounts are centralized through a bank, this process may be easier than requiring a decentralized network of crypto holders to update their systems individually.

"Not everybody, regardless of how long it takes, will move their funds in time," said Groetker. Inevitably, there will be users who forget their password or perhaps passed away without sharing their key.

"There will be a number of wallets ... that become increasingly insecure, because they're using weaker keys."

But there are ways to deal with this kind of failing in security upgrade. For example, an organization could lock down all accounts still using the old type of cryptography and give owners some way to access it. The trade-off here would be the loss of anonymity when users go to reclaim their balance.

See the article here:

Hacking bitcoin wallets with quantum computers could happen but cryptographers are racing to build a workaround - CNBC

Image credit: Russell Huffman

By Ryan F. Mandelbaum and Olivia Lanes

What is Quantum Computing? Most of this blogs readers are already excited about this technology after all, weve spent many hours reading textbooks and documentation trying to figure out how to write programs for real quantum chips. But many of our friends, family members, and people we randomly encounter still scratch their heads when they hear the words quantum and computer put together. We think its high time that they learn about quantum computing, too.

Partially inspired by Talia Gershons awesome WIRED video where she explains quantum computing at five different difficulty levels, we came up with some stock quantum computing explanations you can use to start spreading your excitement for quantum computing to other people in your life (or, if youre new here, use to understand quantum yourself). While were excited about this technology, we tried our best to sidestep the hype; quantum computers are exciting enough on their own, and theres no need to exaggerate how far along they are, what they can do today, or what we hope theyll do in the future.

But, no matter who youre trying to explain quantum to, theres a core understanding we think everyone should have. A quantum computer is similar to a classical computer in a lot of ways. Just like a classical computer, you store information using some physical system. You have to initialize that system, then perform some sort of operations on it (in other words, run a program), and then extract the information. It differs from classical computing in two key elements, however:

These core counterintuitive ideas underlie the fundamental operations of quantum computing. Once you understand these two pieces, the rest is a matter of how deep youd like to learn, and how quantum algorithms might provide benefits to you, your life, or the industry you work in. You should also get started using Qiskit.

Each of these explanations are based mainly on our experiences and opinions, and you might have your own tricks to help get quantum computing across feel free to tell us about them, what worked, and what didnt in the comments!

Some problems are really hard for todays computers to tackle, like designing drugs, running machine learning algorithms, and solving certain kinds of math equations. But the ability to solve those problems could help humankind tackle some of its biggest challenges. Well, quantum computers represent a new kind of computing system under development today that solves problems using an architecture that follows the most fundamental laws of nature and we hope theyll one day be able to to solve these hard problems. You can even try them out for yourself.

Hey, you know what a computer is but do you know how it works? Well basically, it thinks of everything, the YouTube videos you watch, the letters on the screen, everything, in a special kind of code. Programs and apps are basically just instructions that change the code around, leading to the results you see on the screen. But theres only so many different kinds of things that a regular computer can do with that code. A quantum computer works similarly to a regular computer, but its code looks a little different, and it can do even more things to those codes than your parents computers can. Quantum computers are really new, so theyre not better than a regular computer juuust yet but we think that one day they might be able to solve some of the biggest challenges in the world. Maybe it will even help you do your homework faster or something.

What do I do for work? Well *cracks knuckles*

So, there are some problems that people would like to solve that take even the best supercomputers a ridiculously long amount of time to run problems like simulating chemistry or breaking big numbers into smaller factors. Quantum computers might be able to tackle these problems by relying on a different set of physical laws than your computer does. Your computer is really just lots of electrical switches, called bits, that represents everything using binary code. In other words, the language your computer speaks encodes everything as long strings of 0s or 1s, while programs are mathematical operations that can change zeros to ones and vice versa. However, at even at the most fundamental level, a quantum computers code and its corresponding hardware looks differently. Quantum bits, or qubits, dont have to be binary during the calculation; they can actually exist in well-defined combinations of 0 and 1.

Its kind of like, if I was a qubit, instead of having mashed potatoes OR asparagus, I can have a third of a helping of mashed potatoes and two thirds of a helping of asparagus so long as it adds up to a whole side dish. However, once the problem ends, the quantum computers can only give answers in binary code, with some probability determining the outcome. Its like, if someone wanted to know which side dish I had, they check by closing their eyes, shoving their fork onto my plate, and reporting only the first side dish they taste, with the probabilities determined by how much of each side I had on my plate when they went in for a bite. Qubits also interact differently from regular bits. Lets say that Olivia and Ryan are both at dinner, and you only know that between them theyve eaten a helping of potatoes and a helping of asparagus, and not whose dish has what sides on it. But even if they havent spoken since dinner started, if you did the same eyes-closed fork jab you did on my plate, the sides they picked will be more correlated than the usual rules of random guessing would allow.

A direct consequence of this quantum dinner behavior is that there exist different types of algorithms for quantum computers. In fact, due to the quantum nature of the processor, scientists have already shown that at least theoretically, some quantum algorithms can be run exponentially faster than their classical counterparts. Provided that we can build the hardware, all these sorts of near-impossible problems may one day have solutions within arms reach. Anyway, thats what I do at work. Can you pass the gravy?

Editor Note: While thankfully we havent encountered a large contingency of quantum computing conspiracies, hype and tabloid coverage has led to some worrying interpretations of what quantum can and cant do some indeed bordering on conspiracy-minded thinking. But according to at least one expert, the best way to speak with conspiracy theorists isnt with facts but with empathy.

Oh, youre worried about quantum computers? Whys that? I was actually really interested in learning more about them, too, and I didnt understand them at first. What have you learned so far? Huh, thats interesting. So far, Ive learned that some research labs are working on a new kind of computer that can solve certain problems that classical computers cant. I was definitely really interested in the science behind it. See, theyre more or less just computer processors that rely on a system of bits to solve problems. However, these quantum bits can perform a richer set of mathematical operations than classical bits, which makes them better at solving certain problems. What did you read that they could do? Portals and new dimensions, huh? Thats really interesting, but no, I did some research on my own and what the media doesnt want you to know is that these computers are more business-y than science fiction-y they might one day be revolutionary for chemistry, machine learning, and other topics. But the media also doesnt want you to know that these computers are still really early in their development like, they forget their information quickly and theres a lot of work to do before theyre something to worry about. There are actually services that let you try them out and program them on your own. Now tell me more about the UFO you saw

Quantum computers are a new kind of computer processor that one day might augment your current computing resources to tackle certain challenges difficult for todays classical computers alone. Quantum processors work in tandem with classical computers as part of a cloud-based computing workflow, providing value by performing mathematical operations challenging for classical processors. While theres no device capable of executing a killer app yet, research has demonstrated that the enhanced capabilities of quantum systems could accelerate the research and development process, and provide value to certain industries in the coming years chemical and materials design, drug development, finance, and machine learning, for example. In one report, Boston Consulting Group predicted that productivity gains by end users of quantum computing, both in cost savings and revenue generation opportunities, could equal $450 billion or more annually. Many Fortune-500 companies have already begun to research and develop domain-specific thought leadership in quantum computing so as to be prepared when the field matures.

Quantum processors are kind of like a GPU in the sense that theyre designed to handle specific tasks that the CPU isnt well-suited to handle. But unlike a GPU, quantum computers work using a different kind of hardware architecture, one that allows them to perform a richer array of logical operations than just Boolean logic. These hardware requirements lead to bulky systems, so todays developers hoping to exploit quantum resources run their code over the cloud, employing both classical and quantum processing power where necessary for their program.

Quantum computers are a nascent technology, so programming them today is can be a lot like writing code in assembly language, stringing individual quantum bits together into circuits using quantum logic gates. These circuits are similar to classical computers in that their programs begin by initializing the qubits into a string of zeroes and ones, then perform operations, then return an output. However, quantum gates can also produce superpositions of strings, creating well-defined combinations of bitstrings (though you can only end up with one of these bitstrings, determined by the rules of probability, at the end of the calculation). Further operations produce entanglement and interference, linking certain qubits together and changing those probability distributions such that certain bitstrings become more likely and certain bitstrings become less likely when you measure the final result.

Given how recently quantum programming languages arose, developers have organized into open source communities like Qiskit where they maintain the code used to access quantum computers. As part of that, theyre designing and implementing quantum algorithms that can run on these devices, and creating modules designed to harness the potential power of quantum computers without having to continually program individual bits kind of like building a higher-level programming language on top of the assembly language with which we access quantum computers today. You can learn more by getting started with Qiskit here!

Quantum mechanics might be confusing, but it can still be incredibly useful, even if youre not a physicist. A computer based on the laws of quantum physics might help solve problems in chemistry, machine learning, or even solving partial differential equations.

Objects following the rules of quantum mechanics can enter states called superpostions. If an objects state is in a superposition of 0 and 1, that means that the object is in a linear combination of both values simultaneously until a measurement forces the object into one state or the other, with the probability of measuring either state based on the coefficients of each state in the linear combination. These objects can also become entangled, meaning you cannot describe one object mathematically on its own; when we perform experiments on entangled particles, we find that their properties are more correlated than classical physics would otherwise allow. We use these principles to construct sets of quantum bits, or qubits. I cant know each qubit value individually I can only create these linear combinations from states that include both qubits. But if I measure one qubit and force it to choose, lets say it ends up measuring 1, then the other qubit will take on a value highly correlated with the first value more correlated than random chance alone would allow. We use these ideas to generate interference, where certain combinations of qubit values become more likely and certain ones become less likely.

In a classical computer, computational spaces add together, because bits can exist in only one state or the other, 0 or 1. In a quantum computer, the computational space grows exponentially as you add more bits (2^n where n is the number of bits) so its easy to understand how they can become powerful computational tools. Furthermore, there are certain problems that are hard for classical computers to compute. Because quantum computers themselves rely on quantum physics, they are better able to simulate quantum mechanical phenomena, like chemical interactions and bonds. Though the devices are noisy and error prone today, researchers hope that quantum computers will be able to utilize the properties of entanglement and interference to run some algorithms faster than a classical computer can, making solutions to these hard problems finally feasible. Together, these benefits might one day allow scientists to perform various elements of their jobs faster.

Macroscopic quantum effects have long been observed in superconducting circuits. However, it wasnt until theoretical developments showing that flux and voltage can be quantized circuit QED that this idea was applied to quantum information processing.

A superconducting transmon qubit is essentially a quantized anharmonic oscillator. The circuits macro state can be described by the quantized energy levels; the ground state (0), the excited state (1), or even higher order excited states as well (2, 3, 4, etc.). But because the circuit is anharmonic the energy transitions between states 0 and 1 is different than 1 and 2, so we can isolate the bottom levels with a microwave pulse at that frequency to create a quantum bit for information processing.

In order to read-out and control the state of a transmon, we couple the qubit to either a 2D or 3D resonator (the physics is the same). The qubit and the resonator interact in such a way that when we probe the resonator with a standing microwave tone, the resonant frequency will actually shift depending on if the qubit is in the ground or excited state. This is how we can read out and interact with the qubits that make up a quantum computer.

Coupling these qubit-cavity systems together in an array and allowing them to talk to other another with 2-qubit gates (essentially more finely tuned microwave pulses) creates a quantum processor. Running specific gates in a specific order on this processor can create quantum algorithms. By leveraging the processors quantum properties of entanglement, superposition and interference, some quantum algorithms can theoretically be run significantly faster than their classical counterparts. Once we have reached the point where applying these algorithms has become useful and advantageous, we will have achieved what we call the era of quantum advantage.

Whispers: Hey there, pup, listen. I told my boss I would be able to teach you quantum computing, but you barely understand how your doggy door works. So heres what Im gonna do. Im gonna train you how to give me your left paw when I say initialize. Then youre gonna give me your right paw when I say X-gate. Then when I say Hadamard gate, youre going to hop on your hind legs and give me both paws. When I say CNOT, youre going to roll over, and when I say measure, youre going to bark. If you do this for me Ill cut some salami up into your dinner tonight.

Hey, Boss! Yeah! I finally figured out how to explain quantum computing to the dog! Yep, Ill write it all down in the blog post tonight. Wanna see?

Get started using Qiskit here!

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How Do You Explain Quantum Computing To Your Dog (And Other Important People in Your Life)? - Medium